RESUMEN
As other European countries, France is experiencing a resurgence of pertussis in 2024. Between 1 January and 31 May 2024, 5,616 (24.9%) positive Bordetella pertussis qPCR tests were identified, following a 3-year period of almost null incidence. Of 67 cultured and whole genome sequenced B. pertussis isolates, 66 produced pertactin and 56 produced FIM2, in contrast to pre-COVID-19 years. One isolate of genotype Bp-AgST4 was resistant to macrolides. Pertussis resurgence may favour isolates that produce FIM2 and pertactin.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos , Bordetella pertussis , Macrólidos , Tos Ferina , Bordetella pertussis/genética , Bordetella pertussis/aislamiento & purificación , Bordetella pertussis/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Francia/epidemiología , Macrólidos/farmacología , Tos Ferina/epidemiología , Tos Ferina/microbiología , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Proteínas de la Membrana Bacteriana Externa/genética , Secuenciación Completa del Genoma , Factores de Virulencia de Bordetella/genética , Genotipo , Adulto , Niño , Incidencia , PreescolarRESUMEN
BackgroundBordetella pertussis is the main agent of whooping cough. Vaccination with acellular pertussis vaccines has been largely implemented in high-income countries. These vaccines contain 1 to 5 antigens: pertussis toxin (PT), filamentous haemagglutinin (FHA), pertactin (PRN) and/or fimbrial proteins (FIM2 and FIM3). Monitoring the emergence of B. pertussis isolates that might partially escape vaccine-induced immunity is an essential component of public health strategies to control whooping cough.AimWe aimed to investigate temporal trends of fimbriae serotypes and vaccine antigen-expression in B. pertussis over a 23-year period in France (1996-2018).MethodsIsolates (nâ¯=â¯2,280) were collected through hospital surveillance, capturing one third of hospitalised paediatric pertussis cases. We assayed PT, FHA and PRN production by Western blot (n = 1,428) and fimbriae production by serotyping (n = 1,058). Molecular events underlying antigen deficiency were investigated by genomic sequencing.ResultsThe proportion of PRN-deficient B. pertussis isolates has increased steadily from 0% (0/38) in 2003 to 48.4% (31/64) in 2018 (chi-squared test for trend, p < 0.0001), whereas only 5 PT-, 5 FHA- and 9 FIM-deficient isolates were found. Impairment of PRN production was predominantly due to IS481 insertion within the prn gene or a 22 kb genomic inversion involving the prn promoter sequence, indicative of convergent evolution. FIM2-expressing isolates have emerged since 2011 at the expense of FIM3.ConclusionsB. pertussis is evolving through the rapid increase of PRN-deficient isolates and a recent shift from FIM3 to FIM2 expression. Excluding PRN, the loss of vaccine antigen expression by circulating B. pertussis isolates is epidemiologically insignificant.
Asunto(s)
Bordetella pertussis , Tos Ferina , Proteínas de la Membrana Bacteriana Externa/genética , Bordetella pertussis/genética , Niño , Francia/epidemiología , Humanos , Toxina del Pertussis , Vacuna contra la Tos Ferina , Factores de Virulencia de Bordetella/genética , Tos Ferina/epidemiología , Tos Ferina/prevención & controlRESUMEN
Between March and October 2022, a peak of detection of Bordetella parapertussis by qPCR, real-time PCR was observed in France.Hypothesis/Gap Statement. Whether this peak was due to resurgence from previous circulating lineages or reintroduction into the country was unknown.Objective. The objective of this study is to understand B. parapertussis-transient increase observed in France in 2022 whereas it had virtually stopped being reported since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020.Methods. We analysed real-time PCR (qPCR) data from the two largest French outpatient laboratories performing whooping cough diagnosis and characterized all B. parapertussis isolates collected in the 2016-2022 period by the French National Reference Centre for Whooping Cough.Results. Microbiological analyses reveal that 13 of 18 bacterial isolates collected in 2022 produce the vaccine antigen pertactin, whereas none of the 22 isolates collected in the 2016-2021 period did.Conclusion. We hypothesize a re-introduction of B. parapertussis from regions of the world where whole-cell vaccines are still in use.
