Evaluating the efficacy of MEANGS for mitochondrial genome assembly of cartilaginous and ray-finned fish species.

The assembly of complete and circularized mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) is essential for population genetics, phylogenetics and evolution studies. Recently, Song et al. developed a seed-free tool called MEANGS for de novo mitochondrial assembly from whole genome sequencing (WGS) data in animals, achieving highly accurate and intact assemblies. However, the suitability of this tool for marine fish remains unexplored. Additionally, we have concerns regarding the overlap sequences in their original results, which may impact downstream analyses. In this Letter to the Editor, the effectiveness of MEANGS in assembling mitogenomes of cartilaginous and ray-finned fish species was assessed. Moreover, we also discussed the appropriate utilization of MEANGS in mitogenome assembly, including the implementation of the data-cut function and circular detection module. Our observations indicated that with the utilization of these modules, MEANGS efficiently assembled complete and circularized mitogenomes, even when handling large WGS datasets. Therefore, we strongly recommend users employ the data-cut function and circular detection module when using MEANGS, as the former significantly reduces runtime and the latter aids in the removal of overlapped sequences for improved circularization. Furthermore, our findings suggested that approximately 2× coverage of clean WGS data was sufficient for MEANGS to assemble mitogenomes in marine fish species. Moreover, due to its seed-free nature, MEANGS can be deemed one of the most efficient software tools for assembling mitogenomes from animal WGS data, particularly in studies with limited species or genetic background information.

Host Defense against Klebsiella pneumoniae Pneumonia Is Augmented by Lung-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a common cause of Gram-negative pneumonia. The spread of antibiotic-resistant and hypervirulent strains has made treatment more challenging. This study sought to determine the immunomodulatory, antibacterial, and therapeutic potential of purified murine stem cell Ag-1+ (Sca-1+) lung mesenchymal stem cells (LMSCs) using in vitro cell culture and an in vivo mouse model of pneumonia caused by K pneumoniae. Sca-1+ LMSCs are plastic adherent, possess colony-forming capacity, express mesenchymal stem cell markers, differentiate into osteogenic and adipogenic lineages in vitro, and exhibit a high proliferative capacity. Further, these Sca-1+ LMSCs are morphologically similar to fibroblasts but differ ultrastructurally. Moreover, Sca-1+ LMSCs have the capacity to inhibit LPS-induced secretion of inflammatory cytokines by bone marrow-derived macrophages and neutrophils in vitro. Sca-1+ LMSCs inhibit the growth of K pneumoniae more potently than do neutrophils. Sca-1+ LMSCs also possess the intrinsic ability to phagocytize and kill K. pneumoniae intracellularly. Whereas the induction of autophagy promotes bacterial replication, inhibition of autophagy enhances the intracellular clearance of K. pneumoniae in Sca-1+ LMSCs during the early time of infection. Adoptive transfer of Sca-1+ LMSCs in K. pneumoniae-infected mice improved survival, reduced inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, reduced inflammatory cytokine levels and pathological lesions in the lung, and enhanced bacterial clearance in the lung and in extrapulmonary organs. To our knowledge, these results together illustrate for the first time the protective role of LMSCs in bacterial pneumonia.

Effects of temperature on microstructures of MSA-type electroplating solution: a coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulation.

