Low adherence of HIV providers to practice guidelines for hepatocellular carcinoma screening in HIV/hepatitis B coinfection.

BACKGROUND: In the era of combination therapy for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), liver disease, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are major causes of death for patients coinfected with HIV and hepatitis B virus (HBV). This study compared HIV provider and hepatologist awareness of and adherence to the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) practice guidelines for chronic HBV management. The primary endpoint of HIV provider adherence to HCC screening recommendations was compared to that of hepatologists at a large metropolitan academic medical center. METHODS: Medical record database searches by ICD-9 codes were used to identify HIV/HBV coinfected (n = 144) and HBV monoinfected (n = 225) patients who were seen at least twice over a 2-year period in outpatient clinics. Adherence to AASLD guidelines was assessed by chart review. Provider awareness was evaluated through a voluntary anonymous survey with knowledge-based questions. RESULTS: Over a 2-year period, only 36.0% of HIV/HBV coinfected patients seen in HIV practices completed HCC screening compared to 81.8% of HBV monoinfected patients in hepatology practices (P < .00001). Similarly, HIV providers less frequently monitored HBV viral load (P < .0001), HBeAg/anti-HBe (P < .00001), HBsAg/anti-HBs (P < .00001) than hepatologists but screened more often for hepatitis A immunity (P = .028). Self-reported adherence and knowledge scores were similar among 19 HIV providers and 16 hepatologists. CONCLUSIONS: HIV providers ordered significantly fewer HCC screening and HBV monitoring tests than hepatologists within a single academic medical center. In the setting of increased reliance on quality indicators for care, both patients and providers will benefit from greater adherence to established guidelines.

Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients With Mpox Who Received Tecovirimat in a New York City Health System.

Background: The 2022 global mpox outbreak was notable for transmission between persons outside of travel and zoonotic exposures and primarily through intimate contact. An understanding of the presentation of mpox in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other immunocompromising conditions and knowledge of the efficacy of tecovirimat continue to evolve. Methods: This retrospective study describes clinical features and outcomes of persons with mpox who received tecovirimat. Data were obtained via medical record review of patients prescribed tecovirimat in a health system in New York City during the height of the outbreak in 2022. Results: One hundred thirty people received tecovirimat between 1 July and 1 October 2022. People with HIV (n = 80) experienced similar rates of recovery, bacterial superinfections, and hospitalization compared to patients without immunocompromising conditions. Individuals determined to be severely immunocompromised (n = 14) had a higher risk of hospitalization than those without severe immunocompromise (cohort inclusive of those with well-controlled HIV, excluding those without virologic suppression, n = 101): 50% versus 9% (P < .001). Hospitalized patients (n = 18 [13% of total]) were primarily admitted for bacterial superinfections (44.4%), with a median hospital stay of 4 days. Of those who completed follow-up (n = 85 [66%]), 97% had recovery of lesions at time of posttreatment assessment. Tecovirimat was well tolerated; there were no reported severe adverse events attributed to therapy. Conclusions: There were no significant differences in outcomes between people with HIV when evaluated as a whole and patients without immunocompromising conditions. However, mpox infection was associated with higher rates of hospitalization in those with severe immunocompromise, including patients with HIV/AIDS. Treatment with tecovirimat was well tolerated.Key Points: In our mpox cohort, people with HIV had similar rates of recovery and complications as those without HIV or other immunocompromising conditions. Severe immunocompromise was associated with a higher hospitalization rate. Tecovirimat was well tolerated, with minimal side effects.

Correlation between Identification of ß-Lactamase Resistance Genes and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles in Gram-Negative Bacteria: a Laboratory Data Analysis.