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Bordetella parapertussis , Tos Ferina , Francia/epidemiología , Humanos , Bordetella parapertussis/genética , Bordetella parapertussis/aislamiento & purificación , Tos Ferina/epidemiología , Tos Ferina/microbiología , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Proteínas de la Membrana Bacteriana Externa/genética , Infecciones por Bordetella/microbiología , Infecciones por Bordetella/epidemiología , Niño , Preescolar , Adulto , Factores de Virulencia de Bordetella/genética , Femenino , COVID-19/epidemiología , Adolescente , Lactante , Masculino , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The Corynebacterium diphtheriae species complex comprises seven bacterial species, including Corynebacterium ulcerans, a zoonotic pathogen from multiple animal species. In this work, we characterise phenotypically and genotypically isolates belonging to two C. ulcerans lineages. Results from phylogenetic analyses, in silico DNA-DNA hybridization (DDH) and MALDI-TOF spectra differentiate lineage 2 from C. ulcerans lineage 1, which, together with their distinct transmission dynamics (probable human-to-human vs animal-to-human), indicates that lineage 2 is a separate Corynebacterium species, which we propose to name Corynebacterium ramonii. This species is of particular medical interest considering that its human-to-human transmission is likely, and that some C. ramonii isolates carry the diphtheria toxin gene.
RESUMEN
The genus Bordetella includes bacteria that are found in the environment and/or associated with humans and other animals. A few closely related species, including Bordetella pertussis, are human pathogens that cause diseases such as whooping cough. Here, we present a large database of Bordetella isolates and genomes and develop genotyping systems for the genus and for the B. pertussis clade. To generate the database, we merge previously existing databases from Oxford University and Institut Pasteur, import genomes from public repositories, and add 83 newly sequenced B. bronchiseptica genomes. The public database currently includes 2582 Bordetella isolates and their provenance data, and 2085 genomes ( https://bigsdb.pasteur.fr/bordetella/ ). We use core-genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) to develop genotyping systems for the whole genus and for B. pertussis, as well as specific schemes to define antigenic, virulence and macrolide resistance profiles. Phylogenetic analyses allow us to redefine evolutionary relationships among known Bordetella species, and to propose potential new species. Our database provides an expandable resource for genotyping of environmental and clinical Bordetella isolates, thus facilitating evolutionary and epidemiological research on whooping cough and other Bordetella infections.
Asunto(s)
Tos Ferina , Animales , Antibacterianos , Biodiversidad , Bordetella pertussis/genética , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Genómica , Humanos , Macrólidos , Filogenia , Tos Ferina/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
As with other pathogens, competitive interactions between Bordetella pertussis strains drive infection risk. Vaccines are thought to perturb strain diversity through shifts in immune pressures; however, this has rarely been measured because of inadequate data and analytical tools. We used 3344 sequences from 23 countries to show that, on average, there are 28.1 transmission chains circulating within a subnational region, with the number of chains strongly associated with host population size. It took 5 to 10 years for B. pertussis to be homogeneously distributed throughout Europe, with the same time frame required for the United States. Increased fitness of pertactin-deficient strains after implementation of acellular vaccines, but reduced fitness otherwise, can explain long-term genotype dynamics. These findings highlight the role of vaccine policy in shifting local diversity of a pathogen that is responsible for 160,000 deaths annually.
Asunto(s)
Bordetella pertussis , Tos Ferina , Bordetella pertussis/genética , Europa (Continente) , Genotipo , Humanos , Vacuna contra la Tos Ferina , Tos Ferina/epidemiología , Tos Ferina/prevención & controlRESUMEN
Syndromic respiratory panels are increasingly used worldwide. Their performance for detection of Bordetella pertussis needs to be evaluated. We found that the FilmArray Respiratory Panel 2plus (RP2+) assay, which uses the pertussis toxin promoter target for B. pertussis, can only detect highly charged samples. Negative RP2+â results should not be interpreted as an absence of B. pertussis in clinical samples.