Sedentary time and its association with risk for disease incidence, mortality, and hospitalization in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The magnitude, consistency, and manner of association between sedentary time and outcomes independent of physical activity remain unclear. PURPOSE: To quantify the association between sedentary time and hospitalizations, all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer in adults independent of physical activity. DATA SOURCES: English-language studies in MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Web of Knowledge, and Google Scholar databases were searched through August 2014 with hand-searching of in-text citations and no publication date limitations. STUDY SELECTION: Studies assessing sedentary behavior in adults, adjusted for physical activity and correlated to at least 1 outcome. DATA EXTRACTION: Two independent reviewers performed data abstraction and quality assessment, and a third reviewer resolved inconsistencies. DATA SYNTHESIS: Forty-seven articles met our eligibility criteria. Meta-analyses were performed on outcomes for cardiovascular disease and diabetes (14 studies), cancer (14 studies), and all-cause mortality (13 studies). Prospective cohort designs were used in all but 3 studies; sedentary times were quantified using self-report in all but 1 study. Significant hazard ratio (HR) associations were found with all-cause mortality (HR, 1.240 [95% CI, 1.090 to 1.410]), cardiovascular disease mortality (HR, 1.179 [CI, 1.106 to 1.257]), cardiovascular disease incidence (HR, 1.143 [CI, 1.002 to 1.729]), cancer mortality (HR, 1.173 [CI, 1.108 to 1.242]), cancer incidence (HR, 1.130 [CI, 1.053 to 1.213]), and type 2 diabetes incidence (HR, 1.910 [CI, 1.642 to 2.222]). Hazard ratios associated with sedentary time and outcomes were generally more pronounced at lower levels of physical activity than at higher levels. LIMITATION: There was marked heterogeneity in research designs and the assessment of sedentary time and physical activity. CONCLUSION: Prolonged sedentary time was independently associated with deleterious health outcomes regardless of physical activity. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: None.

Relationship Between Cardiac Rehabilitation Participation and Health Service Expenditures Within a Universal Health Care System.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the relationship between cardiac rehabilitation participation and health service expenditures in Ontario, Canada. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 6284 patients referred to cardiac rehabilitation between April 1, 2003, and December 31, 2010, were linked to 6284 matched cardiac rehabilitation eligible nonreferred controls and followed over a 3-year period across multiple linked administrative databases to identify health service utilization expenditures and mortality. All patients had previous cardiac hospitalizations within the preceding year. Four cardiac rehabilitation eligible groups of patients were balanced using propensity score weights: (1) no referral; (2) no participation; (3) low participation levels (ie, attending <67% of prescheduled classes); and (4) high participation levels (ie, attending ≥67% prescheduled classes). Each group of patients was balanced in age, sex, geography, socioeconomic status, previous hospitalizations, ambulatory care conditions, cardiovascular risk factors, comorbidities, and previous health care expenditures. Generalized linear models were used to examine differences in health service expenditures (from all sources including hospitalizations, physician visits, diagnostic tests, and drugs for those older than 65 years) per "eligible day alive" over the 3-year period. RESULTS: Compared with the nonreferred population, health service expenditures followed a dose-response relationship and were lowest in patients who had the highest cardiac rehabilitation programmatic participation levels (P<.001). Cost differences across groups separated early, remained divergent, and applied to all components of health care expenditures (P<.001). Sensitivity analyses confirmed that the findings were not secondary to reverse causality. CONCLUSION: Participation in cardiac rehabilitation is associated with lower long-term health service utilization expenditures within a publicly funded health care system.

Inadvertent transarterial pacemaker lead placement.

We present a case of a 73-year-old patient with acute left-sided hemiparesis four months after right ventricular pacemaker insertion. Post-procedural electrocardiogram revealed a paced RBBB complex and an abnormal lead path on chest X-ray. Subsequent echocardiography and computed tomography showed left ventricular pacemaker malposition with retrograde passage to the punctured subclavian artery. We also discuss the utility of routine cardiac investigations post-insertion to identify signal lead malposition as well as management strategies once identified.

Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging for non-invasive diagnosis of lipomatous hypertrophy of inter-atrial septum.

A 71-year-old asymptomatic woman is found to have an incidental cardiac mass on transthoracic echocardiography. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) findings are consistent with lipotamous hypertrophy of the inter-atrial septum. Given the characteristic appearances on CMR, biopsy or surgery was not indicated and the patient was managed conservatively.

Treatment and outcomes of patients with suspected acute coronary syndromes in relation to initial diagnostic impressions (insights from the Canadian Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events [GRACE] and Canadian Registry of Acute Coronary Events [CANRACE]).