In this study, we employ coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations to explore the microstructure of MSA (methanesulfonic acid)-type electroplating solution, containing Sn(MSA)2 as the primary salt, MSA as the stabilizer, amphiphilic alkylphenol ethoxylate (APEO) as surfactants and cinnamaldehyde (CA) as the brightener agents, as well as water as the solvent. Our simulation indicates that temperature variations can significantly affect the structural properties of the electroplating solution and the adsorption behavior of its key components onto the substrate. Specifically, at low temperatures, the primary salt ions aggregate into ionic clusters, and the amphiphilic APEO surfactants and CA molecules form micelles composed of hydrophobic cores and hydrophilic shells, which reduces the uniformity of the solution and hinders the adsorption of ions, CA and surfactants onto the substrate. Appropriately increasing the temperature can weaken the aggregation of these components in bulk solution due to the accelerated molecular movements and arouse their adsorption. However, on further increasing the temperature, the elevated kinetic energy of the components thoroughly overwhelms the adsorption interactions, and therefore, the ions, surfactants, and CA desorb from the substrate and redissolve into the solution. We systematically analyze the complex interactions between these components at different temperatures and clarify the mechanism of the non-monotonic dependence of adsorption strength on the temperature at the molecular level. Our simulations demonstrate that there is low-temperature scope for reprocessing/recycling and intermediate-temperature scope for substrate-adsorptions of the key components. This study confers insights into a fundamental understanding of the microscopic mechanism for electroplating and can provide guidance for the development of precise electroplatings.

Changes in fungal community during different phases in conventional and bioreactor composting systems according to metatranscriptomics analysis.

We determined the changes that occurred in fungal community structures and their functions in conventional and bioreactor composting systems. The Illumina MiSeq platform was employed to sequence cDNA by reverse transcription to conduct metatranscriptomics analysis of RNA, and the FUNGuild tool was applied. The α-diversity of fungi in the bioreactor composter increased throughout composting, especially in the initial three phases, but decreased in the conventional composting system. The three dominant phyla in the bioreactor system were Ascomycota (30.27%-68.50%), Mortierellomycota (3.81%-39.51%), and Basidiomycota (9.17%-30.86%). Ascomycota (76.96%-97.18%) was the main phylum in the conventional composting system. Mortierella, Guehomyces, Plectosphaerella, Chaetomium, Millerozyma, and Coprinopsis were the main genera in the bioreactor composter. In the same phase, significant differences in the fungal functions were found between the two composting methods. Available phosphorus was the main factor that affected the community structures and functions of fungi in the bioreactor composter.

The Role of Innate Immune Cells in Cardiac Injury and Repair: A Metabolic Perspective.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Recent technological advances have identified distinct subpopulations and roles of the cardiac innate immune cells, specifically macrophages and neutrophils. Studies on distinct metabolic pathways of macrophage and neutrophil in cardiac injury are expanding. Here, we elaborate on the roles of cardiac macrophages and neutrophils in concomitance with their metabolism in normal and diseased hearts. RECENT FINDINGS: Single-cell techniques combined with fate mapping have identified the clusters of innate immune cell subpopulations present in the resting and diseased hearts. We are beginning to know about the presence of cardiac resident macrophages and their functions. Resident macrophages perform cardiac homeostatic roles, whereas infiltrating neutrophils and macrophages contribute to tissue damage during cardiac injury with eventual role in repair. Prior studies show that metabolic pathways regulate the phenotypes of the macrophages and neutrophils during cardiac injury. Profiling the metabolism of the innate immune cells, especially of resident macrophages during chronic and acute cardiac diseases, can further the understanding of cardiac immunometabolism.

In Vitro and In Vivo Dendritic Cell Immune Stimulation Effect of Low Molecular Weight Fucoidan from New Zealand Undaria pinnatifida.

Low molecular weight fucoidan (LMWF) has been reported to have immunomodulation effects through the increase of the activation and function of macrophages. In this study, the regulating effect of LMWF from Undaria pinnatifida grown in New Zealand on dendritic cells (DCs) was investigated. We discovered that LMWF could stimulate DCs' maturation and migration, as well as CD4+ and CD8+ T cells' proliferation in vitro. We proved that this immune promoting activity is activated through TLR4 and its downstream MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Further in vivo (mouse model) investigation showed that LMWF has a strong immunological boosting effect, such as facilitating the proliferation of immune cells and increasing the index of immune organs. These findings suggest that LMWF has a positive immunomodulatory effect and is a promising candidate to supplement cancer immunotherapy.

CXCL1 regulates neutrophil homeostasis in pneumonia-derived sepsis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 3.

