Multiple models for outbreak decision support in the face of uncertainty.

Policymakers must make management decisions despite incomplete knowledge and conflicting model projections. Little guidance exists for the rapid, representative, and unbiased collection of policy-relevant scientific input from independent modeling teams. Integrating approaches from decision analysis, expert judgment, and model aggregation, we convened multiple modeling teams to evaluate COVID-19 reopening strategies for a mid-sized United States county early in the pandemic. Projections from seventeen distinct models were inconsistent in magnitude but highly consistent in ranking interventions. The 6-mo-ahead aggregate projections were well in line with observed outbreaks in mid-sized US counties. The aggregate results showed that up to half the population could be infected with full workplace reopening, while workplace restrictions reduced median cumulative infections by 82%. Rankings of interventions were consistent across public health objectives, but there was a strong trade-off between public health outcomes and duration of workplace closures, and no win-win intermediate reopening strategies were identified. Between-model variation was high; the aggregate results thus provide valuable risk quantification for decision making. This approach can be applied to the evaluation of management interventions in any setting where models are used to inform decision making. This case study demonstrated the utility of our approach and was one of several multimodel efforts that laid the groundwork for the COVID-19 Scenario Modeling Hub, which has provided multiple rounds of real-time scenario projections for situational awareness and decision making to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention since December 2020.

Coupling Manipulation of Interfacial Chemistry and Coordination Structure in Vanadium Oxides Enables Rapid Magnesium Ion Diffusion Kinetics.

Rechargeable magnesium batteries (RMBs) are a highly promising energy storage system due to their high volumetric capacity and intrinsic safety. However, the practical development of RMBs is hindered by the sluggish Mg2+ diffusion kinetics, including at the cathode-electrolyte interface (CEI) and within the cathode bulk. Herein, we propose an efficient strategy to manipulate the interfacial chemistry and coordination structure in oligolayered V2O5 (L-V2O5) for achieving rapid Mg2+ diffusion kinetics. In terms of the interfacial chemistry, the specific exposed crystal planes in L-V2O5 possess strong electron donating ability, which helps to promote the degradation dynamics of C-F/C-S bonds in the electrolyte, thereby establishing the inorganic-organic interlocking CEI layer for rapid Mg2+ diffusion. In terms of the coordination structure, the straightened V-O structure in L-V2O5 provides efficient ions diffusion path for accelerating Mg2+ diffusion in the cathode. As a result, the L-V2O5 delivers a high reversible capacity (355.3 mA h g-1 at 0.1 A g-1) and an excellent rate capability (161 mAh g-1 at 1 A g-1). Impressively, the interdigital micro-RMBs is firstly assembled, exhibiting excellent flexibility and practicability. This work gives deeper insights into the interface and interior ions diffusion for developing high-kinetics RMBs.

Intrathecal dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant to plain ropivacaine for spinal anesthesia during cesarean section: a prospective, double-blinded, randomized trial for ED50 determination using an up-down sequential allocation method.

BACKGROUND: Intrathecal dexmedetomidine, as an adjuvant to local anesthetics, has been reported to improve the quality of spinal anesthesia and reduce the required local anesthetic dose. However, the optimal dosage regimen for intrathecal dexmedetomidine combined with plain ropivacaine for cesarean section (CS) remains undetermined. The present study aimed to determine the median effective dose (ED50) of intrathecal dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant to plain ropivacaine for spinal anesthesia during CS. METHODS: Sixty parturients undergoing CS were randomly assigned to either group: plain ropivacaine 8 mg (Group Rop8) or plain ropivacaine 10 mg (Group Rop10). The initial dosage of intrathecal dexmedetomidine in each group was 5 µg. The effective dose was defined as a bilateral sensory block at the level of T6 or above to pinprick attained within 10 min after intrathecal injection, without the need for supplementary intraoperative epidural anesthesia. Effective or ineffective responses were determined, followed by a 1 µg increment or decrement in the dose of intrathecal dexmedetomidine for the next parturient using up-down sequential allocation. ED50 were calculated using probit regression. RESULTS: The ED50 of intrathecal dexmedetomidine with plain ropivacaine was 5.9 µg (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.9-7.4 µg) in Group Rop8 and 3.1 µg (95% CI, 0.1-4.8 µg) in Group Rop10 (P < 0.05). Hemodynamic stability, side effects, patient satisfaction and neonatal outcomes were comparable between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The present data suggested that the ED50 of intrathecal dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant to 8 mg and 10 mg plain ropivacaine in spinal anesthesia during cesarean section was approximately 6 µg and 3 µg, respectively. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, identifier: ChiCTR2200055928.

