The association between social determinants of health and patient-centred outcomes in adults with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.

AIMS: To explore the associations between social determinants of health and patient-centred outcomes among adults with chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. DESIGN: Cross-sectional online self-report survey. METHODS: A survey assessing social determinants of health (demographics, socio-economic position, affordability of care and social support) and patient-centred outcomes, including the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire-12 and validated measures of medication adherence, treatment satisfaction, treatment burden and mental health, was completed by 512 adults with chronic heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction between 06 March and 29 June 2020. Multivariable analyses included linear and logistic regression. RESULTS: Female gender, having a care partner, and being offered financial assistance with medications were associated with worse health status, while perceiving medication as affordable and being married were associated with better health status. Females and having Medicaid, dual Medicaid/Medicare or no medical insurance were associated with a higher likelihood of depression, and non-white race/ethnicity was associated with less depression. Medication adherence was lower in patients having a care partner and offered financial assistance. Patients being offered financial and medication management assistance were more likely to be overwhelmed by the treatment burden, whereas those having some college education were less so. CONCLUSIONS: Social determinants of health are associated with patients' disease-specific health status, mental health and treatment satisfaction and burden. These findings underscore the importance of assessing social determinants of health in clinical practice and the need for developing and testing novel strategies to determine whether they improve patients' health. IMPACT: The relationship between social determinants of health- and patient-centred outcomes was assessed; affordability of care and social support factors were most strongly associated with outcomes for patients with chronic heart failure and reduced ejection fraction, underscoring the importance of assessing social determinants of health in routine clinical care. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PROFESSION AND/OR PATIENT CARE: Social determinants of health data could potentially inform care delivery for patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction by helping to identify those who require additional support to manage their symptoms, access care and adhere to treatment. Social support and affordability of treatment were associated with most patient-centred outcomes, suggesting these factors may provide clinicians with an indicator of a patient's level of general well-being that could be assessed during routine follow-up care. REPORTING METHOD: This research followed the STROBE checklist for cross-sectional studies. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: Adults who have heart failure with reduced ejection fraction that consented to participate in the study provided the data used for all analyses reported on in the manuscript. Service users, caregivers or members of the public had no involvement in the study.

A checklist for a consistent, comprehensive medication review.

INTRODUCTION: Medicare Advantage Part D plans and stand-alone Part D prescription drug plans are required by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services to have qualified providers, including pharmacists, and offer annual comprehensive medication reviews (CMRs) for eligible Medicare beneficiaries. Although guidance on the components of a CMR is available, providers have flexibility in how to deliver the CMR to patients and which content to cover. With the variety of patient needs, CMR content is not always consistently delivered in practice. Our research group performed an extensive evaluation to create and test an ideal CMR content coverage checklist for CMR provision. CMR CONTENT CHECKLIST: The CMR Content Checklist can be used for quality improvement purposes to evaluate the comprehensiveness of pharmacist services-to assess either within pharmacist variation across patients or within organization variations between pharmacists or sites. INCORPORATING THE CMR CONTENT CHECKLIST INTO PRACTICE: Testing in a real-world setting demonstrated where gaps in service coverage existed. The CMR Content Checklist could be used as the first step for quality improvement given that it provides details on the key aspects of the service that can inform quality measure development.

Qualitative analysis of telephonic comprehensive medication review content and delivery.