We reported the frequency of resistance gene detection in Gram-negative blood culture isolates and correlated these findings with corresponding antibiograms. Data were obtained from 1045 isolates tested on the GenMark Dx ePlex Blood Culture Identification Gram-Negative Panels at the Mount Sinai Hospital Clinical Microbiology Laboratory in New York from March 2019 to February 2021. Susceptibilities were performed using Vitek 2 (bioMérieux Clinical Diagnostics) or Microscan (Beckman Coulter Inc.). blaCTX-M was detected in 26.4% Klebsiella pneumoniae, 23.5% Escherichia coli, and 16.4% Proteus mirabilis isolates. As would be expected, both blaCTX-M and blaCTX-M negative isolates were likely to be susceptible to newer agents while blaCTX-M positive isolates were more likely to be resistant to earlier generations of beta-lactam antibiotics. 3/204 blaCTX-M-positive isolates were found to be ceftriaxone-susceptible. Conversely, 2.8% ceftriaxone nonsusceptible strains were negative for all ß-lactamase genes on the ePlex BCID-GN panel, including blaCTX-M. The prevalence of CTX-M-producing Enterobacterales remains high in the United States. A small number of blaCTX-M-positive isolates were susceptible to ceftriaxone, and a small number of ceftriaxone nonsusceptible isolates were negative for blaCTX-M. Further studies are needed to determine the optimal management when an isolate is phenotypically susceptible to ceftriaxone, but blaCTX-M is detected. IMPORTANCE There is limited literature on corresponding results obtained from rapid molecular diagnostics with the antibiotic susceptibility profile. We reported a correlation between the results obtained from ePlex and the antibiograms against a large collection of Gram-negative bacteria. We reported that there can be a discrepancy in a small number of cases, but the clinical significance of that is unknown.

HIV and Hepatitis B Virus Coinfection: Approach to Management: Case Study and Commentary.

OBJECTIVE: To review diagnosis and treatment in patients with HIV and hepatitis B virus (HBV) coinfection. METHODS: Review of the literature in the context of a clinical case. RESULTS: All patients with HIV should be screened for the presence of coinfection with HBV. Following diagnosis with HBV infection, the level of HBV activity should be assessed with testing for HBeAg, HBV DNA, and potentially a biopsy for staging the degree of fibrosis present. Based on the results of this workup, a decision regarding the role of anti-hepatitis treatment should be made. According to the latest chronic hepatitis B and HIV treatment guidelines, coinfected patients who require treatment for chronic hepatitis B should be started on a regimen that is fully active against both HIV and HBV. A first-line regimen for coinfected patients is generally composed of tenofovir and emtricitabine, plus one other agent active against HIV. In coinfected patients, durable responses are rare, and therefore patients are usually required to remain on therapy indefinitely. CONCLUSION: Intensification of surveillance techniques and education programs should be developed to help prevent transmission of infection and integrate coinfected patients into the health care system. Once engaged in care, coinfected patients should receive treatment for both HIV and chronic hepatitis B with the goal of a decrease in liver failure, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and chronic hepatitis B-related mortality.

Corrigendum to "Reactivation tuberculosis presenting with unilateral axillary lymphadenopathy" [Radiology Case Reports 13 (2018) 1188-1191].

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2018.07.014.].

Increasing Access to Hepatitis C Virus Medications: A Program Model Using Patient Navigators and Specialty Pharmacy to Obtain Prior Authorization Approval.

