Self-Expanding or Balloon-Expandable TAVR in Patients with a Small Aortic Annulus.

BACKGROUND: Patients with severe aortic stenosis and a small aortic annulus are at risk for impaired valvular hemodynamic performance and associated adverse cardiovascular clinical outcomes after transcatheter aortic-valve replacement (TAVR). METHODS: We randomly assigned patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis and an aortic-valve annulus area of 430 mm2 or less in a 1:1 ratio to undergo TAVR with either a self-expanding supraannular valve or a balloon-expandable valve. The coprimary end points, each assessed through 12 months, were a composite of death, disabling stroke, or rehospitalization for heart failure (tested for noninferiority) and a composite end point measuring bioprosthetic-valve dysfunction (tested for superiority). RESULTS: A total of 716 patients were treated at 83 sites in 13 countries (mean age, 80 years; 87% women; mean Society of Thoracic Surgeons Predicted Risk of Mortality, 3.3%). The Kaplan-Meier estimate of the percentage of patients who died, had a disabling stroke, or were rehospitalized for heart failure through 12 months was 9.4% with the self-expanding valve and 10.6% with the balloon-expandable valve (difference, -1.2 percentage points; 90% confidence interval [CI], -4.9 to 2.5; P<0.001 for noninferiority). The Kaplan-Meier estimate of the percentage of patients with bioprosthetic-valve dysfunction through 12 months was 9.4% with the self-expanding valve and 41.6% with the balloon-expandable valve (difference, -32.2 percentage points; 95% CI, -38.7 to -25.6; P<0.001 for superiority). The aortic-valve mean gradient at 12 months was 7.7 mm Hg with the self-expanding valve and 15.7 mm Hg with the balloon-expandable valve, and the corresponding values for additional secondary end points through 12 months were as follows: mean effective orifice area, 1.99 cm2 and 1.50 cm2; percentage of patients with hemodynamic structural valve dysfunction, 3.5% and 32.8%; and percentage of women with bioprosthetic-valve dysfunction, 10.2% and 43.3% (all P<0.001). Moderate or severe prosthesis-patient mismatch at 30 days was found in 11.2% of the patients in the self-expanding valve group and 35.3% of those in the balloon-expandable valve group (P<0.001). Major safety end points appeared to be similar in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with severe aortic stenosis and a small aortic annulus who underwent TAVR, a self-expanding supraannular valve was noninferior to a balloon-expandable valve with respect to clinical outcomes and was superior with respect to bioprosthetic-valve dysfunction through 12 months. (Funded by Medtronic; SMART ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04722250.).

Midterm follow-up after computed tomography angiography planned left atrial appendage closure.

BACKGROUND: While studies have shown the advantages of computed tomography angiography (CTA) over transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) preprocedural planning for WATCHMAN™ legacy and FLX devices, there has been no reported long-term data for this approach. OBJECTIVES: We sought to evaluate long-term outcomes using CTA-based preprocedural planning for LAAC using the WATCHMAN™ device. METHODS: A prospective analysis of 231 consecutive patients who underwent LAAC in a single, large academic hospital in the United States was conducted over a 5-year period. CTA-guided preprocedural planning was performed in all. Procedural success, adverse events, length of procedure, number of devices used, and length of stay were evaluated. Rates of death, cerebral embolism, systemic embolism, and major and minor bleeding were recorded. Adjusted predicted stroke and major bleeding rates were derived from CHA2DS2-Vasc and HAS-BLED scores, respectively. RESULTS: From January 26, 2017, to November 23, 2021, 231 patients underwent LAAC with CTA preprocedural planning by two operating physicians. The mean age of patients was 76.5 ± 8.4. 59.7% of patients were male. Mean CHA2DS2VASc and HAS-BLED scores were 4.5 ± 1.4 and 3.9 ± 0.9, respectively. All procedures were performed with intracardiac echo (100%). The procedural success rate was 99.1%. The CTA sizing strategy accurately predicted the implant size in 93.5% of patients. Mean number of devices used was 1.10 ± 0.3. Peri-procedural complication rate was 2.2%. 6 patients were lost to follow-up. Mean follow-up was 608.94 days with a total of 377.04 patient years. Median follow-up period of 368 days (interquartile range: 209-1067 days). There were 51 deaths from all causes (13.52 per 100 patient-years), 10 cases of cerebral embolism (2.65 per 100 patient-years), 2 cases of systemic embolism (0.53 per 100 patient-years), 17 cases of major bleeding (4.50 per 100 patient-years), and 31 cases of minor bleeding (8.2 per 100 patient-years). All-cause mortality at 1, 2, and 3 years was 12.7%, 20.9%, and 29.2%, respectively. CV event rates at 1, 2, and 3 years were 2.1%, 6.6%, and 10.5%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: CTA-based preprocedural planning is accurate in predicting device size for LAAC and associated with excellent clinical outcomes at 5 years.

