Effects of exogenous ß-carotene, a chemical scavenger of singlet oxygen, on the millisecond rise of chlorophyll a fluorescence of cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942.

Singlet-excited oxygen (1O 2* ) has been recognized as the most destructive member of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are formed during oxygenic photosynthesis by plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. ROS and 1O 2* are known to damage protein and phospholipid structures and to impair photosynthetic electron transport and de novo protein synthesis. Partial protection is afforded to photosynthetic organism by the ß-carotene (ß-Car) molecules which accompany chlorophyll (Chl) a in the pigment-protein complexes of Photosystem II (PS II). In this paper, we studied the effects of exogenously added ß-Car on the initial kinetic rise of Chl a fluorescence (10-1000 µs, the OJ segment) from the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC7942. We show that the added ß-Car enhances Chl a fluorescence when it is excited at an intensity of 3000 µmol photons m-2 s-1 but not when excited at 1000 µmol photons m-2 s-1. Since ß-Car is an efficient scavenger of 1O 2* , as well as a quencher of 3Chl a * (precursor of 1O 2* ), both of which are more abundant at higher excitations, we assume that the higher Chl a fluorescence in its presence signifies a protective effect against photo-oxidative damages of Chl proteins. The protective effect of added ß-Car is not observed in O2-depleted cell suspensions. Lastly, in contrast to ß-Car, a water-insoluble molecule, a water-soluble scavenger of 1O 2* , histidine, provides no protection to Chl proteins during the same time period (10-1000 µs).