Involvement of Orai1 in tunicamycin-induced endothelial dysfunction.

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is mediated by disturbance of Ca2+ homeostasis. The store-operated calcium (SOC) channel is the primary Ca2+ channel in non-excitable cells, but its participation in agent-induced ER stress is not clear. In this study, the effects of tunicamycin on Ca2+ influx in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were observed with the fluorescent probe Fluo-4 AM. The effect of tunicamycin on the expression of the unfolded protein response (UPR)-related proteins BiP and CHOP was assayed by western blotting with or without inhibition of Orai1. Tunicamycin induced endothelial dysfunction by activating ER stress. Orai1 expression and the influx of extracellular Ca2+ in HUVECs were both upregulated during ER stress. The SOC channel inhibitor SKF96365 reversed tunicamycin-induced endothelial cell dysfunction by inhibiting ER stress. Regulation of tunicamycin-induced ER stress by Orai1 indicates that modification of Orai1 activity may have therapeutic value for conditions with ER stress-induced endothelial dysfunction.

A novel mutation in the STK11 gene causes heritable Peutz-Jeghers syndrome - a case report.

BACKGROUND: Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) is a rare disorder characterized by multiple gastrointestinal hamartomatous polyps and mucocutaneous pigmentation. STK11 has been identified as a causative gene for this disease. CASE PRESENTATION: Herein we report a Chinese Han kindred with PJS. Onset for the PJS signs in three of the patients was rarely as early as at birth. We identified a novel heterozygous mutation (c.440_441delGT, p.Arg147Leufs*15) in the gene STK11, causing a short frameshift followed by a deletion of 63% of the amino acids in the STK protein. This mutation co-segregated with the PJS phenotype, and was absent in two hundred of unrelated ethnicity-matched controls. The mutation led to expression decrease of unaffected STK11 protein in patients than in controls, as well in PJ polyps than in circulating leucocytes from the patients. Phosphorylation levels of the downstream kinase AMPKα altered according with the expression of STK11. These results indicated the possibility that haploinsufficiency and epigenetic reduction of STK11 contributed to the pathogenesis of the disease. CONCLUSION: This study identifies a novel mutation in the pathogenic gene STK11 leading to PJS.

Median Effective Dose of Intranasal Dexmedetomidine for Rescue Sedation in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

BACKGROUND: The median effective dose (ED50) of intranasal dexmedetomidine after failed chloral hydrate sedation has not been described for children. This study aims to determine the ED50 of intranasal dexmedetomidine for rescue sedation in children aged 1 to 36 months, who were inadequately sedated by chloral hydrate administration during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS: This study was performed on 120 children, who were 1 to 36 months old and underwent MRI scanning. Intranasal dexmedetomidine was administered as a rescue sedative to children not adequately sedated after the initial oral dose of chloral hydrate (50 mg/kg). Children were stratified into four age groups. ED50 values were estimated from the up-and-down method of Dixon and Massey and probit regression. Other variables included induction time, time to wake up, vital signs, oxygen saturation, MRI scanning time, and recovery characteristics. RESULTS: ED50 of intranasal dexmedetomidine for rescue sedation was 0.4 µg/kg (95% CI, 0.34 to 0.50) in children aged 1 to 6 months, 0.5 µg/kg (95% CI, 0.48 to 0.56) in children aged 7 to 12 months, 0.9 µg/kg (95% CI, 0.83 to 0.89) in children aged 13 to 24 months, and 1.0 µg/kg (95% CI, 0.94 to 1.07) in children aged 25 to 36 months. There were no significant differences in sedation induction time or time to wake up between the different age groups. Additionally, no significant adverse hemodynamic or hypoxemic effects were noted. CONCLUSIONS: The authors determined the ED50 for rescue sedation using intranasal dexmedetomidine after failed chloral hydrate sedation in children. It was found that ED50 increases with advancing age during the first 3 yr of life.