Elevated myocardial extracellular volume fraction is associated with the development of conduction pathway defects following transcatheter aortic valve replacement.

BACKGROUND: Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has become an established method of aortic stenosis treatment but suffers from the risk of heart block and pacemaker requirement. Risk stratification for patients who may develop heart block remains imperfect. Simultaneously, myocardial fibrosis as measured by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) has been demonstrated as a prognostic indicator of ventricular recovery and mortality following TAVR. However, the association of CMR-based measures of myocardial fibrosis with post-TAVR conduction disturbances has not yet been explored. AIMS: We evaluated whether myocardial fibrosis, as measured by late gadolinium enhancement and extracellular volume (ECV) from CMR would be associated with new conduction abnormalities following TAVR. METHODS: One hundred seventy patients who underwent CMR within 2 months before TAVR were retrospectively reviewed. Septal late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) and ECV measurements were made as surrogates for replacement and interstitial fibrosis respectively. New conduction abnormalities were defined by the presence of transient or permanent atrioventricular block, new bundle branch blocks, and need for permanent pacemaker. Association of myocardial fibrosis and new conduction derangements were tested using receiver operator curve (ROC) and regression analysis in patients with and without pre-existing conduction issues. RESULTS: Forty-six (27.1%) patients developed post-TAVR conduction deficits. ECV was significantly higher among patients who experienced new conduction defects (26.2 ± 3.45% vs. 24.7% ± 4.15%, p value: 0.020). A greater fraction of patients that had new conduction defects had an elevated ECV of ≥26% (54.3% vs. 36.3%, p value: 0.026). ECV ≥ 26% was independently associated with the development of new conduction defects (odds ratio [OR]: 2.364, p value: 0.030). ROC analysis revealed a significant association of ECV with new conduction defects with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.632 (95% confidence interval: 0.555-0.705, p value: 0.005). The combination of prior right bundle branch block (RBBB) and ECV revealed a greater AUC of 0.779 (0.709-0.839, p value: <0.001) than RBBB alone (Delong p value: 0.049). No association of LGE/ECV with new conduction defects was observed among patients with pre-existing conduction disease. Among patients without baseline conduction disease, ECV was independently associated with the development of new conduction deficits (OR: 3.685, p value: 0.008). CONCLUSION: The present study explored the association of myocardial fibrosis, as measured by LGE and ECV with conduction deficits post-TAVR. Our results demonstrate an association of ECV, and thereby interstitial myocardial fibrosis, with new conduction derangement post-TAVR and introduce ECV as a potentially new risk stratification tool to identify patients at higher risk for needing post-TAVR surveillance and/or permanent pacemaker.

Clinical impact of right ventricular pacing burden in patients with post-transcatheter aortic valve replacement permanent pacemaker implantation.

AIMS: Patients who undergo permanent pacemaker (PPM) implantation after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) have a worse outcome. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors of worse outcomes in patients with post-TAVR PPM implantation. METHODS AND RESULTS: This is a single-centre, retrospective study of consecutive patients who underwent post-TAVR PPM implantation from 11 March 2011 to 9 November 2019. Clinical outcomes were evaluated by landmark analysis with cut-off at 1 year after the PPM implantation. Of the 1389 patients underwent TAVR during the study duration and a total of 110 patients were included in the final analysis. Right ventricular pacing burden (RVPB) ≥ 30% at 1 year was associated with a higher likelihood of heart failure (HF) readmission [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR): 6.333; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.417-28.311; P = 0.016] and composite endpoint of overall death and/or HF (aHR: 2.453; 95% CI: 1.040-5.786; P = 0.040). The RVPB ≥30% at 1 year was associated with higher atrial fibrillation burden (24.1 ± 40.6% vs. 1.2 ± 5.3%; P = 0.013) and a decrease in left ventricular ejection fraction (-5.0 ± 9.8% vs. + 1.1 ± 7.9%; P = 0.005). The predicting factors of the RVPB ≥30% at 1 year were the presence of RVPB ≥40% at 1 month and the valve implantation depth measured from non-coronary cusp ≥4.0 mm (aHR: 57.808; 95% CI: 12.489-267.584; P < 0.001 and aHR: 6.817; 95% CI: 1.829-25.402; P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: The RVPB ≥30% at 1 year was associated with worse outcomes. Clinical benefit of minimal RV pacing algorithms and biventricular pacing needs to be investigated.