Neutrophil migration to the site of bacterial infection is a critical step in host defense. Exclusively produced in the bone marrow, neutrophil release into the blood is tightly controlled. Although the chemokine CXCL1 induces neutrophil influx during bacterial infections, its role in regulating neutrophil recruitment, granulopoiesis, and neutrophil mobilization in response to lung infection-induced sepsis is unclear. Here, we used a murine model of intrapulmonary Streptococcus pneumoniae infection to investigate the role of CXCL1 in host defense, granulopoiesis, and neutrophil mobilization. Our results demonstrate that CXCL1 augments neutrophil influx to control bacterial growth in the lungs, as well as bacterial dissemination, resulting in improved host survival. This was shown in Cxcl1 -/- mice, which exhibited defective amplification of early neutrophil precursors in granulocytic compartments, and CD62L- and CD49d-dependent neutrophil release from the marrow. Administration of recombinant CXCL2 and CXCL5 after infection rescues the impairments in neutrophil-dependent host defense in Cxcl1 -/- mice. Taken together, these findings identify CXCL1 as a central player in host defense, granulopoiesis, and mobilization of neutrophils during Gram-positive bacterial pneumonia-induced sepsis.

NLRP6 negatively regulates pulmonary host defense in Gram-positive bacterial infection through modulating neutrophil recruitment and function.

Gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus are endemic in the U.S., which cause life-threatening necrotizing pneumonia. Neutrophils are known to be critical for clearance of S. aureus infection from the lungs and extrapulmonary organs. Therefore, we investigated whether the NLRP6 inflammasome regulates neutrophil-dependent host immunity during pulmonary S. aureus infection. Unlike their wild-type (WT) counterparts, NLRP6 knockout (KO) mice were protected against pulmonary S. aureus infection as evidenced by their higher survival rate and lower bacterial burden in the lungs and extrapulmonary organs. In addition, NLRP6 KO mice displayed increased neutrophil recruitment following infection, and when neutrophils were depleted the protective effect was lost. Furthermore, neutrophils from the KO mice demonstrated enhanced intracellular bacterial killing and increased NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS production. Intriguingly, we found higher NK cell-mediated IFN-γ production in KO mouse lungs, and treatment with IFN-γ was found to enhance the bactericidal ability of WT and KO neutrophils. The NLRP6 KO mice also displayed decreased pyroptosis and necroptosis in the lungs following infection. Blocking of pyroptosis and necroptosis in WT mice resulted in increased survival, reduced bacterial burden in the lungs, and attenuated cytokine production. Taken together, these novel findings show that NLRP6 serves as a negative regulator of neutrophil-mediated host defense during Gram-positive bacterial infection in the lungs through regulating both neutrophil influx and function. These results also suggest that blocking NLRP6 to augment neutrophil-associated bacterial clearance should be considered as a potential therapeutic intervention strategy for treatment of S. aureus pneumonia.

Diagnosing pituitary adenoma in unstained sections based on multiphoton microscopy.

PURPOSE: If we can find a new method that can achieve rapid diagnosis of adenoma during operation, it will help surgeon shorten the operation time and enhance the treatment efficacy. This study discusses the feasibility of multiphoton microscopy (MPM) in diagnosing pituitary adenoma. METHOD: MPM, based on two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) and second harmonic generation (SHG) is performed for the diagnosis of pituitary adenoma in unstained sections. RESULTS: Our results show that MPM can reveal the variation of reticulin fiber by SHG signals of collagen, combined with the measurement of area of acinus, thickness of collagen fiber and collagen percentage. MPM can further reflect the change of meshwork in normal pituitary and hyperplasia quantitatively. And the characteristics of typical growth patterns of pituitary adenoma are demonstrated by the overlay of SHG and TPEF images. What's more, we can identify the boundary of normal pituitary, hyperplasia and adenoma from MPM images. And the experiment also results verify the feasibility of this method in frozen sections. CONCLUSION: These results indicated that MPM can make a diagnosis of pituitary adenoma by the morphological changes without routine pathological processing including hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining and other special staining. Therefore, this technique is expected to help diagnosis of pituitary adenoma during operation.