In Vivo Evaluation of the Ameliorating Effects of Small-Volume Resuscitation with Four Different Fluids on Endotoxemia-Induced Kidney Injury.

Acute kidney injury associated with renal hypoperfusion is a frequent and severe complication during sepsis. Fluid resuscitation is the main therapy. However, heart failure is usually lethal for those patients receiving large volumes of fluids. We compared the effects of small-volume resuscitation using four different treatment regimens, involving saline, hypertonic saline (HTS), hydroxyethyl starch (HES), or hypertonic saline hydroxyethyl starch (HSH), on the kidneys of rats treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce endotoxemia. LPS injection caused reduced and progressively deteriorated systemic (arterial blood pressure) and renal hemodynamics (renal blood flow and renal vascular resistance index) over time. This deterioration was accompanied by marked renal functional and pathological injury, as well as an oxidative and inflammatory response, manifesting as increased levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, nitric oxide, and malondialdehyde and decreased activity of superoxide dismutase. Small-volume perfusion with saline failed to improve renal and systemic circulation. However, small-volume perfusion with HES and HSH greatly improved the above parameters, while HTS only transiently improved systemic and renal hemodynamics with obvious renal injury. Therefore, single small-volume resuscitation with HES and HSH could be valid therapeutic approaches to ameliorate kidney injury induced by endotoxemia, while HTS transiently delays injury and saline shows no protective effects.

Upregulation of TRPM7 channels by angiotensin II triggers phenotypic switching of vascular smooth muscle cells of ascending aorta.

RATIONALE: Angiotensin II (Ang II) has pleiotropic effects on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). It has been demonstrated to promote the proliferative phenotype of VSMCs in mouse ascending aorta, but the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. OBJECTIVE: The present study was designed to explore whether the Ca(2+)-permeable transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7) channel is involved in Ang II-induced phenotype switching of ascending aortic VSMCs and to dissect the molecular mechanisms by which TRPM7 modulates VSMC phenotype. METHODS AND RESULTS: As revealed by current recording, Ang II infusion increased TRPM7 whole-cell currents in ascending aortic VSMCs. The increase in TRPM7 currents was found to result from enhanced expression of TRPM7 protein rather than elevated single-channel activity (open probability and slope conductance) and/or reduced Mg(2+)-mediated channel block. Mechanistically, Ang II elevated TRPM7 expression via Ang II type 1 receptor-mediated ERK1/2 signaling. As indicated by the expression levels of VSMC differentiation marker genes, phenotypic switching of ascending aorta occurred during Ang II infusion. Meanwhile, ERK1/2-Elk-1 signaling pathway known to suppress VSMC differentiation was activated in Ang II-infused ascending aorta. Knockdown of TRPM7 with small interfering RNA established a causative role of TRPM7 in Ang II-induced phenotypic change and promotion of cell proliferation. Moreover, TRPM7 was shown to be required for Pyk2-ERK1/2-Elk-1 pathway activation by Ang II, which potentiated TRPM7 channel function and thus activated the Ca(2+)-sensitive kinase Pyk2. Finally, TRPM7 knockdown attenuated Ang II-induced displacement of myocardin from SM22 promoter, but the effects could be reversed by expression of constitutively active c-Src. CONCLUSIONS: Our data establish that upregulation of TRPM7 channels by Ang II contributes to the development of the proliferative phenotype of ascending aortic VSMCs, and TRPM7 channel suppresses VSMC gene expression via Ca(2+) influx-mediated activation of Pyk2-ERK1/2-Elk-1 pathway.