Surgical and transcatheter left atrial appendage closure in patients with atrial fibrillation and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND: Patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and atrial fibrillation (AF) are at increased stroke risk in comparison to those with non-valvular AF not affected by HCM. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the role of left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) in patients with HCM and AF. METHODS AND RESULTS: We identified patients with HCM and AF using the National Readmission Dataset. Patients were stratified based on LAAC status. The primary efficacy outcome was a composite of ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke, TIA, and all-cause mortality. The primary safety outcome was a composite of major bleeding and pericardial complications. Patients were matched using inverse probability of treatment weighting. Cox-proportional hazard regression was applied to calculate the hazard ratio (HR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) on matched cohorts. We identified 71 980 patients with HCM and AF. 1351 (1.9%) patients underwent LAAC. Two hundred and eighty-seven (21.2%) underwent transcatheter LAAC. LAAC was associated with a lower risk of the primary efficacy outcome (2.5% vs. 5.4%, HR: 0.38; 95% CI: 0.17-0.88; P = 0.024), the primary safety outcome (2.9% vs. 6.8%, HR: 0.39; 95% CI: 0.23-0.66, P = 0.001), and reduced major bleeding. The LAAC group trended towards a lower risk of ischaemic stroke and all-cause mortality. CONCLUSION: Surgical and transcatheter LAAC was associated with a lower risk of haemorrhagic stroke and major bleeding.

Rationale and design of the SMall Annuli Randomized To Evolut or SAPIEN Trial (SMART Trial).

BACKGROUND: The SMall Annuli Randomized To Evolut or SAPIEN (SMART) Trial was designed to compare the performance of the two most widely available commercial transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) devices in patients with symptomatic severe native aortic stenosis with a small aortic valve annulus undergoing transfemoral TAVR. Patients with small aortic valve annuli are typically female and are often underrepresented in clinical trials. METHODS: The SMART Trial is an international, prospective, multi-center, randomized controlled, post-market trial. The trial will be conducted in approximately 700 subjects at approximately 90 sites globally. Inclusion criteria include severe aortic stenosis, aortic valve annulus area of ≤430 mm2 based on multi-detector computed tomography, and appropriate anatomy for both the Medtronic Evolut PRO/PRO+ self-expanding and Edwards SAPIEN 3/3 Ultra balloon-expandable devices. The primary clinical outcome composite endpoint is defined as mortality, disabling stroke or heart failure rehospitalization at 12 months. The co-primary valve function composite endpoint is defined as bioprosthetic valve dysfunction at 12 months which includes hemodynamic structural valve dysfunction, defined as a mean gradient ≥20 mmHg, non-structural valve dysfunction, defined as severe prothesis-patient mismatch or ≥moderate aortic regurgitation, thrombosis, endocarditis, and aortic valve re-intervention. Powered secondary endpoints will be assessed hierarchically. CONCLUSIONS: The SMART trial will be the largest head-to-head comparative trial of transfemoral TAVR using the two most widely available contemporary TAVR devices in the setting of small aortic annuli and the largest trial to enroll primarily women. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov, Unique identifier: NCT04722250.