N-Butanol Subfraction of Brassica Rapa L. Promotes Reactive Oxygen Species Production and Induces Apoptosis of A549 Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells via Mitochondria-Dependent Pathway.

Brassica rapa L., an edible and medical vegetable, has been traditionally used in Uyghur folk medicine to treat coughs and asthma in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. In this study, we prepared an n-butanol subfraction of B. rapa L. (BRBS) and investigated the anti-tumor effect on A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells. The proliferation of A549 cells was significantly inhibited by BRBS treatment in a dose- and time-dependent manner. BRBS significantly induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in A549 cells through increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and mitochondrial dysfunction characterized by a reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential and the release of cytochrome c, which promoted caspase-3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase processing. Moreover, BRBS significantly suppressed the migration of A549 cells in vitro. These results suggest that BRBS inhibited A549 cell proliferation through increased ROS production and the mitochondria-dependent apoptosis pathway. Consequently, BRBS might be a potential candidate for the treatment of lung cancer.

Intrapulmonary administration of leukotriene B(4) augments neutrophil accumulation and responses in the lung to Klebsiella infection in CXCL1 knockout mice.

In prior studies, we demonstrated that 1) CXCL1/KC is essential for NF-κB and MAPK activation and expression of CXCL2/MIP-2 and CXCL5/LPS-induced CXC chemokine in Klebsiella-infected lungs, and 2) CXCL1 derived from hematopoietic and resident cells contributes to host immunity against Klebsiella. However, the role of CXCL1 in mediating neutrophil leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) production is unclear, as is the contribution of these factors to host immunity. In this study, we investigated 1) the role of CXCL1 in LTB(4), NADPH oxidase, and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression in lungs and neutrophils, and 2) whether LTB(4) postinfection reverses innate immune defects in CXCL1(-/-) mice via regulation of NADPH oxidase and iNOS. Our results demonstrate reduced neutrophil influx, attenuated LTB(4) levels, and decreased ROS and iNOS production in the lungs of CXCL1(-/-) mice after Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. Using neutrophil depletion and repletion, we found that neutrophils are the predominant source of pulmonary LTB(4) after infection. To treat immune defects in CXCL1(-/-) mice, we intrapulmonarily administered LTB(4). Postinfection, LTB(4) treatment reversed immune defects in CXCL1(-/-) mice and improved survival, neutrophil recruitment, cytokine/chemokine expression, NF-κB/MAPK activation, and ROS/RNS production. LTB(4) also enhanced myeloperoxidase, H(2)O(2,) RNS production, and bacterial killing in K. pneumoniae-infected CXCL1(-/-) neutrophils. These novel results uncover important roles for CXCL1 in generating ROS and RNS in neutrophils and in regulating host immunity against K. pneumoniae infection. Our findings suggest that LTB(4) could be used to correct defects in neutrophil recruitment and function in individuals lacking or expressing malfunctional CXCL1.

Intrapulmonary G-CSF rescues neutrophil recruitment to the lung and neutrophil release to blood in Gram-negative bacterial infection in MCP-1-/- mice.

We previously demonstrated that MCP-1 is important for E. coli-induced neutrophil migration to the lungs. However, E. coli neither disseminates nor induces death in mice. Furthermore, the cell types and the host defense mechanisms that contribute to MCP-1-dependent neutrophil trafficking have not been defined. In this study, we sought to explore the cell types and the mechanisms associated with Klebsiella pneumoniae-mediated MCP-1-dependent neutrophil influx. MCP-1(-/-) mice are more susceptible to pulmonary K. pneumoniae infection and show higher bacterial burden in the lungs and dissemination. MCP-1(-/-) mice also display attenuated neutrophil influx, cytokine/chemokine production, and activation of NF-κB and MAPKs following intratracheal K. pneumoniae infection. rMCP-1 treatment in MCP-1(-/-) mice following K. pneumoniae infection rescued impairment in survival, bacterial clearance, and neutrophil accumulation in the lung. Neutrophil numbers in the blood of MCP-1(-/-) mice were associated with G-CSF concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and blood. Bone marrow or resident cell-derived MCP-1 contributed to bacterial clearance, neutrophil accumulation, and cytokine/chemokine production in the lungs following infection. Furthermore, exogenous MCP-1 dose dependently increased neutrophil counts and G-CSF concentrations in the blood. Intriguingly, administration of intratracheal rG-CSF to MCP-1(-/-) mice after K. pneumoniae infection rescued survival, bacterial clearance and dissemination, and neutrophil influx in MCP-1(-/-) mice. Collectively, these novel findings unveil an unrecognized role of MCP-1 in neutrophil-mediated host immunity during K. pneumoniae pneumonia and illustrate that G-CSF could be used to rescue impairment in host immunity in individuals with absent or malfunctional MCP-1.