BACKGROUND: Comprehensive medication reviews (CMRs) are offered to eligible Medicare beneficiaries to improve patient medication knowledge, identify, and address medication concerns, and empower medication self-management. However, the specific content of real-world CMRs is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To qualitatively assess CMR content and delivery among telephonic CMR providers. METHODS: This qualitative thematic analysis used transcriptions of audio-recorded patient interactions during CMRs from 3 telephonic medication therapy management provider organizations. Data were qualitatively analyzed using the inductive saturation model to code emergent themes by independent reviewers who met to agree themes through consensus. Intercoder reliability was calculated using Krippendorf alpha. RESULTS: Overall, 32 CMR transcripts from 3 organizations were analyzed in 13 rounds of coding. Intercoder reliability was >95%. A total of 21 themes were identified across 4 stages: call opening (4 themes), medication reconciliation (5 themes), clinical assessments and guidance (8 themes), and call closing (4 themes). The call opening stage included: service explanation; insurance coverage/cost; identity/privacy/recording; and patient's medication management. Medication reconciliation included: drug name, dose, frequency, and indication; medication deletion and addition; over-the-counter and vaccination assessment; drug efficacy assessment; and prescribing provider assessment. Clinical assessments and guidance included 4 core clinical assessments: allergy assessment; drug therapy problem assessment; drug-related adverse events; and medication modification; and 4 additional assessments: clinical/therapeutic guidance; cost savings guidance; diet/exercise/lifestyle guidance; and optional clinical and behavioral assessments. Call closing included: documentation; primary care provider confirmation; patient satisfaction; and call transfer. There were variations among organizations in the depth that CMR components were covered. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest provider organizations are including components that meet Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services goals for CMRs. Yet, variations among organizations indicate a need for standardization and patient-centered measures to ensure appropriate CMR components are covered, while maintaining flexibility for pharmacists to provide patient-oriented CMRs that meet patients' clinical needs.

Trends in telephonic comprehensive medication review in the United States from 2000 to present: a scoping literature review.

BACKGROUND: Although comprehensive medication review (CMR) services have been shown to provide value to patients and payers, the extent of uniformity in service delivery is unknown. A variety of standards and recommendations are available from academic and professional sources, but variation in service provision is an important consideration when attempting to measure or compare service quality nationally. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to identify and summarize trends in the peer-reviewed and gray literature describing telephonic CMR delivery and content. METHODS: A scoping review of peer-reviewed and gray literature was conducted to quantify and qualify trends in CMR service. Two independent reviewers screened abstracts from 9 bibliographic databases and selected gray literature sources in accordance with the Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines and an internally developed protocol. Inclusion criteria for the review were English language; discussion of telephonic CMR service in the United States; research, legislation, or guidelines that describe CMR content coverage requirements for payment; and publication from the year 2000 to the present. Data relating to publication type, study design, setting, region, and themes of CMR content were collated into a Microsoft Excel data extraction form. Qualitative thematic analysis was conducted, and key findings and concepts were reported contextually. RESULTS: Of 374 identified documents screened, 15 were included in this scoping review and thematic analysis. The following characteristics of CMRs were identified: content, coverage, eligibility, frequency, process, and responsiveness. All published documents (n = 15, 100%) included a discussion of CMR content, and 14 sources (93%) addressed process elements of providing a CMR. Discussion of other themes varied in frequency across documents, ranging from 3 articles (20%) addressing organizational goals for CMR to 12 articles (80%) including elements of responsiveness. Within-theme variation was also observed for several CMR content areas. CMR process was the most heterogeneous theme with topics ranging from access to patient health records to pharmacist training. CONCLUSIONS: Assessment of telephonic CMR comprised a small but steadily increasing portion of the medication therapy management literature. Publications since 2015 have shown an increasing consensus of CMR content and purpose. Per the identified literature, there is an ongoing demand for higher-quality, more holistic CMRs, but there is no consensus on how to measure CMR quality. Future work should include engaging with CMR experts to understand variability in measures of CMR success.

Key informant perspectives about telephonic comprehensive medication review services in the United States.

