Selection of surgical modality for massive splenomegaly in children.

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic splenectomy (LS), a treatment for both benign and malignant splenic diseases, can prove technically challenging in patients with massive splenomegaly. In particular, the optimal surgical modality for treating massive splenomegaly in children remains controversial. METHODS: The clinicopathologic data of 289 pediatric patients undergoing splenectomy for massive splenomegaly were studied in a retrospective analysis. Accordingly, the patients were classified into the LS surgery group and open splenectomy (OS) surgery group. In the laparoscopy cohort, they were separated into two subgroups according to the method of surgery: the multi-incision laparoscopic splenectomy (MILS) and the single-incision laparoscopic splenectomy (SILS) surgery groups, respectively. Patient demographics, clinical data, surgery, complications, and postoperative recovery underwent analysis. Concurrently, we compared the risk of adverse laparoscopic splenectomy outcomes utilizing univariable and multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: The total operation time proved remarkably shorter in the OS group in contrast to the LS group (149.87 ± 61.44 versus 188.20 ± 52.51 min, P < 0.001). Relative to the OS group, the LS group exhibited lowered postoperative pain scores, bowel recovery time, and postoperative hospitalization time (P < 0.001). No remarkable difference existed in post-operation complications or mortality (P > 0.05). Nevertheless, the operation duration was remarkably longer in the SILS surgery group than in the MILS surgery group (200 ± 46.11 versus 171.39 ± 40.30 min, P = 0.02). Meanwhile, the operative duration of MILS and SILS displayed a remarkable positive association with splenic length. Moreover, the operative duration of SILS displayed a remarkable positive association with the age, weight, and height of the sick children. Splenic length proved an independent risk factor of adverse outcomes (P < 0.001, OR 1.378). CONCLUSIONS: For pediatric patients with massive splenomegaly who can tolerate prolonged anesthesia and operative procedures, LS surgery proves the optimal treatment regimen. SILS remains a novel surgery therapy which may be deemed a substitutional surgery approach for treating massive splenomegaly.

Application of Targeted Coronary Angiography in the Diagnosis of Sudden Cardiac Death.

OBJECTIVES: To diagnose coronary artery stenosis by using the postmortem computed tomography angiography (PMCTA), and to explore the diagnostic value of PMCTA in sudden cardiac death. METHODS: Six death cases were selected, and the contrast medium iohexol was injected under high pressure through femoral artery approach with 5F pigtail catheter to obtain coronary image data and then the data was analyzed. The results of targeted coronary imaging and coronary artery calcium score (CaS) were compared with the results of conventional autopsy and histopathological examination. RESULTS: The autopsy and histopathological examination of cases with coronary artery stenosis obtained similar results in targeted coronary angiography, with a diagnostic concordance rate of 83.3%. Targeted coronary angiography could effectively show coronary artery diseases, and the CaS was consistent with the results of conventional autopsy and histopathological examination. CONCLUSIONS: Targeted coronary angiography can be used as an effective auxiliary method for conventional autopsy in cases of sudden cardiac death.

Caenorhabditis elegans exhibits positive gravitaxis.

BACKGROUND: Gravity plays an important role in most life forms on Earth. Yet, a complete molecular understanding of sensing and responding to gravity is lacking. While there are anatomical differences among animals, there is a remarkable conservation across phylogeny at the molecular level. Caenorhabditis elegans is suitable for gene discovery approaches that may help identify molecular mechanisms of gravity sensing. It is unknown whether C. elegans can sense the direction of gravity. RESULTS: In aqueous solutions, motile C. elegans nematodes align their swimming direction with the gravity vector direction while immobile worms do not. The worms orient downward regardless of whether they are suspended in a solution less dense (downward sedimentation) or denser (upward sedimentation) than themselves. Gravitaxis is minimally affected by the animals' gait but requires sensory cilia and dopamine neurotransmission, as well as motility; it does not require genes that function in the body touch response. CONCLUSIONS: Gravitaxis is not mediated by passive forces such as non-uniform mass distribution or hydrodynamic effects. Rather, it is mediated by active neural processes that involve sensory cilia and dopamine. C. elegans provides a genetically tractable system to study molecular and neural mechanisms of gravity sensing.

Rapid and Sensitive Pathogen Detection by DNA Amplification Using Janus Particle-Enabled Rotational Diffusometry.

Rapid and sensitive detection of infectious bacteria is in all-time high demand to prevent the further spread of the infection and allow early medical intervention. In this study, we use rotational diffusometry (RD), a natural phenomenon characterized by Janus particles, to detect pathogens like Escherichia coli by performing amplification of specific genes. This biosensing method is used to measure the change in viscosity of the fluid in the presence and absence of DNA in the solution by capturing images of modified microbeads at 10 Hz by a CCD camera followed by cross-correlation algorithm analysis. Using rotational diffusometry, we have achieved E. coli detection with 50 pg/µL DNA with a measurement time of 30 s and a sample volume of 2 µL. This sensitivity was achieved with 30 thermal cycles for three different amplicons, viz., 84, 147, and 246 bp. Meanwhile, in the case of 10 and 20 thermal cycles, the detection sensitivity was achieved with 0.1 and 1 ng/µL DNA concentrations for a 246 bp amplicon. Compared with conventional PCR, this technique appears to improve the detection time, thereby reaching a turnaround time of less than 60 min. Other studies showed a successful identification of DNA amplification up to 10 thermal cycles with different sizes of amplicons. The effect of DNA concentration, amplicon size, and the number of thermal cycles on the detection of E. coli was examined in detail and represented in the form of three maps. These maps show the clear difference and the advantages of RD method in comparison with conventional PCR. This unconventional and rapid biosensing method can be used further for downstream application of nucleic acid amplification-based pathogen detection and early disease control.