Analyzing political party positions through multi-language twitter text embeddings.

Traditional monolingual word embedding models transform words into high-dimensional vectors which represent semantics relations between words as relationships between vectors in the high-dimensional space. They serve as productive tools to interpret multifarious aspects of the social world in social science research. Building on the previous research which interprets multifaceted meanings of words by projecting them onto word-level dimensions defined by differences between antonyms, we extend the architecture of establishing word-level cultural dimensions to the sentence level and adopt a Language-agnostic BERT model (LaBSE) to detect position similarities in a multi-language environment. We assess the efficacy of our sentence-level methodology using Twitter data from US politicians, comparing it to the traditional word-level embedding model. We also adopt Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) to investigate detailed topics in these tweets and interpret politicians' positions from different angles. In addition, we adopt Twitter data from Spanish politicians and visualize their positions in a multi-language space to analyze position similarities across countries. The results show that our sentence-level methodology outperform traditional word-level model. We also demonstrate that our methodology is effective dealing with fine-sorted themes from the result that political positions towards different topics vary even within the same politicians. Through verification using American and Spanish political datasets, we find that the positioning of American and Spanish politicians on our defined liberal-conservative axis aligns with social common sense, political news, and previous research. Our architecture improves the standard word-level methodology and can be considered as a useful architecture for sentence-level applications in the future.

A review of the functional activities of chia seed and the mechanisms of action related to molecular targets.

In recent years, as a functional potential pseudocereal, chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.) has been of great interest for its comprehensive nutritional profile and attractive qualities after ingestion. It is reported that a reasonable dietary supplementation of chia seed (CS) contributes to the prevention and treatment of acute and chronic diseases (inflammation, diabetes, hypertension, obesity, kidney stone, etc.). CS contains a variety of bioactive macromolecular substances, such as oil, protein and gum, which manifest distinguished health-promoting activities in both in vivo and in vitro research studies. This article provides a comprehensive compendium on the functional importance of CS, in the context of biological activities and mechanism of actions of CS. Specifically, CS and its components alleviate inflammation and regulate glucose and fatty acid metabolism by regulating key influencing factors in the adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), peroxisome-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-ß) pathways and the insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-mediated insulin signaling pathway. In the meantime, predictions of metabolic pathways of CS peptides based on the known tracks of newly researched active peptides were proposed, with the aim of emphasizing the enormous research space of CS peptides compared to other functional active peptides.

Comparison of postoperative analgesia in children following ropivacaine and lidocaine surgical field infiltration with epinephrine for cleft palate repair: A double-blinded, randomized controlled trial.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of ropivacaine in providing postoperative analgesia for children undergoing cleft palate repair. METHODS: A double-blinded, randomized controlled trial was conducted on sixty-four children scheduled for cleft palate repair. The patients received either local infiltration with 1% lidocaine or 0.2% ropivacaine before incision. The primary outcome was the postoperative average pain score, and secondary outcomes included pain scores at various time points, consumption of flurbiprofen and hydromorphone, effectiveness of nurse-controlled analgesia pump, and incidence of bradycardia, vomiting, and respiratory depression. MAIN RESULTS: The results showed that the postoperative average pain score was significantly lower in the ropivacaine group compared to the lidocaine group (1.27±0.28 vs. 1.75±0.29, P<0.001). Pain scores at multiple postoperative time points were also lower in the ropivac:aine group. Additionally, consumption of flurbiprofen and hydromorphone was lower, and ineffective compressions of the nurse-controlled analgesia pump were reduced in the ropivacaine group. The incidence of vomiting, bradycardia, and respiratory depression did not show significant differences between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Local infiltration with ropivacaine effectively provided postoperative analgesia for children undergoing cleft palate repair without major side effects. It was found to be superior to lidocaine in reducing the need for additional rescue analgesia.