BACKGROUND: Comprehensive medication reviews (CMRs) are provided by providers such as pharmacists to eligible beneficiaries. Although CMRs have been shown to provide value to patients, little is known about the service uniformity, quality, and content of CMRs. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to characterize the current state of CMR services from diverse stakeholder perspectives and describe variation in responses to content and delivery of telephonic CMR services. METHODS: Semistructured interviews were conducted with 10 key informants. The interview guide contained 6 key questions with additional probing questions. Transcripts were analyzed using the inductive saturation model and phenomenological approach to code emergent themes, which were iteratively refined until saturation was achieved. RESULTS: Key informants included CMR payers (n = 3), providers (n = 5), and standards-setting organizations (n = 2). Ten themes about CMRs emerged from qualitative analysis: (1) definition, (2) organizational goals, (3) content, (4) eligibility, (5) frequency, (6) acceptance and completion, (7) process and personnel, (8) quality assurance, (9) preparation, and (10) future directions. CMR content descriptions were consistent across perspectives. Key informants described scenarios appropriate for expanded CMR eligibility criteria, although none were consistently reported. Providers emphasized patient CMR acceptance rates whereas payers and standard-setting organizations emphasized completion rates. Completion rates and adherence to Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services standards were characterized as core organizational goals (n = 8), whereas patient satisfaction was less frequently identified (n = 4). A lack of incentive for CMR providers to follow-up with patients was a barrier to expanded services. Overall, key informants were dissatisfied with the CMR completion rate measure and would prefer measures focused on service quality and outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: CMR services largely met perceived guidelines, with variation in value-added services. Key informants desired adoption of an actionable measure that is focused on quality rather than completion rate. To inform a quality measure, future research should analyze completed CMRs to determine the extent of variation in content and delivery.

Filling the patient-provider knowledge gap: a patient advocate to address asthma care and self-management barriers.

Introduction: In an ongoing study, a new clinical role adapted from a patient navigator called the patient advocate (PA) met with patients before medical visits, attended appointments and afterwards reviewed provider instructions. This qualitative analysis examines the perspectives of PAs and providers regarding their experiences with patients to understand how a PA can help patients and providers achieve better asthma control. Methods: PAs recorded journal entries about their experiences with patients. Provider focus groups and interviews were conducted by researchers and transcribed. Analysis was based on the Grounded Theory approach for qualitative research, using open and then focused coding. Two researchers independently coded these sources until intercoder agreement was achieved. Results: Upon review of 31 journal entries on PA experiences with 24 patients and transcripts from 2 provider focus groups and 12 provider interviews, 5 themes emerged surrounding asthma care and self-management: medication adherence, follow-up, communication, social determinants of health and time. While patients shared with PAs specific socioeconomic barriers to medication adherence and follow-up, providers often did not know about these problems and cited barriers to communication. Time restrictions on medical visits further limited communication. Conclusions: Perspectives reported here illustrate a gap in knowledge and understanding between patients and providers. The PA's unique relationship with patients and presence inside and outside of medical visits allowed them to learn contextual patient information unknown to providers. PAs and providers cited numerous ways PAs can help to improve patient-provider mutual understanding.

Time to Filling of New Prescriptions for Chronic Disease Medications Among a Cohort of Elderly Patients in the USA.

BACKGROUND: Data on primary nonadherence remains sparse, due to a lack of data resources that combine information on medication prescribing and dispensing. In addition, previous work on primary nonadherence has used follow-up periods ranging from 30 days up to 18 months, making results difficult to compare. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence and predictors of primary nonadherence by measuring time until filling in a cohort of elderly patients. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study of new prescription episodes. PATIENTS: Data comes from a linked database of electronic health records and claims for patients aged ≥ 65 years enrolled in Medicare Parts A, B, and D during 2007-2014. We identified patients receiving a new prescription for a chronic disease medication with continuous Medicare enrollment for 180 days prior to the index prescription order and no fills or orders for the medication during this period. MAIN MEASURES: Time until filling of the index prescription for up to 1 year. KEY RESULTS: In 32,586 new medication orders, the majority (75%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 74-75%) of new prescriptions were filled within 7 days, 81% (81-82%) were filled within 30 days, and 91% (91-92%) were filled within 1 year. The rate and timing of dispensing were similar across therapeutic areas. Timing of initial filling within 7 days or within 30 days could be predicted with moderate accuracy (C-statistics = 0.70-0.74). Patients with > 5 current medications on hand at the time of the index prescription and average out-of-pocket medication costs < $5 filled 89% of prescriptions within 7 days. Patients with no current medications and out-of-pocket costs > $50 filled only 25% of prescriptions within 7 days. CONCLUSIONS: Nearly 20% of patients do not fill a new chronic disease prescription within 30 days. Patients with fewer recent fills and higher out-of-pocket costs are at higher risk of primary nonadherence.

