Quantitative and nutritional characterization of fruit and vegetable waste from marketplace: a potential use as bovine feedstuff?

There are different sources for the generation of solid waste, and marketplaces are considered one of them. Fruit and vegetable waste (FV) from a marketplace in Colombia was quantitatively and nutritionally characterized to contribute to its use in bovine feeding and to contribute minimizing its environmental impact. The evaluation was carried out 7 days per week during 4 periods of the year. FV was grouped by cluster analysis using SAS(®) 2006. FV was composed of 43% fruit, 30% vegetables and 27% stems, leaves, leaf wrappers, corncobs, roots, refuse and others. FV was defined in four main groups. On average, FV contained 10% crude protein (CP), 36.6% neutral detergent fiber (NDF), 29.6% acid detergent fiber (ADF), 87.8% ruminal degradability at 24 h, 3657 kcal/kg, 0.59% calcium (Ca(+2)), and 0.21% phosphorous (P). There were no statistical differences between days or between periods of evaluation (p > 0.05) for CP or for Ca(+2). As for NDF and ADF, there were statistically significant differences between periods but not between days. The microbiological parameters only increased when the humidity was up to 12%. FV represents a potential feedstuff for bovine feeding, and its recycling could avoid the discharge of a large amount of waste to landfills, which would minimize its environmental impact.

Nutritional evaluation of fruit and vegetable waste as feedstuff for diets of lactating Holstein cows.

Organic waste from markets represents about 10-20% of the total waste of a city. A large proportion comes from the overproduction of fruit and vegetables, turning them into potential pollutant. The nutritional value found for fruit and vegetable waste (FV) from a marketplace, in a previous work, showed that this product might be considered as a potential alternative for animal feeding. This study evaluated the use of FV as feedstuff for diets of lactating Holstein cows with an emphasis on milk yield and quality. FV was included in 0, 6, 8, 12, and 18% of the concentrate. A 4 x 4 Latin squares model was used to analyze data (4 animal groups, 4 periods of evaluation, and 4 treatments). No statistical differences in milk yield per kilogram of eaten concentrate or concentrate intake were recorded between groups fed FV and the control group. There was a significant effect of the treatment on cis-9,trans-11 CLA and α-linolenic acid content in milk. These results showed that FV can be used as a dietary ingredient for high-yield lactating cows without detriment in the milk yield and with improvement in the milk quality. FV could be included at proportions of between 6% and 18% in the concentrate, as long as the animal's dietary requirements are covered. The main impact of these results is the alternative generated for the improvement of the environment.

Aproximación a la cohesión social y su relación con la mortalidad evitable en la niñez de Chiapas, México, 2015 / Approximation to the social cohesion and its relation with the avoidable mortality in Chiapas's childhood, Mexico, 2015

RESUMEN. Objetivo: Relacionar los datos de la tasa de mortalidad en la niñez por diarrea y gastroenteritis de presunto origen infeccioso o TMN A(090-099) con el Grado de Cohesión Social (GCS). Métodos: Es un estudio transversal y ecológico para el año 2015. La TMN A(090-099) municipal se calculó con los registros de defunciones del Sistema Nacional en Información en Salud (SINAIS). La aproximación hacia la cohesión social se hizo con base en el Consejo Nacional de Evaluación de la Política de Desarrollo Social (CONEVAL) a través del grado de cohesión social (GCS) municipal. Se calculó una correlación bivariada con la prueba de significancia de Spearman. Se obtuvo la correlación entre la TMN A(090-099) y el GCS. También se hizo un modelo: TMN A(090-099) variable dependiente confrontada con el GCS, el índice de Gini, el índice de rezago social y la no derecho habiencia. Resultados: Existe relación negativa entre el GCS y la TMN A(090-099), con significancia pero débilmente correlacionadas (- 0.320**); la hipótesis se acepta con reservas. El modelo presenta correlación moderada y positiva (R=0.554), la R cuadrada sugiere que el modelo explica casi el 27 % de los casos y el valor Durbin-Watson sugiere que el modelo cubre casi 90 % de los casos estudiados. Discusión: La cohesión social en Chiapas es muy tenue al hacer la aproximación que trató este trabajo. Los datos dan cuenta de que existen municipios con muy alta TMN A(090-099) y baja cohesión social, además de alto grado de rezago social; este escenario predomina, pero es necesario replantear la utilidad del abordaje cualitativo como recomendación encontrada en la literatura.