Dynamic Behavior of Spatially Confined Sn Clusters and Its Application in Highly Efficient Sodium Storage with High Initial Coulombic Efficiency.

Advanced battery electrodes require a cautious design of microscale particles with built-in nanoscale features to exploit the advantages of both micro- and nano-particles relative to their performance attributes. Herein, the dynamic behavior of nanosized Sn clusters and their host pores in carbon nanofiber) during sodiation and desodiation is revealed using a state-of-the-art 3D electron microscopic reconstruction technique. For the first time, the anomalous expansion of Sn clusters after desodiation is observed owing to the aggregation of clusters/single atoms. Pore connectivity is retained despite the anomalous expansion, suggesting inhibition of solid electrolyte interface formation in the sub-2-nm pores. Taking advantage of the built-in nanoconfinement feature, the CNF film with nanometer-sized interconnected pores hosting Sn clusters (≈2 nm) enables high utilization (95% at a high rate of 1 A g-1) of Sn active sites while maintaining an improved initial Coulombic efficiency of 87%. The findings provide insights into electrochemical reactions in a confined space and a guiding principle in electrode design for battery applications.

Electron-injection-engineering induced dual-phase MoO2.8F0.2/MoO2.4F0.6 heterostructure for magnesium storage.

Rechargeable magnesium batteries (RMBs) have received increased attention due to their high volumetric capacity and safety. Nevertheless, the sluggish diffusion kinetics of highly polarized Mg2+ in host lattices severely hinders the development of RMBs. Herein, we report an electron injection strategy for modulating the Mo 4d-orbital splitting manner and first fabricate a dual-phase MoO2.8F0.2/MoO2.4F0.6 heterostructure to accelerate Mg2+ diffusion. The electron injection strategy triggers weak Jahn-Teller distortion in MoO6 octahedra and reorganization of the Mo 4d-orbital, leading to a partial phase transition from orthorhombic phase MoO2.8F0.2 to cubic phase MoO2.4F0.6. As a result, the designed heterostructure generates a built-in electric field, simultaneously improving its electronic conductivity and ionic diffusivity by at least one order of magnitude compared to MoO2.8F0.2 and MoO2.4F0.6. Importantly, the assembled MoO2.8F0.2/MoO2.4F0.6//Mg full cell exhibits a remarkable reversible capacity of 172.5 mAh g-1 at 0.1 A g-1, pushing forward the orbital-scale manipulation for high-performance RMBs.

Exploring Enzyme Encapsulation Efficiency in MOFs Using Eco-friendly Approaches.

The encapsulation of protein enzymes in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) has been recognized as an effective enzyme immobilization approach. In this study, we demonstrated the influence of enzyme amount and the isoelectric points (pI) of different enzymes on the enzyme loading capacity in both mechanochemical (ball-milling) and water-based approaches. We found that increasing enzyme amounts enhances MOF enzyme loading without compromising activity, while the MOF shell protects encapsulated enzymes from proteinase K degradation through its size-sheltering mechanism. However, an excess of enzymes can hinder the formation of ZIF-90. Moreover, enzymes with low pI values (e.g., catalase, pI 5.4) facilitate encapsulation in MOFs, whereas enzymes with high pI values (e.g., lysozyme, pI 11.35) are more challenging to encapsulate. The simulation results revealed that increasing the enzyme amounts and pI values raises the activation energy necessary for MOF formation. This study highlights the crucial role of enzyme properties in the encapsulation process within MOFs, providing valuable insights for fabricating enzyme-MOF biocomposites for diverse applications, such as protein drug delivery.

Anaesthesia of a parturient with uncorrected pentalogy of Fallot undergoing caesarean section and postpartum sterilisation.