Predictors of place of death in South West Scotland 2000-2010: Retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Surveys suggest most people would prefer to die in their own home. AIM: To examine predictors of place of death over an 11-year period between 2000 and 2010 in Dumfries and Galloway, south west Scotland. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS: 19,697 Dumfries and Galloway residents who died in the region or elsewhere in Scotland. We explored the relation between age, gender, cause of death (cancer, respiratory, ischaemic heart disease, stroke and dementia) and place of death (acute hospital, cottage hospital, residential care and home) using regression models to show differences and trends. The main acute hospital in the region had a specialist palliative care unit. RESULTS: Fewer people died in their own homes (23.2% vs 29.6%) in 2010 than in 2000. Between 2007 and 2010, men were more likely to die at home than women (p < 0.001), while both sexes were less likely to die at home as they became older (p < 0.001) and in successive calendar years (p < 0.003). Older people with dementia as the cause of death were particularly unlikely to die in an acute hospital and very likely to die in a residential home (p < 0.001). Between 2007 and 2010, an increasing proportion of acute hospital deaths occurred in the specialist palliative care unit (6% vs 11% of all deaths in the study). CONCLUSION: The proportion of people dying at home fell during our survey. Place of death was strongly associated with age, calendar year and cause of death. A mismatch remains between stated preference for place of death and where death occurs.

Follow-up study of people who misuse alcohol: reflections on methodology.

Background Considerable challenges exist for researchers attempting to monitor longitudinally the impact of any intervention on heavy drinkers, therefore they are often excluded from surveys. A particular challenge is the loss of validity through attrition. Aim To describe issues encountered when recruiting and re-contacting difficult to reach heavy drinkers participating in a longitudinal study; and propose strategies to inform the design of future studies to minimise the effects of confounding factors. Discussion Baseline recruitment exceeded targets, but attrition at first follow-up interview was considerable. Baseline alcohol consumption was not predictive of loss to follow-up. A variety of factors affected attrition including abstinence, severe intoxication at interview, deaths, selling of telephone, change of address and incarceration. Conclusion Longitudinal studies that use personal telephones or address details in following up heavy drinkers face considerable challenges to minimise attrition. An important mitigating factor is the use of flexible and experienced interviewers. Implications for practice The anticipated and reactive strategies documented in this paper provide important lessons for costing, designing and collecting data in future studies.

Advancing Best Practices for Prescription Drug Labeling.

OBJECTIVE: Problematic prescription drug labeling has been cited as a root cause of patient misunderstanding, medication errors, and nonadherence. Although numerous studies have recently been conducted to identify and test labeling best practices, the last systematic review on this topic was conducted a decade ago. The objective of this review was, therefore, to examine, summarize, and update best practices for conveying written prescription medication information and instructions to patients. DATA SOURCES: English-language articles published from June 2005 to June 2015 were identified in MEDLINE and CINAHL by searching the following text words: 'medication OR prescription OR drug' AND 'label OR leaflet OR brochure OR pamphlet OR medication guide OR medication insert OR drug insert OR medication information OR drug information OR instructions' AND 'patient OR consumer.' Reference mining and secondary searches were also performed. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: A total of 31 articles providing evidence on how to improve written, prescription drug labeling for patient use were selected. Two reviewers independently screened articles, rated their quality, and abstracted data. DATA SYNTHESIS: Identified best practices included the use of plain language, improved formatting and organization, and more explicit instructions to improve patient comprehension. The use of icons had conflicting findings, and few studies tested whether practices improved knowledge or behaviors with patients' actual prescribed regimens. CONCLUSIONS: Future studies are needed to determine how specific modifications and improvements in drug labeling can enhance patient knowledge and behavior in actual use. Synthesizing best practices across all patient materials will create a more useful, coordinated system of prescription information.

White cider consumption and heavy drinkers: a low-cost option but an unknown price.