Redo-transcatheter aortic valve replacement with the supra-annular, self-expandable Evolut platform: Insights from the Transcatheter valve Therapy Registry.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the safety profile of redo-TAVR procedures from patients in the transcatheter valve therapy (TVT) Registry. BACKGROUND: The use of transcatheter aortic valves (TAV) to treat previously implanted failing TAVS (TAV-in-TAV) has been an increasingly important topic as indications for TAVR move to younger and lower-risk patients, but data on the safety and efficacy of redo-TAVR is limited. METHODS: Patients undergoing redo-TAVR procedures using the Evolut R, Evolut PRO or Evolut PRO+ valve in the TVT Registry between April 2015 and March 2020 were included. In-hospital, 30-day and 1-year outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS: Redo-TAVR was performed in 292 patients (213 patients received the Evolut R valve and 79 received the Evolut PRO or PRO+ valve). Device success was achieved in 94.5%. In-hospital mortality was 2.1%, stroke occurred in 2.7%, and 77.2% of patients were discharged home. There were no cases of coronary compression/obstruction or myocardial infarction that occurred in index hospitalization. Mean gradient at 30-days was 11.9 ± 6.9 mmHg, and 73.1% had none/trace total aortic regurgitation. CONCLUSIONS: Results from the TVT Registry demonstrate good short-term outcomes after redo-TAVR with the supra-annular, self-expandable Evolut platform. Long-term follow-up is necessary to further expand understanding this complex scenario.

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement in aortic regurgitation: The U.S. experience.

BACKGROUND: Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) can be an effective option for high-risk Aortic Regurgitation (AR) patients. Although international experiences of TAVR for AR are published, U.S. data are limited. This study sought to report the short-term outcomes of TAVR in AR in the U.S. METHODS: Study cohorts were derived from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) and Nationwide Readmissions Database (NRD) 2016-17. TAVR and AR were identified using ICD-10-CM-codes. The key outcomes were all-cause mortality, disabling stroke, valvular complications, complete heart block (CHB)/permanent pacemaker placement (PPM), open-heart surgery, acute kidney injury (AKI) requiring dialysis, and vascular complications. Multivariate logistic regression was used to adjust for confounders. RESULTS: 915 patients from the NIS (male-71%, age ≥65-84.2%) and 822 patients from the NRD (male-69.3%, age ≥65-80.5%) underwent TAVR for AR. The median length of stay (LOS) was 4 days for both cohorts. In-hospital mortality was 2.7%, and 30-day mortality was 3.3%. Disabling strokes were noted in 0.6% peri-procedurally and 1.8% at 30-days. Valve-related complications were 18-19% with paravalvular leak (4-7%) being the most common. Approximately 11% of patients developed CHB and/or needed PPM in both cohorts. In NRD, 2.2% of patients required dialysis for AKI, 1.5% developed vascular complications, and 0.6% required open-heart surgery within 30-days post-procedure. Anemia was predictive of increased overall complications and valvular complications, whereas peripheral vascular disease was a predictor of increased valvular complications and CHB/PPM. CONCLUSION: TAVR is a promising option in AR. Further studies are necessary for the expansion of TAVR as the standard treatment in AR.

Impact of residual coronary atherosclerosis on transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve replacement.

OBJECTIVES: This study reports on the clinical effects of complete vs incompletely revascularized coronary artery disease on transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). BACKGROUND: There is a high prevalence of active coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients undergoing TAVR but preemptive revascularization remains controversial. METHODS: Patients were categorized into three cohorts: complete revascularization (CR), incomplete revascularization of a major epicardial artery (IR Major), and incomplete revascularization of a minor epicardial artery only (IR Minor). When feasible, SYNTAX scoring was performed for exploratory analysis. Analyses were performed using Cox proportional hazard models and Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: A total of 323 patients with active CAD were included. Adjusted outcomes showed that patients with IR Major had increased incidence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) or revascularization compared with those in the CR cohort (HR 3.72, P = 0.048). No difference was noted in all-cause mortality or all-cause readmission rates. Exploratory secondary analysis with residual SYNTAX scores showed a significant interaction between disease burden and AMI/revascularization, as well as all-cause readmission. All-cause mortality remained unaffected based on residual SYNTAX scores. CONCLUSIONS: This is a retrospective single-center study reporting on pre-TAVR revascularization outcomes in patients with active CAD. In this analysis, we found that patients undergoing TAVR benefited from achieving complete revascularization to abate future incidence of AMI/revascularization. Despite this finding, all-cause mortality remained unaffected. Future efforts should focus on the role of functional assessment of the coronaries, as well as the long-term effects of complete revascularization in a larger patient cohort.