ABSTRAC. Objective: To relate the information of the childhood rate of mortality due to diarrhea and gastroenteritis of supposed infectious origin or TMN A(090-099) with the social cohesion degree (GCS). Methods: It is a transverse and ecological study for the year 2015. The municipal TMN A(090-099) was calculated with the National System in Health Information (SINAIS) deaths records. The approximation towards the social cohesion was done with the National Council for the Evaluation of the Social Development Policy (CONEVAL) through the municipal Social Cohesion Degree (GCS). A bivariate correlation was calculated with Spearman test. The correlation between the TMN A(090-099) and the GCS was obtained. Also a model was calculated: TMN A(090-099) as the dependent variable confronted with the GCS, Gini's index, social blacklog index and the lack of medical services. Results: A negative relation between the GCS and the TMN TO (090-099) was found, with significant but weakly correlation (-0.320 **); the hypothesis is accepted with reservations. The model presents moderate and positive correlation (R=0.554), the square R suggests that the model explains almost 27 % of the cases, and the Durbin-Watson value suggests that the model covers almost 90 % of the studied cases. Discussion: The social cohesion in Chiapas is very subdued. There are municipalities with very high TMN A(090-099) and lower social cohesion degree besides high social backlog degree; this scene prevails, but is necessary to restate the usefulness of the qualitative boarding as recommendation found in social cohesion literature.

Comportamiento fisiológico del Cantilever en Implantologia / Physiological behavior of the cantilever in oral implantology

En el presente articulo se realiza la revisión y el análisis de un esquema de rehabilitación mediante la utilización del principio cantilever o puente voladizo, y su comportamiento fisiológico cuando se aplica sobre dientes naturales o sobre implantes de oseointegración. Desde que se publicaron los primeros trabajos realizados por el grupo de los Suecos el principal y mayor esquema de rehabilitación utilizado fue el cantilever sobre un número plural de implantes colocados en la zona anterior del maxilar o la mandíbula. Son indiscutibles las tasas de éxito que se lograron con este principio, desafiando muchas veces las reglas aplicadas en las prótesis fijas convencionales. Se definen entonces varios conceptos de áreas, fuerzas y eficiencia y rendimiento masticatorio para poder entender de forma más racional y lógica lo que ocurre en este tipo de rehabilitaciones. Se sintetiza el resultado de las diversas publicaciones que existen al respecto.

This paper makes a review as well as an analysis about the type of rehabilitation using the cantilever principle, its physiologic behavior when it is applied upon natural teeth or upon osseointegrated implants. Since the initial works made by Sweden group, the principal and widely used rehabilitation scheme was the cantilever upon implants on the anterior zone or maxilla or mandible. There is no discussed about the success rate obtained using this principle, even though it is going against the basic rules of the conventional fixes prosthesis. It is defined some concepts regarding area, strength and masticatory efficiency in order to understand what is happening with this type of rehabilitation. The results of some publications are also summarized.

Postoperatorio en rehabilitación oral / Postoperative in oral rehabilitation

Una atención de seguimiento bien organizada y eficaz es el mecanismo básico para asegurar el éxito de la prostodoncia fija. Es probable que una restauración que se cemente, olvide e ignore, acaba por fracasar independientemente de la experiencia con que se haya diseñado y ejecutado. Los dientes restaurados requieren una eliminación de placa y mantenimiento más asiduos que los dientes sanos no restaurados. Una PPF requiere atención adicional. Si se desea alcanzar el objetivo de proporcionar servicio mediante el éxito de la prostodoncia fija, estos hechos se deben reconocer y comunicar al paciente en la fase inicial del tratamiento.

A well organized and effective maintenance therapy is the basic mechanism which the fixed prosthodontic success is obtained. It is probable that a restauration that has been cemented, forgotten or ignored failures, despite the clinical esperience which it has benn constructed. Plaque elimination as well as maintenance should be stronger on restaurated teeth than in naturals. A partial fixed prothesis requires additional attention. If a fixed prothesis is going to be installated, all these facts must be recognized, so the patient should be aware about the maintenance therapy since the initial phase of treatment.