Achievement Goals across Persistence-Validation of the Spanish Version of the Motivational Persistence Scale.

BACKGROUND: An important aspect of achievement goals is the persistence and determination that the person possesses in order to achieve it. Spain does not have an adequate instrument for its measurement. First, this article had the aim of adapt and validate the Motivational Persistence Scale of Constantin et al. in a Spanish population and athletes. Second, it had the aim of prove the relationship with deliberate practice and performance. METHODS: In this study, 384 university students participated, where the factor structure was analyzed by means of a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). In study 2 of 169 athletes was used to confirm its validity in a homogeneous population and its predictive capacity on the hours of deliberate practice (DP) and performance. RESULTS: The AFC showed a two-factor structure, reducing the original three-factor structure, presenting a good fit in both Spanish and homogeneous population of athletes and achieving a significant predictive capacity on deliberate practice. The new dimensions were Purpose Pursuing (PP) and Recurrence of Unattained Purposes (RUP). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, our results provide evidence that this scale could be a useful tool for the assessment of Persistence in the Spanish adult and athlete population.

The limit of physiological adaptation of the right ventricle to endurance training / El límite de la adaptación fisiológica del ventrículo derecho al entrenamiento de resistencia / O limite da adaptação fisiológica do ventrículo direito ao treino de resistência

The study aims to conduct a review of right ventricle, measured by echocardiography or magnetic resonance imaging, in athletes with high dynamic component and moderate static, the limit of the physiological adaptation. A search was carried out in the Medline database up to the end of 2017. This study showed that the mean values for the different measurements of the right ventricle in athletes are significantly greater than that of sedentary controls. In two of the 12 studies that analyzed mean diameter of the right ventricle in apical 4C, including 1477 endurance athletes and 498 controls, with high heterogeneity. Endurance athletes presented significantly higher longitudinal diameter of the RV in apical absolutes scores compared to control. The end diastolic volume and end systolic volume measured by magnetic resonance imaging, showed a significant standardized mean difference favoring athletes with a moderate heterogeneity.(AU)

El estudio tiene como objetivo realizar una revisión del ventrículo derecho, medido por ecocardiografía o resonancia magnética, en deportistas con alto componente dinámico y estático moderado, el límite de la adaptación fisiológica. Se realizó una búsqueda en la base de datos Medline hasta finales de 2017. Este estudio mostró que los valores medios de las diferentes mediciones del ventrículo derecho en los deportistas son significativamente mayores que los de los controles sedentarios. En dos de los 12 estudios que analizaron el diámetro medio del ventrículo derecho en apical 4C, incluyendo 1477 atletas de resistencia y 498 controles, con alta heterogeneidad. Los atletas de resistencia presentaron un diámetro longitudinal del VD en absolutas apicales significativamente mayor en comparación con los controles. El volumen diastólico final y el volumen sistólico final medidos por resonancia magnética, mostraron una diferencia media estandarizada significativa a favor de los atletas con una heterogeneidad moderada.(AU)

O estudo visa conduzir uma revisão do ventrículo direito, medido por ecocardiografia ou ressonância magnética, em atletas com elevada componente dinâmica e estática moderada, o limite da adaptação fisiológica. Foi realizada uma pesquisa na base de dados Medline até ao final de 2017. Este estudo mostrou que os valores médios das diferentes medidas do ventrículo direito em atletas são significativamente superiores aos dos controlos sedentários. Em dois dos 12 estudos que analisaram o diâmetro médio do ventrículo direito em 4C apical, incluindo 1477 atletas de endurance e 498 controlos, com elevada heterogeneidade. Os atletas de resistência apresentaram um diâmetro longitudinal do VD significativamente mais elevado nas pontuações absolutas apicais, em comparação com os controlos. O volume diastólico final e o volume sistólico final medido por ressonância magnética, mostraram uma diferença média padronizada significativa, favorecendo os atletas com uma heterogeneidade moderada.(AU)

Reference Values of Aortic Root in Male and Female White Elite Athletes According to Sport.