Temporal course of vascular healing and neoatherosclerosis after implantation of durable- or biodegradable-polymer drug-eluting stents.

Aims: Delayed healing and endothelial dysfunction may occur with drug-eluting stents (DES), promoting accelerated infiltration of lipids in the neointima and development of neoatherosclerosis (NA). Pathology data suggest durable polymer (DP) of DES to play a major role in this process. Whether biodegradable polymer (BP) may address these issues is uncertain. We compared in vivo vessel healing and NA of current generation BP- or DP-DES using serial optical coherence tomography (OCT) assessments. Methods and results: Ninety patients with multivessel coronary artery disease were randomized 1:1 to BP everolimus-eluting stents (EES, Synergy) or DP zotarolimus-eluting stents (ZES, Resolute Integrity). Co-primary endpoints were the maximum length of uncovered struts at 3 months (powered for non-inferiority) and the percentage of patients presenting with frames of NA at 18 months (powered for superiority) as measured by OCT. The maximum length of uncovered struts at 3 months was 10 ± 8 mm in the BP-EES group and 11 ± 7 mm in the DP-ZES group (mean difference -1 mm; upper 97.5% confidence interval +2 mm; P = 0.05 for non-inferiority; P = 0.45 for superiority). The percentage of patients presenting with frames of NA at 18 months was low and similar between BP-EES and DP-ZES groups (11.6% vs. 15.9%; P = 0.56). There was no stent thrombosis in both groups at 24 months. Conclusion: BP-EES and DP-ZES showed a similar healing response at 3 months and a low incidence of NA at 18 months. Biocompatible polymers, regardless of whether they are durable or biodegradable, may favourably impact the long-term vascular response to current-generation DES.

Safety of shorter length of hospital stay for patients undergoing minimalist transcatheter aortic valve replacement.

OBJECTIVE: Determine the feasibility and predictors of early discharge after minimalist transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). BACKGROUND: Duration of hospitalization has a direct impact on overall cost of care, but the clinical impact of length of stay (LOS) in patients undergoing minimalist TAVR remains unclear. METHODS: We studied 268 patients who underwent minimalist TAVR. Short LOS (sLOS) was defined as post-procedural LOS ≤ 3 days and observed in 163 patients. Prolonged LOS (pLOS) was observed in 105 patients. Propensity score matching based on 39 variables yielded 54 pairs of patients in each group. We analyzed 30-day mortality, 30-day re-hospitalization and long-term survival data. Multivariate regression models were used to define predictors of sLOS. RESULTS: Thirty-day mortality was 0% versus 5.5% in the sLOS and pLOS groups, respectively (P = 0.08). Incidence of re-hospitalization was higher in pLOS (13% vs. 3.7%). sLOS was associated with lower odds ratio of minor vascular complication (OR 0.1 [95% CI: 0.01, 0.75], P = 0.05), any bleeding (OR 0.35 [95% CI: 0.14, 0.87], P = 0.02), blood transfusion (OR 0.27 [95% CI: 0.08, 0.81], P = 0.02), and new pacemaker implantation (OR 0.23 [95% CI: 0.1, 0.53], P < 0.001). Discharge to home had a significantly higher odd ratio for sLOS (OR 8.67 [95% CI: 3.59, 23.11], P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: In appropriately selected patients, sLOS following minimalist TAVR approach in an experienced and high volume center is feasible and safe. Implementing such a strategy may reduce medical costs with the potential clinical benefit of early re-habilitation for the elderly TAVR population.

In-hospital outcomes of transcatheter versus surgical aortic valve replacement in end stage renal disease.