Pentalogy of Fallot is a rare congenital cyanotic heart disease; few patients with uncorrected disease survive to childbearing age. Cardiovascular changes during pregnancy and delivery can lead to haemodynamic instability, while anaesthesia can cause right-to-left shunting and worsen hypoxaemia.We present the learning points from the anaesthetic management of an obstetric patient with uncorrected pentalogy of Fallot. We describe the successful application of general anaesthesia, choice of transoesophageal echocardiography for real-time haemodynamic monitoring and management, and the comprehensive multidisciplinary care of this high cardiovascular risk obstetric patient perioperatively. We also review the literature and discuss the anaesthetic management of patients with pentalogy of Fallot going for caesarean section.

Prophylactic Epidural Blood Patch or Prophylactic Epidural Infusion of Hydroxyethyl Starch in Preventing Post-Dural Puncture Headache - A Retrospective Study.

BACKGROUND: Post-dural puncture headache (PDPH) is particularly likely to happen in patients under obstetric care due to an unintentional dural puncture (UDP). There is as yet no ideal strategy for preventing UDP-induced PDPH. OBJECTIVES: The primary objective of this study was to assess whether a prophylactic epidural blood patch (EBP) or prophylactic epidural infusion of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) is effective in preventing PDPH for parturients with UDP compared with conservative treatments. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective analysis from a single center's inpatient data. SETTING: Department of Anesthesiology at a single center. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted of a single center's inpatient data from January 2017 through March 2020. The study included parturients with UDP during neuraxial anesthesia. The interventions of UDP included conservative treatment, prophylactic EBP, and prophylactic epidural infusion of HES. The incidence of PDPH, the use of intravenous aminophylline, therapeutic EBP, symptom onset, duration of headache, and duration of hospital stay were compared. RESULTS: A total of 85 patients were analyzed. The incidences of PDPH were 84%, 52.6% and 54.5% with conservative, prophylactic EBP, and prophylactic epidural HES treatments, respectively. Compared with the conservative treatment, prophylactic EBP and prophylactic epidural HES treatment significantly reduced the incidence of PDPH (P < 0.05). No significant difference was found between the prophylactic EBP and prophylactic epidural HES groups. Compared with the conservative treatment group, therapeutic EBP was significantly less used in the prophylactic EBP and prophylactic epidural HES groups (P < 0.05). Prophylactic EBP shortened the length of hospital stay of parturients with UDP (P < 0.05) while prophylactic epidural HES showed no statistical difference compared with conservative treatment. No severe complications, such as central nervous system and puncture site infection or nerve injury, were found in those patients. LIMITATIONS: Retrospective nature and single center data with a relatively small sample size. CONCLUSIONS: Prophylactic management with EBP and epidural infusion of HES has an effect in preventing the occurrence of PDPH; prophylactic EBP significantly shortened hospital stay length in parturients with UDP. KEY WORDS: Unintentional dural puncture, epidural blood patch, hydroxyethyl starch, post-dural puncture headache, parturient.

Modified nusinersen intrathecal injection method: inclusion of a septal needle-free closed infusion connector.

Objective: Nusinersen, an extremely expensive biologic drug (around 100,000 US$ per dose) that needs to be administered intrathecally, is approved for the treatment of 5q-spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Because of the low muscle tone of the back muscles of pediatric SMA patients, especially type 1 SMA patients, the safe, effective, and fast execution of sheath injection is needed. Therefore, a modified intrathecal injection method was developed accordingly. This paper aims to describe the applicability and safety of this modified method. Methods: The modified intrathecal injection method (MIIM) mainly includes a septal needle-free closed infusion connector between the lumbar puncture needle and the syringe, besides the procedures of routine lumbar puncture. Its applicability and safety were evaluated through clinical observation. Results: A total of 92 children with SMA have successfully received nusinersen treatment at our hospital using the modified method since 2019 without obvious adverse events related to the modified injection method. Based on the clinical feedback of operators, the advantages of the modified method include successfully injecting the total dose of nusinersen with constant injection rate and a more stable fixation of the puncture needle, as well as making the operator more relaxed. However, compared with the routine method, the procedure of the modified method has additional steps. Conclusion: The modified intrathecal injection method is an effective and safe method to inject nusinersen when weighing the pros and cons, and it may also be used for administering intrathecal injections of other expensive medicines or for patients with other strict requirements for intrathecal injection.