BACKGROUND: There is limited information regarding the aortic root upper physiological limits in all planes in elite athletes according to static and dynamic cardiovascular demands and sex. METHODS AND RESULTS: A cross-sectional study was performed in 3281 healthy elite athletes (2039 men and 1242 women) aged 23.1±5.7 years, with body surface area of 1.9±0.2 m2 and 8.9±4.9 years and 19.2±9.6 hours/week of training. Maximum end-diastolic aortic root diameters were measured in the parasternal long axis by 2-dimensional echocardiography. Age, left ventricular mass, and body surface area were the main predictors of aortic dimensions. Raw values were greater in males than in females (P<0.0001) at all aortic root levels. Dimensions corrected by body surface area were higher in men than in women at the aortic annulus (13.1±1.7 versus 12.9±1.7 mm/m2; P=0.007), without significant differences at the sinus of Valsalva (16.3±1.9 versus 16.3±1.9 mm/m2; P=0.797), and were smaller in men at the sinotubular junction (13.6±1.8 versus 13.8±1.8 mm/m2; P=0.008) and the proximal ascending aorta (13.8±1.9 versus 14.1±1.9 mm/m2; P=0.001). Only 1.8% of men and 1.5% of women had values >40 mm and 34 mm, respectively. Raw and corrected aortic measures at all levels were significantly greater in sports, with a high dynamic component in both sexes, except for corrected values of the sinotubular junction in women. CONCLUSIONS: Aortic root dimensions in healthy elite athletes are within the established limits for the general population. This study describes the normal dimensions for healthy elite athletes classified according to sex and dynamic and static components of their sports.

Dual career motivation and Athletic identity on elite athletes / Motivación hacia la carrera dual e identidad deportiva en deportistas de élite

The aim of this study was to analyze if the athletic identity and the dual career motivation depends on the type of sport and the gender. The sample consisted of 63 elite athletes (21.8 ± 3.2 years old). They were all studying higher education studies. Thirty-six were women (21.4 ± 2.9 years old) and twenty-seven men (22.4 ± 3.5 years old). Thirty-one were from individual sports and thirty-two from team sports. The Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS; Brewer et al., 1993) and the Student Athlete’s Motivation toward Sports and Academics Questionnaire Italian version (SAMSAQ-IT; Lupo et al., 2012) were applied. The athletes of individual sports (23.78 ± 8.83 hours) trained more hours per week (23.78 ± 8.83 hours) than the team sport athletes (12.9 ± 4.67 hours) (F1,59 = 34.73; p < .001; η2 = 0.371). Men had a stronger athletic identity than women (F1,51 = 4,27; p = .044; η2= .077). A multivariate effect was found at the SAMSAQ-IT depending on the type of sport (F3,43 = 3.98; p = .014). The athletes of individual sports achieved higher values than the athletes of team sports (F1,45 = 11.72; p = .001; η2 = 0.207 for SAM; F1,45 = 7.75; p = .008; η2 = 0.147 for AM and F1,45 = 5.20; p = .027; η2 = .104 for CAM). The difficulties observed on women and athletes of individual sports could not be attributed neither to a low academic motivation nor a strong athletic identity

El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la identidad deportiva y la motivación hacia los estudios y el deporte en función del género y del tipo de deporte. Participaron 63 deportistas de élite en activo (21.8 ± 3.2 años) que cursaban estudios superiores, 36 mujeres (21.4 ± 2.9 años) y 27 hombres (22.4 ± 3.5años), 31 pertenecían a deportes individuales y 32 colectivos. Se aplicaron los cuestionarios Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS; Brewer et al., 1993) y Student Athlete’s Motivation toward Sports and Academics Questionnaire Italian Version (SAMSAQ-IT; Lupo et al., 2012). Los deportistas de deportes individuales tenían una mayor carga de entrenamiento que los deportistas de deportes colectivos (F1,59 = 34.73; p < .001; η2 = .371). Los hombres presentaron una identidad deportiva más elevada que las mujeres (F1,51 = 4,27; p = .044; η2 = .077 ). Para el SAMSAQ-IT, hubo efecto multivariado del tipo de deporte (F3,43= 3.98; p= .014). Las puntuaciones fueron más altas en los deportistas de deportes individuales que en los de deportes colectivos (F1,45 = 11.72; p = .001; η2= .207 para MD; F1,45 = 7.75; p = .008; η2 = .147 para MA y F1,45 = 5.20; p = .027; η2 = .104 para MCD). La mayor dificultad observada con los estudios en los deportistas de deportes individuales y en las mujeres, no puede ser atribuida ni a una menor motivación académica ni a una mayor identidad deportiva