AIMS: To compare characteristics of heavy drinkers who do, or do not, drink white cider during their typical drinking week and to contrast white cider drinkers' behaviour with a similar group recruited in comparable settings 4 years previously. To consider if excessive white cider consumption poses a specific health risk. METHODS: Cross-sectional survey of alcohol purchasing and consumption by heavy drinkers consuming white cider in Edinburgh and Glasgow during 2012; comparison of purchasing patterns within Edinburgh in 2008-2009 and 2012. Participants were 639 patients (in- and out-patient settings) with serious health problems linked to alcohol, 345 in Glasgow, 294 in Edinburgh in 2012, and 377 in Edinburgh in 2008-2009. RESULTS: In 2012 white cider consumption was reported by 25% of participants (median consumption (all alcohol) was 249 UK units per week-1 UK unit being 8 g of ethanol). They were more likely to be male and younger. They drank more units of alcohol than non-white cider drinkers and reported more alcohol-related problems. The median price paid for white cider in 2012 was 17 ppu. The period 2008-2012 was associated with decreasing affordability of alcohol, but consumption levels amongst the heaviest drinkers were maintained, associated with an increased proportion of units purchased as white cider. CONCLUSION: White cider makes an important contribution to the weekly intake of heavy drinkers in Scotland, likely facilitated by low price per unit of alcohol. We suggest these characteristics permit this drink to act as a buffer, supporting the continuation of a heavy drinking pattern when affordability of alcohol falls.

Living with type 2 diabetes: A social cognitive perspective on adherence.

OBJECTIVE: This mixed methods study examines the relationship between outcome expectations, self-efficacy, and self-care behaviors in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). It also explores the personal values motivating these behaviors through in-depth interviews. METHODS: Adults with T2DM (n = 108, M age = 57 years, 58% female, 48% Black) completed questionnaires and participated in in-depth interviews using a laddering technique. RESULTS: Ordinary least squares regression models were used to analyze the relationships between self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and four self-care behaviors (physical activity, dietary choices, blood glucose monitoring, and medication usage). The findings indicate that self-efficacy is significantly and positively associated with diet and physical activity. Both outcome expectations for blood glucose testing and self-efficacy are significantly and positively associated with self-reported monitoring. However, neither outcome expectation nor self-efficacy is associated with medication usage. The in-depth interviews revealed three common values related to self-care behaviors: maintaining health and longevity, agentic values of self-control, achievement, and self-esteem, and a sense of belonging. CONCLUSIONS: This study sheds light on the complexity of diabetes self-management, offering insights into individuals' values, behavioral strategies, and the influence of control perceptions on this relationship, revealing both differences and commonalities in stated values. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: By understanding how personal values drive diabetes self-care behaviors, practitioners can assist patients in establishing meaningful connections between their values and the challenges of living with diabetes.

Examining the Psychological Measures and Feasibility of Recreational Trail Rides in Reducing Cravings for Addictive Substances among Veterans: A Replication Pilot Study.

INTRODUCTION: Equine-assisted services have been gaining popularity as complementary therapies for a variety of populations with a diversity of diagnoses. Interventions using equines might benefit the military Veteran population through building therapeutic alliance as well as reducing symptoms. This pilot observational study is primarily aimed to investigate safety, feasibility, and acceptability of equine-assisted services for Veterans with substance abuse disorders. It is the second pilot observational study, the first being completed in 2022. Secondary outcomes included recording the impact of trail riding on psychological measures among Veterans at a large Veterans Administration medical center. METHODS: The study included a total of 32 Veterans who participated in trail riding sessions from May 4, 2022 to August 31, 2022. The study utilized the Positive and Negative Affect Scale, Adult Hope Scale, and Craving Experience Questionnaire to assess changes in positive affect, negative affect, hope components, and substance craving. RESULTS: The results indicated significant reductions in negative affect and substance craving after the first session, with positive effects observed in subsequent sessions. However, demographic and diagnostic variables did not predict significant changes in psychological instruments. CONCLUSION: Overall, the study demonstrated that trail riding was a safe and feasible intervention and may have potential benefits for improving emotional well-being and reducing substance cravings among Veterans. It is recommended that future studies research mechanisms of action, as well as conduct more rigorous investigations, including controlled trials using larger sample sizes and longitudinal research, to best determine lasting effects of these types of complementary therapies.