BACKGROUND: Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is an alternative to surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) for patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis (AS) who are at intermediate and high risk for surgery. Commercial use of TAVR has expanded to patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD). OBJECTIVES: Compare in-hospital outcomes of TAVR versus SAVR in ESRD patients requiring hemodialysis (HD). METHODS: ESRD patients on HD undergoing TAVR (n = 328) or SAVR (n = 697) between 2012 and 2014 were identified in the National Inpatient Sample (NIS). Propensity-score matching method was used to minimize selection bias. Baseline characteristics and in-hospital outcomes were compared. RESULTS: TAVR patients were older (75.3 vs. 61.6 years, P < 0.001) and had more comorbidities, including congestive heart failure (16.2% vs. 7.5%), diabetes mellitus (28.4% vs. 22.5%), chronic lung disease (27.7% vs. 20.4%), and peripheral vascular disease (35.1% vs. 21.2%). Propensity-score matching yielded 175 pairs of patients matched on 30 baseline covariates. Overall in-hospital mortality was high (9.9%) and similar between TAVR and SAVR (8% vs. 10.3%, P = 0.58). TAVR was associated with shorter length of stay (LOS) (8 vs. 14 days, P < 0.001), lower hospitalization cost ($276,448 vs. $364,280, P = 0.01), lower in-hospital complications (60.6% vs. 76%, P = 0.003), and higher rate of home discharge (31.4% vs. 17.7%, P = 0.004) compared with SAVR. CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of treatment modality, patients with AS on HD have high in-hospital mortality. TAVR and SAVR have comparable in-hospital mortality in this population. However, TAVR is associated with shorter LOS, lower hospitalization costs, lower in-hospital complications, and higher rates of home discharge.

Evaluating the quality of implantation of percutaneous ventricular restoration device (Parachute®) by cardiac computed tomography.

BACKGROUND: The Parachute is a novel percutaneously implanted ventricular partitioning device (VPD) that has emerged as a safe and feasible treatment option for patients with heart failure following anterior wall myocardial infarction. VPD efficacy is likely dependent on optimal device placement, but to date there are no published data examining the effect of device positioning on patient outcomes. METHODS AND RESULTS: We retrospectively identified 32 patients successfully implanted with the Parachute device, all of whom underwent cardiac computed tomography (CCT) at baseline and after 6 months of follow-up. Patients were divided into two groups based on self-reported improvement in New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class: "not improved NYHA" (n = 12) and "improved NYHA" (n = 20). There were significant differences between both groups with regard to device positioning on follow-up CCT. Compared to patients with "improved NYHA," patients with "not improved NYHA" had longer distances from device foot to left ventricular apex (8.0 ± 4.9 vs. 2.9 ± 4.6 mm; P = 0.01), and higher lateral angles (18.0 ± 14 vs. 9.1 ± 6.8 degrees; P = 0.02), respectively. There was no significant difference between the two groups in landing zone (45.4 ± 7. vs. 45.1 ± 6.9 mm; P = 0.92) and inferior angle (14.0 ± 11.9 vs. 14.3 ± 10.1 degrees; P = 0.95). There was a numerically larger malapposition area in the "not improved NYHA" group (5.1 ± 4.5 vs. 3.2 ± 2.2 cm2; P = 0.12). CONCLUSION: Quality of Parachute implant impacted clinical outcome, these findings should be applied prospectively in helping operators to achieve optimal implant. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Transcatheter mitral valve-in-ring implantation in prohibitive surgical risk patients: Single center initial experience in the United States.

Surgical mitral annuloplasty ring failure can result in symptomatic mitral stenosis or regurgitation which carries significant morbidity and mortality. Reoperation carries high surgical risks and the feasibility of transcatheter mitral valve-in-ring implantation is suggested by several case reports and series. In this article, we report two MVIR procedures focusing on preprocedural planning issues and intraprocedural tips. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Cardiac computed tomography assessment of the near term impact of percutaneous ventricular restoration therapy (parachute(®) ) on mitral valve geometry.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of current study is to assess the near term impact of percutaneous ventricular restoration therapy (PVR), Parachute(®) on mitral valve (MV) geometry by cardiac computed tomography (CCT). BACKGROUND: Recent data demonstrates the feasibility of PVR for treatment of post anterior myocardial infarction (MI) heart failure. Little is known, however, about the interaction of the device and left ventricular structures, particularly the MV apparatus. METHODS: This is a retrospective Core Laboratory analysis of Parachute Trials' CCT data. Patients with paired (before and after Parachute implant) CCT acquisitions were included into analysis. MV geometric parameters were measured. RESULTS: Thirty-three patients were included in the analysis. The mean time of follow-up CCT post procedure was 188 ± 52 days. There were significant reduction in tenting height (A1P1: -1.70 ± 1.89 mm, -17.40 ± 20.20%; A2P2: -1.43 ± 1.89 mm, -12.10 ± 15.00%; A3P3: -1.54 ± 1.58 mm, -15.50 ± 15.20%, P < 0.001), tenting volume (-0.93 ± 0.60 mm3, -22.00 ± 11.40%, P < 0.001), systolic interpapillary muscle distance (-2.22 ± 2.11 mm, -7.51 ± 7.23%, P < 0.001) and diastolic interpapillary muscle distance (-3.14 ± 2.20 mm, -8.46 ± 5.73%, P < 0.001) post PVR. CONCLUSIONS: In post anterior MI heart failure patients, PVR has favorable near term impact on MV geometry as assessed by CCT. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Differences determined by optical coherence tomography volumetric analysis in non-culprit lesion morphology and inflammation in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and stable angina pectoris patients.

