John Buchanan's Philadelphia Diploma Mill and the Rise of State Medical Boards.

ABSTRACT

The absence of medical licensing laws in most states during the years following the American Civil War made it possible for unscrupulous individuals to capitalize upon the weak governmental role in medical practice and educational charters. The practices of John Buchanan during much of his tenure at the Eclectic Medical College of Pennsylvania, in issuing thousands of dubiously earned diplomas, caused a national and international scandal. The traffic in diplomas became so flagrant that regulatory oversight of physicians and their practice, such as that conducted by the Illinois Board of Health led by Dr. John Rauch, developed rapidly across the United States. Though multiple factors prompted the rebirth of medical licensing laws, professional, educational, journalistic, and public concerns for bogus diplomas played an important role.