A Pilot Replication Study of Implementing an Equine-Assisted Services Program Within a VA Residential Substance Use Disorder Treatment Program.

INTRODUCTION: Veterans have high rates of substance use disorders and other mental health conditions including post-traumatic stress disorder. Effective treatments for these conditions exist; however, high attrition rates and residual symptoms after completing treatment are common. Complementary treatment approaches could enhance treatment engagement and/or response among this population. We previously reported a study of one such intervention, an equine-assisted learning, and psychotherapy incorporating horses intervention provided to veterans admitted to a Veterans Health Care Administration residential substance abuse treatment program. The first aim of this study was to replicate the previous study assessing the safety, feasibility, and preliminary outcomes of this intervention. The second aim was to examine the effect of participants attending multiple intervention sessions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Participants were 94 veterans who participated in one to six sessions of a 3-4-hour program consisting of both equine-assisted learning and psychotherapy incorporating horses. Pre- and post-session administration of the Positive and Negative Affect Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Craving Experience Questionnaire was utilized to assess changes in affect, anxiety, and craving. Wilcoxon signed-rank or paired two-tailed t-tests were utilized for pre- to post-session comparisons of the outcome measures for sessions 1-4. Generalized linear mixed-effects (GLME) models were constructed to determine the impact of dosage. GLME models were constructed to determine the impact of dosage. RESULTS: As with our previous study, the intervention was safe and feasible to utilize for this population. There were statistically significant pre- to post-session improvements, with medium-to-large effect sizes, for sessions 1-3 for negative affect and sessions 1 and 2 for positive affect, anxiety, and craving. The GLME models revealed no statistical significance for any of the predictors. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, this study and our previous investigation of this equine-assisted services intervention suggest that it is safe and feasible to utilize for veterans admitted to a residential substance abuse treatment program and we have now found short-term benefits in two separate studies. Thus, a randomized controlled trial of this intervention is warranted to demonstrate cause and effect and determine whether longer-term benefits are associated with the intervention. The finding that there was no additional benefit from attendance at more than two intervention sessions suggests that dose-response relationship studies of equine-assisted services interventions for veterans are needed.

It is time for a new comprehensive medication review quality measure.

Medication therapy management (MTM) services include comprehensive medication reviews (CMRs), which have been completed with millions of patients since their inception in the United States. The current MTM quality measure focuses on whether CMRs were completed (ie, the CMR completion rate). However, this process measure does not assess quality of care, or patient-reported or other outcomes of CMRs, and, therefore, does not reward MTM providers for improving health outcomes. In this viewpoint article, we present 3 reasons that shape our argument for new MTM quality measures and offer recommendations on next steps to achieve this. DISCLOSURES: Dr Vaffis is an employee of Clinical Outcomes Solutions and discloses this was work was completed previously during her employment at the University of Arizona. Dr Dhatt is an employee of Janssen and discloses this was work was completed previously during her employment at the University of Arizona. Dr Anderson is an employee of The Freedom Fund and discloses this was work was completed previously during her employment at the University of Arizona. Dr Black is an employee of Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA. Dr Campbell received funding from Pharmacy Quality Alliance, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA, and SinfoniaRx and discloses this work was completed previously during his employment at the University of Arizona. Dr Kolobova is an employee of Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA. Dr Hines is an employee of Pharmacy Quality Alliance. Dr Castora-Binkley is an employee of Pharmacy Quality Alliance. Dr Nelson is an employee of Pharmacy Quality Alliance. Dr Axon received funding from Pharmacy Quality Alliance, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA, and SinfoniaRx. Dr Warholak received funding from Pharmacy Quality Alliance, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA, and SinfoniaRx and discloses this was work was completed previously during her employment at the University of Arizona.

An analysis of contextual information relevant to medical care unexpectedly volunteered to researchers by asthma patients.