Small volume resuscitation with 7.5% hypertonic saline, hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 solution and hypertonic sodium chloride hydroxyethyl starch 40 injection reduced lung injury in endotoxin shock rats: comparison with saline.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of small volume resuscitation with 7.5% hypertonic sodium chloride (HSS), hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 solution (HES), and hypertonic sodium chloride hydroxyethyl starch 40 injection (HSH) on endotoxin shock rat lung. METHODS: Thirty Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided randomly into 5 groups ，Group C (negative control group), Group E (lipopolysaccharide, LPS +4 ml/kg saline), Group HSS (LPS +4 ml/kg HSS), Group HES (LPS +4 ml/kg HES) and Group HSH (LPS +4 ml/kg HSH). Endotoxin shock model of rat was produced by injection with LPS. Then small volume resuscitation with different fluids was implemented in each group, respectively. RESULTS: Compared to Group C(negative control group）, lung injury in the other four groups was increased. Compared to Group E(LPS +4 ml/kg normal saline), lung injury of Group HSS(LPS +4 ml/kg HSS), HES(LPS +4 ml/kg HES), and HSH (LPS +4 ml/kg HSH)was lessened. Compared to Group C, oxygenation index in Groups E, HSS, HES, and HSH were decreased (P < 0.01). Compared to Group E, oxygenation indexes in Groups HSS, HES, and HSH were significantly increased (P < 0.01). Data of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α of lung tissue had similar results. However, protein concentration of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) concentration indicated contrary results. CONCLUSION: Small volume resuscitation with 7.5% hypertonic sodium chloride, hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 solution, and hypertonic sodium chloride hydroxyethyl starch 40 injection could lessen lung injury caused by lipopolysaccharide. And this effect had relation to change of TNF-α and H(2)S.

Finite Element Analysis and Near-Infrared Hyperspectral Reflectance Imaging for the Determination of Blueberry Bruise Grading.

Bruising of the subcutaneous tissues of blueberries is an important form of mechanical damage. Different levels of bruising have a significant effect on the post-harvest marketing of blueberries. To distinguish different grades of blueberry bruises and explore the effects of different factors, explicit dynamic simulation and near-infrared hyperspectral reflectance imaging were employed without harming the blueberries in this study. Based on the results of the compression experiment, an explicit dynamic simulation of blueberries was performed to measure the potential locations of bruises and preliminarily divide the bruise stages. A near-infrared hyperspectral reflectance imaging system was used to detect the actual blueberry bruises. According to the blueberry photos taken by the near-infrared hyperspectral reflectance imaging system, the actual bruise rates of blueberries were obtained by using the Environment for Visualizing Images software for training and classification. Bruise grades of blueberries were divided accordingly. Response surface methodology was used to determine the effects of ripeness, loading speed and loading location on the blueberry bruising rate. Under the optimized parameters, the actual damage rate of blueberries was 1.1%. The results provide an important theoretical basis for the accurate and rapid identification and classification of blueberry bruise damage.

Anaesthetic management of a patient with complex, cyanotic congenitally corrected transposition of great arteries for electrophysiological study and thermoablation.

Congenitally corrected transposition of great arteries (ccTGA) is a rare congenital heart disease, and little literature is available that describes its anaesthetic management. We present the perioperative management of a patient with complex, cyanotic ccTGA who underwent electrophysiological study with catheter ablation under general anaesthesia. Good understanding of the patient's complex cardiac anatomy and physiology and multidisciplinary communication are vital to facilitate the successful care of the patient.