NLRC4 inflammasome-mediated production of IL-1ß modulates mucosal immunity in the lung against gram-negative bacterial infection.

Bacterial flagellin is critical to mediate NLRC4 inflammasome-dependent caspase-1 activation. However, Shigella flexneri, a nonflagellated bacterium, and a flagellin (fliC) knockout strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are known to activate NLRC4 in bone marrow-derived macrophages. Furthermore, the flagellin-deficient fliC strain of P. aeruginosa was used in a mouse model of peritonitis to show the requirement of NLRC4. In a model of pulmonary P. aeruginosa infection, flagellin was shown to be essential for the induction of NLRC4-dependent caspase-1 activation. Moreover, in all P. aeruginosa studies, IL-1ß production was attenuated in NLRC4(-/-) mice; however, the role of IL-1ß in NLRC4-mediated innate immunity in the lungs against a nonflagellated bacterium was not explored. In this article, we report that NLRC4 is important for host survival and bacterial clearance, as well as neutrophil-mediated inflammation in the lungs following Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. NLRC4 is essential for K. pneumoniae-induced production of IL-1ß, IL-17A, and neutrophil chemoattractants (keratinocyte cell-derived chemokines, MIP-2, and LPS-induced CXC chemokines) in the lungs. NLRC4 signaling in hematopoietic cells contributes to K. pneumoniae-induced lung inflammation. Furthermore, exogenous IL-1ß, but not IL-18 or IL-17A, partially rescued survival, neutrophil accumulation, and cytokine/chemokine expression in the lungs of NLRC4(-/-) mice following infectious challenge. Furthermore, IL-1R1(-/-) mice displayed a decrease in neutrophilic inflammation in the lungs postinfection. Taken together, these findings provide novel insights into the role of NLRC4 in host defense against K. pneumoniae infection.

Glucuronidation of aurantio-obtusin: identification of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases and species differences.

1. The aurantio-obtusin's glucuronide was detected when aurantio-obtusin was incubated with human liver microsomes (HLMs). Recombinant UGT isoforms screening experiment showed that UGT1A8 was the major isoform contributed to the glucuronidation. 2. The metabolic profiles for aurantio-obtusin in liver microsomes from different species were similar, however, the intrinsic clearance values (Vmax/Km) among the species were: Monkey > Human > Rat > Rabbit > Dog > Pig > Mouse > Guinea pig.

Inferring land use and land cover impact on stream water quality using a Bayesian hierarchical modeling approach in the Xitiaoxi River Watershed, China.

Lake eutrophication has become a very serious environmental problem in China. If water pollution is to be controlled and ultimately eliminated, it is essential to understand how human activities affect surface water quality. A recently developed technique using the Bayesian hierarchical linear regression model revealed the effects of land use and land cover (LULC) on stream water quality at a watershed scale. Six LULC categories combined with watershed characteristics, including size, slope, and permeability were the variables that were studied. The pollutants of concern were nutrient concentrations of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP), common pollutants found in eutrophication. The monthly monitoring data at 41 sites in the Xitiaoxi Watershed, China during 2009-2010 were used for model demonstration. The results showed that the relationships between LULC and stream water quality are so complicated that the effects are varied over large areas. The models suggested that urban and agricultural land are important sources of TN and TP concentrations, while rural residential land is one of the major sources of TN. Certain agricultural practices (excessive fertilizer application) result in greater concentrations of nutrients in paddy fields, artificial grasslands, and artificial woodlands. This study suggests that Bayesian hierarchical modeling is a powerful tool for examining the complicated relationships between land use and water quality on different scales, and for developing land use and water management policies.