OBJECTIVE: To describe and categorize contextual information relevant to patients' medical care unexpectedly volunteered to research personnel as part of a patient advocate (PA) intervention to facilitate access health care, communication with medical personnel, and self-management of a chronic disease such as asthma. METHODS: We adapted a patient navigator intervention, to overcome barriers to access and communication for adults with moderate or severe asthma. Informed by focus groups of patients and providers, our PAs facilitated preparation for a visit with an asthma provider, attended the visit, confirmed understanding, and assisted with post-visit activities. During meetings with researchers, either for PA activities or for data collection, participants frequently volunteered personal and medical information relevant for achieving successful self-management that was not routinely shared with medical personnel. For this project, researchers journaled information not captured by the structured questionnaires and protocol. Using a qualitative analysis, we describe (1) researchers' journals of these unique communications; (2) their relevance for accomplishing self-management; (3) PAs' formal activities including teach-back, advocacy, and facilitating appointment making; and (4) observations of patients' interactions with the clinical practices. RESULTS: In 83 journals, patients' social support (83%), health (68%), and deportment (69%) were described. PA assistance with navigating the medical system (59%), teach-back (46%), and observed interactions with patient and medical staff (76%) were also journaled. Implicit were ways patients and practices could overcome barriers to access and communication. CONCLUSIONS: These journals describe the importance of seeking contextual and medically relevant information from all patients and, especially, those with significant morbidities, prompting patients for barriers to access to health care, and confirming understanding of medical information.

A pilot observational study of recreational trail riding for Veterans with addictive disorders.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of study was to assess the safety, feasibility, and preliminary outcomes of recreational trail riding for Veterans with addictive disorders. DESIGN: This was an observational pilot study. SETTING: United States Veterans Health Care Administration Medical Center. Participants were 18 Veterans, 13 males and 5 females All had at least one addictive disorder, with most common being alcohol use disorder. INTERVENTION: A recreational trail ride of approximately two hours duration. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Assessment of safety and pre- and post-intervention instruments, The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Craving Experience Questionnaire, Positive and Negative Affect Scale and Conner-Davidson Resilience Scale were utilized to assess changes in anxiety, craving, affect, and resilience, respectively. RESULTS: The intervention was feasible to utilize for the population studied. In addition, it was possible to conduct the rides in such a way as to minimize risk to participants and there were no serious adverse outcomes to patients, staff, or equines. However, there was one incident that had potential to cause injury. There were significant pre- to post-intervention decreases in anxiety, negative affect and craving as well as increased positive affect. There was not a statistically significant increase in resilience. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that recreational trail riding is, at least in some settings, feasible to utilize for this population. The safety assessment indicated that this intervention can be conducted in a manner such that risk can be mitigated. However, trail riding is a dangerous activity that can result in serious injury or death to participants. Thus, such activities should only be considered by programs that have the ability to implement stringent safety protocols. Preliminary outcomes suggest that this intervention has the potential to be beneficial to for Veterans with addictive disorders. Additional, more rigorous randomized, controlled studies are warranted.

Hypertension, cholesterol and diabetes medication adherence, health care utilization and expenditure in a Medicare Supplemental sample.

ABSTRACT: Limited evidence exists regarding the relationships between adherence, as defined in Pharmacy Quality Alliance (PQA) medication adherence measures, health care utilization, and economic outcomes. PQA adherence measures for hypertension, cholesterol, and diabetes are of particular interest given their use in Medicare Star Ratings to evaluate health plan performance.The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between adherence and utilization and cost among Medicare Supplemental beneficiaries included in the aforementioned PQA measures over a 1-year period.Retrospective cohort study.Three cohorts (hypertension, cholesterol, and diabetes) of eligible individuals from the Truven Health MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters Research Databases (2009-2015) were used to assess associations between adherence and health care expenditure and utilization for Medicare Supplemental beneficiaries.Generalized linear models with log link and negative binomial (utilization) or gamma (expenditure) distributions assessed relationships between adherence (≥80% proportion of days covered) and health care utilization and expenditure (in 2015 US dollars) while adjusting for confounding variables. Beta coefficients were used to compute cost ratios and rate ratios.Adherence for all 3 disease cohorts was associated with lower outpatient and inpatient visits. During the 1-year study period, adherence was associated with lower outpatient, inpatient, and total expenditures across the cohorts, ranging from 9% lower outpatient costs (diabetes cohort) to 41.9% lower inpatient costs (hypertension cohort). Savings of up to $324.53 per member per month in total expenditure were observed for the hypertension cohort.Our findings indicate adherence is associated with lower health care utilization and expenditures within 1 year.