BACKGROUND: While the current methodology for determining fibrous cap (FC) thickness of lipid plaques is based on manual measurements of arbitrary points, which could lead to high variability and decreased accuracy, it ignores the three-dimensional (3-D) morphology of coronary artery disease. OBJECTIVE: To compare, utilizing optical coherence tomography (OCT) assessments, volumetric quantification of FC, and macrophage detection using both visual assessment and automated image processing algorithms in non-culprit lesions of STEMI and stable angina pectoris (SAP) patients. METHODS: Lipid plaques were selected from 67 consecutive patients (1 artery/patient). FC was manually delineated by a computer-aided method and automatically classified into three thickness categories: FC < 65 µm (i.e., thin-cap fibroatheroma [TCFA]), 65-150 µm, and >150 µm. Minimum thickness, absolute categorical surface area, and fractional luminal area of FC were analyzed. Automated detection and quantification of macrophage was performed within the segmented FC. RESULTS: A total of 5,503 cross-sections were analyzed. STEMI patients when compared with SAP patients had more absolute categorical surface area for TCFA (0.43 ± 0.45 mm(2) vs. 0.15 ± 0.25 mm(2) ; P = 0.011), thinner minimum FC thickness (31.63 ± 17.09 µm vs. 47.27 ± 26.56 µm, P = 0.012), greater fractional luminal area for TCFA (1.65 ± 1.56% vs. 0.74 ± 1.2%, P = 0.046), and greater macrophage index (0.0217 ± 0.0081% vs. 0.0153 ± 0.0045%, respectively, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The novel OCT-based 3-D quantification of the FC and macrophage demonstrated thinner FC thickness and larger areas of TCFA coupled with more inflammation in non-culprit sites of STEMI compared with SAP.

Comparison of scanning electron microscopy and optical coherence tomography for imaging of coronary bifurcation stents.

BACKGROUND: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a new intracoronary imaging modality that has excellent resolution and image quality and has been used to image neointimal coverage after stent implantation. OCT has been compared to histologic, intravascular ultrasound, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies. However, OCT has not been compared with SEM for imaging stent coverage over side branches. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare OCT with SEM in imaging neointimal coverage over stent struts bridging coronary side-branch ostia. METHODS: Using a balloon-overstretch in-stent restenosis model, we deployed 38 everolimus-eluting stents across coronary bifurcations in nine pigs. We performed OCT immediately after stenting and 4 weeks later; SEM was performed after euthanizing the pigs. OCT images of each stent were compared to the corresponding SEM image. RESULTS: We analyzed OCT frames (n=111) for strut-level neointimal coverage and compared them to corresponding SEM images. The concordance correlation coefficient was 0.809 (95%CI; 0.734-0.864) and 0.951 (95%CI; 0.930-0.966) for covered and uncovered struts, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In a non-atherosclerotic pig model, we showed strong agreement between OCT and SEM in imaging coverage of stent struts bridging side-branch ostia.

New insights on acute expansion and longitudinal elongation of bioresorbable vascular scaffolds in vivo and at bench test: a note of caution on reliance to compliance charts and nominal length.