Solitary Langerhans cell histiocytosis of frontal lobe: a case report and literature review.

The brain parenchymal Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) without systemic disease or lytic skull lesions is extremely rare. We report a 23-year-old male presenting with new onset 1 hour seizure with loss of consciousness 20 days prior to admission, and recurrent seizure 2 weeks later. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed an irregularly mass with enhancement involving the right frontal lobe. Microscopically, the lesion was characterized by sheets of Langerhans cells in addition to reactive inflammatory elements. Immunohistochemically, Langerhans cells were positive for Langerin, CD1a and S-100 protein. The patient received no chemotherapy or radiotherapy after surgery. After 24 months of follow-up, no recurrence or other systemic lesions were observed. Although there is no standard treatment for solitary cerebral LCH, the prognosis generally appears to be good.

The prognostic evaluation of ALBI score in endoscopic treatment of esophagogastric varices hemorrhage in liver cirrhosis.

To analyze the independent risk factors for recurrent bleeding and death within 1 year after endoscopic treatment of esophagogastric varices hemorrhage (EGVB) in patients with liver cirrhosis, and to validate the predictive value of ALBI score for recurrent bleeding and death within 1 year after endoscopic treatment of EGVB in patients with liver cirrhosis. A total of 338 patients with EGVB who received endoscopic treatment for the first time in the Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University from January 1, 2016 to March 1, 2020 were selected. A database was established to analyze the patients' demographic data, surgical variables and postoperative outcomes. All patients were contacted and followed up to verify the predictive value of ALBI score for recurrent bleeding and mortality. 130 patients had rebleeding within 1 year after surgery (38.5%). 66 patients died within 1 year after surgery (19.5%). Patients with ALBI grade 3 had significantly higher rebleeding and mortality rates than those with grades 1 and 2. The AUC was used to compare the predictive value of the four scores for rebleeding and mortality within one year after endoscopic surgery. Both ALBI scores had the largest AUC. The ALBI score has certain predictive value for rebleeding and mortality within 1 year after endoscopic therapy in patients with cirrhotic EGVB.

Intravenous administration exosomes derived from human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells improves neurological recovery after acute traumatic spinal cord injury in rats.

Objectives: Our previous study has showed that human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs) transplantation improves neurological recovery after traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) in rats. However, less is known about the effects of exosomes derived from hAMSCs for TSCI. Here, we investigated whether hAMSCs-derived exosomes improve neurological recovery in TSCI rats and the underlying mechanisms. Materials and Methods: A rat traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) mode was established using a weight drop device. At 2 hr after TSCI, rats were administered either hAMSCs-derived exosomes or phosphate buffered saline via the tail vein. Locomotor recovery was evaluated by an open-field locomotor rating scale and gridwalk task. Spinal cord water content, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, Evans blue (EB) dye extravasation, immunofluorescence staining, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent were performed to elucidate the underlying mechanism. Results: hAMSCs-derived exosomes significantly reduced the numbers of ED1+ macrophages/microglia and caspase-3+cells and decreased the levels of reactive oxygen species, myeloperoxidase activity and inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6 and interleukin-1ß. In addition, hAMSCs-derived exosomes significantly attenuated spinal cord water content and Evans blue extravasation, and enhanced angiogenesis and axonal regeneration. Finally, hAMSCs-derived exosomes also significantly reduced the lesion volume, inhibited astrogliosis, and improved functional recovery. Conclusion: Taken together, these findings demonstrate that hAMSCs-derived exosomes have favourable effects on rats after acute TSCI, and that they may serve as an alternative cell-free therapeutic approach for treating acute TSCI.