Evaluating the relationship between quality measure adherence definitions and economic outcomes in commercial health plans: a retrospective diabetes cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes is a prevalent chronic condition in the United States that results in considerable morbidity and mortality, frequent use of the health care system, and high health care expenditures. Adherence to antidiabetic medications can help improve health outcomes and lower health care utilization and expenditures. The Pharmacy Quality Alliance (PQA) Proportion of Days Covered (PDC): Diabetes All Class medication adherence measure was developed and endorsed to improve adherence to noninsulin antidiabetic medications; however, it has not been assessed in a commercial population of diabetes patients over a 1-year time frame. OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between adherence, as defined in the PQA medication adherence measures, and health care utilization and expenditure among commercially insured individuals using antidiabetic medications. METHODS: This 1-year retrospective study evaluated a cohort of individuals from IBM MarketScan Research Databases (2009-2015) with noninsulin antidiabetic medications. Eligible study subjects included adults (aged ≥ 18 years at index date) with continuous enrollment in their health plans for 6 months before (i.e., baseline period) and 12 months after (i.e., study period) the index date and ≥ 2 prescriptions dispensed for any medication included in the PQA PDC Diabetes All Class medication adherence measure, with at least 150 days between the first and last fill during the study period. The index date was defined as the first fill for a medication included in the PQA PDC Diabetes All Class adherence measure after a 180-day baseline period. Generalized linear models with log link and gamma distribution (expenditure) or negative binomial distribution (utilization) assessed relationships between adherence (≥ 80% PDC) and health care utilization and expenditure while adjusting for potential confounders. Cost ratios (CR) and rate ratios (RR) were computed using beta coefficients. Cohort characteristics were compared using t-tests, Wilcoxon rank sum tests, or chi-square tests with an alpha level of 0.001 set a priori. RESULTS: A total of 1,576,112 individuals were eligible; of these, 1,028,176 (65.2%) were adherent. Significant differences in demographic characteristics were observed between adherent and nonadherent groups (P < 0.001). Multivariable analyses demonstrated that adherence was associated with the following: (a) 16.6% fewer inpatient (RR = 0.834, 95% CI = 0.819-0.850) and 3.6% more outpatient service visits (RR = 1.036, 95% CI = 1.032-1.039) and (b) 16.8% lower inpatient expenditures (CR = 0.833, 95% CI = 0.829-0.836); 2.6% lower outpatient expenditures (CR = 0.974, 95% CI = 0.970-0.978); 16.4% higher prescription drug expenditures (CR = 1.164, 95% CI = 1.159-1.169); and 4.2% lower total (CR = 0.958, 95% CI = 0.954-0.962) expenditures. Adherent subjects were associated with lower incremental per member per month expenditures for inpatient (-$31.74), outpatient (-$10.09), and total (-$30.82) expenditures, yet higher prescription drug expenditures ($25.60) compared with nonadherent subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Adherence to noninsulin antidiabetic medications was associated with more outpatient and fewer inpatient visits, as well as lower total expenditures compared with nonadherence. DISCLOSURES: Funding was provided by grants from Pharmacy Quality Alliance, Merck & Co. (Kenilworth, NJ), and SinfoniaRx. In addition, Chinthammit reports personal fees from Eli Lilly and Company, outside the submitted work. Axon reports grants from the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy and the Arizona Department of Health Services, outside the submitted work. Taylor reports grants from the Arizona Department of Health Services, outside the submitted work. Warholak reports grants from Novartis and the Arizona Department of Health Services, outside the submitted work. Chinthammit and Campbell disclose that this work was completed during their employment at the University of Arizona. This research was presented as a poster at the AMCP Annual Meeting 2019; March 25-28, 2019; San Diego, CA.