OBJECTIVES: We performed systematic optical coherence tomography (OCT) analyses after bioresorbable vascular scaffolds (BVS) implantation in a "real world" setting aiming at evaluating scaffold expansion and longitudinal integrity. BACKGROUND: a comprehensive elucidation of BVS acute performance in the "real-world" setting is lacking. METHODS: acute BVS expansion compared with compliance chart information and longitudinal integrity were assessed in 29 patients (32 lesions) by OCT. In addition, bench experiments with four scaffolds were performed with different combinations of deployment pressures and tube stiffness. RESULTS: scaffold underexpansion, using compliance chart information as reference, was observed in 97% of OCT cross-sections in vivo; however, only 8.3% of the cross-section analyzed revealed BVS area <5 mm(2) . Calcified plaques were more common in the lowest (9.7%) compared with the mid (8.8%) and highest (6.3%) tertiles of scaffold expansion (P = 0.003 and P = 0.001 for lowest vs. mid, and lowest vs. highest, respectively). Seventeen (54.8%) scaffolds were elongated during implantation, but no signs of scaffold fracture were revealed. Elongation and impaired expansion were reproduced in the bench testing when the scaffold was deployed with high pressure in a hard tube. CONCLUSIONS: compliance chart information should not be used to predict final BVS dimensions in the clinical setting. While BVS expansion could be potentially impaired by calcified plaques, they may elongate during deployment. Bench experiments confirmed the elongation phenomenon when BVS were deployed with high pressure in hard tubes.

Gender-related clinical and echocardiographic outcomes at 30-day and 12-month follow up after MitraClip implantation in the GRASP registry.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the influence of patients' gender on the outcomes of percutaneous edge-to-edge mitral valve repair (PMVR) using the MitraClip system. BACKGROUND: Although gender-related differences have been extensively documented in patients who undergo surgery for moderate-to-severe (3+) and severe (4+) mitral regurgitation (MR), studies assessing whether these differences exist after PMVR are lacking. METHODS: Clinical and echocardiographic data through 12-month follow up from 171 consecutive patients whom underwent MitraClip implantation and were dichotomized by the gender (106 males and 65 females) were obtained. The primary safety endpoint was the incidence of major adverse events at 30 days and the primary efficacy endpoint was freedom from death, surgery for mitral valve dysfunction, or grade≥3+ MR at 12-month follow up. RESULTS: The primary safety endpoint was observed in four males (3.8%) and four females (6.2%) (P=0.358). Remarkable reduction in MR postprocedure was revealed in both groups, and these results were mostly sustained. Furthermore, left ventricle reverse remodeling and New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class improvement were revealed in both groups, but females tended to demonstrate worse results over time (P=0.083). The primary efficacy endpoint obtained by Kaplan-Meier estimates was observed in 76.3 and 70.2%, respectively (log rank P=0.231). CONCLUSIONS: MitraClip implantation in patients with 3+ and 4+ MR is safe and efficacious until mid-term follow up, regardless of patients' gender. Despite improvement in NYHA functional class in both groups, female gender demonstrated a trend toward poorer results. Further validation of our findings is warranted.

Use and performance of the evolut FX transcatheter aortic valve system.

BACKGROUND: The next generation supra-annular, self-expanding Evolut FX transcatheter aortic valve (TAV) system was designed to improve catheter deliverability, provide stable and symmetric valve deployment, and assess commissural alignment during the procedure. The impact of these modifications has not been clinically evaluated. METHODS: Procedural information was collected by survey in 2 Stages: Stage I comprised 23 centers with extensive experience with Evolut TAV systems, and Stage II comprised an additional 46 centers with a broad range of balloon- and self-expanding system experience. Operators were to compare the experience with the Evolut FX to the predicate Evolut PRO+ system. RESULTS: There were 285 cases during Stage I from June 24 to August 12, 2022, and 254 cases during Stage II from August 15 to September 11, 2022. Overall, the cusp overlap technique was used in 88.6 %, and commissural alignment was achieved in 96.1 % of these cases. Compared to implanter's previous experience with the Evolut PRO+ system, less resistance was noted with the Evolut FX system: in 83.0 % of cases during vascular insertion, in 84.7 % of cases while tracking through the vasculature, in 84.4 % of cases while traversing over the arch, and 76.1 % of cases in advancing across the valve. Better symmetry of valve depth was observed in 423 of 525 cases (80.6 %). CONCLUSION: Evolut FX system design modifications translated into improvements in catheter deliverability, deployment symmetry and stability, and commissural alignment as assessed by experienced self-expanding and balloon expandable operators.