BACKGROUND: Obtaining prior authorization (PA) approval for the new direct-acting antiviral (DAA) hepatitis C medications is time consuming and requires specific expertise. Our primary care-based program treats hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients at an urban academic medical center and employs patient navigators trained in the PA process who collaborate with a nurse and specialty pharmacy to manage the PA process. OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the rate of PA approvals for our programmatic model and determine potential predictors of PA approval. METHODS: We conducted a review of program databases and medical records of patients for whom DAA hepatitis C medications were ordered between November 1, 2014, and October 31, 2015 (n = 197). We first evaluated patient characteristics associated with the number of steps to approval. Then we used a multivariable ordinal regression to determine independent predictors of fewer steps to approval. Using Kaplan-Meier methods, we assessed patient characteristics associated with approval time and then fit a multivariable Cox regression model to determine independent predictors of time to approval. RESULTS: Of the 197 patients, 69% (n = 136) had Medicaid; 12% (n = 24) had Medicare; 10% (n = 19) had both Medicaid and Medicare; 5% (n = 10) had private insurance; and 4% (n = 8) were uninsured. Ninety-three percent of the patients were eventually approved for HCV treatment. The steps in the PA cascade were approval on first submission (37%; mean days = 30.7; SD = 29.9); approval after internal appeal (45%; mean days = 66.8; SD = 70.5); approval after external appeal (11%; mean days = 124.7; SD = 60.2); and no approval obtained (7%). Unadjusted factors found to have a P value < 0.200 in relation to fewer steps in the PA cascade were older age, female gender, non-Medicaid insurance, comorbid hypertension, comorbid diabetes, being domiciled, and being nongenotype 2. After adjustment, non-Medicaid insurance and nongenotype 2 remained significant. In survival analysis, non-Medicaid insurance and mid-range fibrosis were associated with fewer days to PA approval. CONCLUSIONS: Our program obtained 93% of PA approvals for hepatitis C medications. Patient navigators collaborating with a nurse and specialty pharmacy as a program may improve the PA approval process, although further research with a control group is necessary. DISCLOSURES: The Respectful & Equitable Access to Comprehensive Healthcare (REACH) program receives funding from the Robin Hood Foundation and the New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute. Weiss receives grant support from Gilead Sciences and has served as a consultant for AbbVie and Gilead Sciences. Vu reports speaker fees from Peer View Institute. All other authors report no conflict of interest. Study design and concept were contributed by Chasan, Sigel, Vu, and Weiss. Riazi, Ciprian, Giardina, and Gibbs collected the data, which were interpreted by Toribio, Amory, Chasan, and Sigel. The manuscript was written by Vu and Weiss and revised by Parrella, Cambe, Camacho, and Vu. Research from this study was presented as an abstract poster on November 14, 2016, at the AASLD Liver Meeting in Boston, Massachusetts.

Candidemia in the Intensive Care Unit.

Candidemia presents several challenges to the intensive care unit (ICU) community. Recognition and treatment of this infection is frequently delayed, with dramatic clinical deterioration and death often preceding the detection of Candida in blood cultures. Identification of individual patients at the highest risk for developing candidemia remains an imperfect science; the role of antifungal therapy before culture diagnosis is yet to be fully defined in the ICU. The absence of well-established molecular techniques for early detection of candidemia hinders efforts to reduce the heavy clinical and economic impact of this infection. Echinocandins are the recommended antifungal drug class for the treatment of ICU candidemia.

Occupational toxicant inhalation injury: the World Trade Center (WTC) experience.

OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: Clinical descriptive data is presented on a group of 554 former workers and volunteers (with more than 90 different occupations) at the World Trade Center (WTC) disaster site. A subsample of 168 workers (30% of the group) was selected to examine lower airway disease risk in relation to smoking and WTC exposure variables. RESULTS: Five diagnostic categories clearly predominate: upper airway disease (78.5%), gastroesophageal reflux disease (57.6%), lower airway disease (48.9%), psychological (41.9%) and chronic musculoskeletal illnesses (17.8%). The most frequent pattern of presentation was a combination of the first three of those categories (29.8%). Associations were found between arrival at the WTC site within the first 48 h of the terrorist attack and lower airway and gastroesophageal reflux disease, and between past or present cigarette smoking and lower airway disease. CONCLUSION: Occupational exposures at the WTC remain consistently associated with a disease profile, which includes five major diagnostic categories. These conditions often coexist in different combinations, which (as expected) mutually enhances their clinical expression, complicates medical management, and slows recovery. Cigarette smoking and early arrival at the WTC site appear to be risk factors for lower airway disease diagnosis.

Health care and social issues of immigrant rescue and recovery workers at the World Trade Center site.

This article reviews the experience of a unique occupational group of World Trade Center (WTC) workers: immigrant workers. This group is comprised largely of men, laborers, who are first-generation immigrants. The majority of these workers are from Latin America (predominantly from Ecuador and Colombia) or from Eastern Europe (predominantly from Poland). Our data shows that the disease profile observed in these workers was what we have previously reported for WTC working population as a whole. Recent reports have begun to document the disproportionate burden of occupational hazards, injuries, and illnesses experienced by immigrant workers in the United States. The WTC experience of immigrants exemplified this burden but, additionally, highlighted that this burden is exacerbated by limitations in access to appropriate health care, disability and compensation benefits, and vocational rehabilitation services. A clinical program that was designed to address the complex medical and psychosocial needs of these workers in a comprehensive manner was successfully established. Full justice for these workers depends on larger societal changes.