Efectos de un programa de ejercicio físico supervisado sobre la estructura cardiaca durante la gestación. Ensayo clínico aleatorizado / Effects of a supervised exercise program on cardiac structure during pregnancy. Randomized clinical trial

Objetivo. Analizar la seguridad del ejercicio aeróbico para el sistema cardiovascular de las mujeres gestantes y valorar las posibles mejoras cardiovasculares producidas. Sujetos y métodos. Se diseñó un ensayo clínico aleatorizado, no apareado, no enmascarado. El registro de datos se realizó en las semanas 20 y 34 de gestación. En la semana 20, se estudió a 45 gestantes del grupo de ejercicio (GE), de las cuales completaron el estudio 35. Del grupo de control (GC), en la semana 20 participaron 14, y completaron el estudio 9. Resultados. En la semana 20 hubo mejoras en el índice de masa corporal (GE: 25,1±4,3/GC: 27,9±4,5) (p=0,04) y en la presión arterial sistólica (GE: 104,7±10,9/GC: 112,5±11,3) (p=0,02). En el GC hubo presencia de hipertrofia concéntrica (n=2, 14,3%). En la semana 34, el GE presentó un mayor volumen sistólico (GE: 52,33±10,42/GC: 43,69±9,48) (p=0,03). Conclusión. El ejercicio aeróbico durante el embarazo es seguro para el sistema cardiovascular, mejorando incluso algunos parámetros (AU)

Objective. To analyze the safety of aerobic exercise for the cardiovascular system in pregnant women, and to assess improvement in the cardiovascular system. Subjects and methods. A randomized clinical trial was designed. Data collection was performed at weeks 20 and 34 of gestation. At week 20, 45 women were studied in the exercise (EG), of which 35 completed the study. There were 14 pregnant women in the control group (CG) in week 20, of which nine completed the study. Results. At week 20 there were improvements in body mass index (EG: 25.1.±.4.3/CG: 27.9±4.5) (P=.04), and in systolic blood pressure (EG: 104.7±10.9/CG: 112 .5±11.3) (P=.02). In the CG there was concentric hypertrophy (N=2; 14.3%). At week 34, the EG had a higher stroke volume (EG: 52.33±10.42/GC: 43.69±9.48) (P=.03). Conclusion. Aerobic exercise during pregnancy is safe for the cardiovascular system and even improves some parameters (AU)

Interacciones Temporales entre el Procesamiento del Blanco y los Distractores: Efectos de Priming Positivo y Negativo / Temporal Interactions between Target and Distractor Processing: Positive and Negative Priming Effects

El paradigma de los flancos y el paradigma con presentaciones de preparación/prueba (prime/probe) para el estudio del priming positivo y negativo se basan en la compatibilidad entre información relevante e irrelevante presente en los mismos estímulos o en estímulos que son temporal o espacialmente contiguos. En el paradigma de los flancos se presentan distractores a la vez que el blanco que pueden mejorar el rendimiento sin son flancos compatibles y empeorarlo si son incompatibles. En el paradigma de priming los distractores pueden facilitar o interferir con respuestas a blancos compatibles que se presentan posteriormente. En los experimentos que se describen aquí hemos conseguido una transición gradual entre estos dos paradigmas, mediante el uso del procedimiento de Presentación Rápida de Series Visuales (PRSV), manipulando la compatibilidad del distractor y el desfase temporal entre los distractores y el blanco. Con SOAs cortos los distractores compatibles facilitan y los incompatibles interfieren; pero con SOAs en torno a 400 mseg. el rendimiento es peor con distractores compatibles que con incompatibles. Se han obtenido resultados similares tanto con paradigmas en los que los participantes deben responder al estímulo que produce el efecto (es un blanco) como con paradigmas en los que no tienen que responder a él (es un distractor). Los presentes resultados implican importantes limitaciones en las explicaciones teóricas tanto del efecto de compatibilidad de los flancos como de la dinámica temporal del priming positivo y negativo (AU)