The early diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) remains challenging, and a considerable proportion of patients are diagnosed with "possible" ACS on admission. The Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE/GRACE(2)) and Canadian Registry of Acute Coronary Events (CANRACE) enrolled 16,618 Canadian patients with suspected ACS in 1999 to 2008. We compared the demographic and clinical characteristics, use of cardiac procedures, prognostic accuracy of the GRACE risk score, and in-hospital outcomes between patients given an admission diagnosis of "definite" versus "possible" ACS by the treating physician. Overall, 11,152 and 5,466 patients were given an initial diagnosis of "definite" ACS and "possible" ACS, respectively. Patients with a "possible" ACS had higher GRACE risk score (median 130 vs 125) and less frequently received aspirin, clopidogrel, heparin, or ß blockers within the first 24 hours of presentation and assessment of left ventricular function, stress testing, cardiac catheterization, and percutaneous coronary intervention (all p <0.05). Patients with "possible" ACS had greater rates of in-hospital myocardial infarction (9.0% vs 2.0%, p <0.05) and heart failure (12% vs 8.9%, p <0.05). The GRACE risk score demonstrated excellent discrimination for in-hospital mortality in both groups and for the entire study population. In conclusion, compared to patients with "definite" ACS on presentation, those with "possible" ACS had higher baseline GRACE risk scores but less frequently received evidence-based medical therapies within 24 hours of admission or underwent cardiac procedures during hospitalization. The GRACE risk score provided accurate risk assessment, regardless of the initial diagnostic impression.

Comparison of abciximab and eptifibatide on angiographic and clinical outcomes in rescue percutaneous coronary intervention for failed fibrinolytic therapy.

BACKGROUND: Adjunctive administration of the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa platelet receptor antagonist (GPA), abciximab, improves outcomes in patients undergoing rescue percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, it is unknown if other GPAs provide a similar benefit in this setting. OBJECTIVE: We sought to compare angiographic and clinical outcomes of patients receiving abciximab or eptifibatide as an adjunct to rescue PCI. METHODS: In this prospective, nonrandomized study, consecutive patients who underwent rescue PCI and received adjunctive preprocedural GPA comprised the study population. Thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow, corrected TIMI frame count (CTFC) and myocardial blush grade (MBG) were determined before and immediately after rescue PCI. Residual ST-segment elevation at 90-120 minutes and peak creatine kinase (CK) values for 48 hours after PCI were recorded. Major adverse cardiac events (MACE) including death, reinfarction and target vessel revascularization (TVR) were determined at discharge, 1 and 6 months. RESULTS: A total of 241 patients were included in the study. 162 patients received abciximab and 79 received eptifibatide. There were no differences in baseline clinical and angiographic characteristics between groups. Post-PCI TIMI flow was similar but post-PCI CTFC was significantly lower (17 +/- 10 vs. 22 +/- 18; p = 0.01) and post-PCI MBG significantly higher (2.8 +/- 0.5 vs. 2.6 +/- 0.6; p = 0.01) in the abciximab group. Patients in the abciximab group had less ST-segment elevation (1.0 +/- 0.9 vs. 1.5 +/- 1.0 mm; p = 0.003) and lower peak CK (2,484 +/- 2,176 vs. 2,650 +/- 2,798 U/L; p = 0.001) after PCI. On multivariate analyses, abciximab administration (OR = 0.50, CI = 0.26, 0.96; p = 0.03), pre-PCI TIMI 3 flow (OR = 0.22, CI = 0.05, 0.99; p = 0.04) and female gender (OR = 0.24, CI = 0.08, 0.66; p = 0.006) were positive and cardiogenic shock (OR = 2.76, CI = 1.16, 6.58; p = 0.02) was a negative predictor of normal epicardial perfusion post PCI. Abciximab administration (OR = 0.46, CI = 0.24, 0.87; p = 0.02) and pre-PCI CTFC < 25 (OR = 0.09, CI = 0.02, 0.31, 0.0001) were positive predictors and cardiogenic shock (OR = 3.96, CI = 1.55, 10.12; p = 0.004) was a negative predictor of normal myocardial perfusion post-PCI as determined by CTFC. Abciximab administration (OR = 0.31, CI = 0.15, 0.63; p = 0.001) and pre-PCI MBG 3 (OR = 0.07, CI = 0.02, 0.23; p < 0.0001) were positive predictors of normal myocardial perfusion post-PCI as determined by MBG. In-hospital, 1- and 6-month clinical events and MACE rates did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS: In the setting of rescue PCI, adjunctive administration of abciximab resulted in greater improvement in angiographic and electrical estimates of myocardial perfusion and smaller infarct size compared to eptifibatide. These findings suggest that all GPA may not provide equal benefit in rescue PCI.