CCL20 triggered by chemotherapy hinders the therapeutic efficacy of breast cancer.

Chemotherapeutic resistance in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has brought great challenges to the improvement of patient survival. The mechanisms of taxane chemoresistance in TNBC have not been well investigated. Our results illustrated C-C motif chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20) was significantly elevated during taxane-containing chemotherapy in breast cancer patients with nonpathologic complete response. Furthermore, CCL20 promoted the self-renewal and maintenance of breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) or breast cancer stem-like cells through protein kinase Cζ (PKCζ) or p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-mediated activation of p65 nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway, significantly increasing the frequency and taxane resistance of BCSCs. Moreover, CCL20-promoted NF-κB activation increased ATP-binding cassette subfamily B member 1 (ABCB1)/multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1) expression, leading to the extracellular efflux of taxane. These results suggested that chemotherapy-induced CCL20 mediated chemoresistance via up-regulating ABCB1. In addition, NF-κB activation increased CCL20 expression, forming a positive feedback loop between NF-κB and CCL20 pathways, which provides sustained impetus for chemoresistance in breast cancer cells. Our results suggest that CCL20 can be a novel predictive marker for taxane response, and the blockade of CCL20 or its downstream pathway might reverse the taxane resistance in breast cancer patients.

Trace Biomolecule Detection with Functionalized Janus Particles by Rotational Diffusion.

Cytokines are small proteins secreted by cells in innate and adaptive immune systems. Abnormal cytokine secretion is often regarded as an early cue of dysregulation of homeostasis due to diseases or infections. Early detection allows early medical intervention. In this study, a natural phenomenon called rotational Brownian motion was characterized by Janus particles and its potential use in detection of trace biomolecules explored. Through the functionalization of the Janus particles with an antibody, the target cytokine, that is, tumor necrosis factor-α, was measured in terms of rotational diffusion. Rotational diffusion is highly sensitive to the particle volume change according to the Stokes-Einstein-Debye relation and can be quantified by blinking signal. Accordingly, 1 µm half-gold and half-fluorescent microbeads were conjugated with 200 nm nanobeads through sandwiched immunocomplexes. The light source, lead time for stabilization, and purification were investigated for optimization. Particle images can be captured with green light at 5 Hz within 300 s. Under such conditions, the functionalized Janus particles eventually achieved a limit of detection of 1 pg/mL. The rotational diffusometry realized by Janus particles was power-free and feasible for ultrasensitive detection, such as early disease detection.

CCL20 Signaling in the Tumor Microenvironment.

CCL20, as a chemokine, plays an important role in rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and other diseases by binding to its receptor CCR6. Recent 10 years' research has demonstrated that CCL20 also contributes to the progression of many cancers, such as liver cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, and gastric cancer. This article reviews and discusses the previous studies on CCL20 roles in cancers from the aspects of its specific effects on various cancers, its remodeling on tumor microenvironment (TME), its synergistic effects with other cytokines in tumor microenvironment, and the specific mechanisms of CCL20 signal activation, illustrating CCL20 signaling in TME from multiple directions.

Investigation of Micro-volume Viscosity with Janus Microbeads Based on Rotational Brownian Motion.

Viscosity is an important property of liquids. A viscosity change of aqueous substances that deviates from their normal levels usually implies a compromise in quality due to degradation or microorganism proliferation. Monitoring of macro-scale viscosity can be simply realized by various conventional tools, such as rotational viscometers, capillary tubes, falling bodies, and so forth. Nevertheless, today, micro-volume viscosity measurement remains a challenging endeavor, resulting in rare, expensive, or difficult-to-obtain samples not very well studied. For this reason, a novel technique for micro-viscosity based on rotational Brownian motion is presented in this paper. Janus microbeads were made by coating fluorescent polystyrene beads with gold film. Taking advantage of the bead configuration of half gold/half fluorescence, the rotational Brownian signal was expressed in terms of blinking fluorescent intensity. The characteristic correlation time was derived from the blinking intensity of trace amounts of a selected medium over a certain time period, and results were correlated with viscosity. Given a volume of only 2 µL for each measurement, calibration of a series of glycerol⁻water mixtures (100%⁻1% (v/v) water content) yielded good agreement with the expected viscosity predictions over the range of 0.8⁻574.8 cP. Five common oil products, including lubricant oil, baby oil, food oil, olive oil, and motor oil, were further investigated to demonstrate the feasibility and practicability of the proposed technique. Data measured by the rotational Brownian motion-based diffusometer were comparable with those measured by a commercial rotational viscometer. The method also explicitly showed viscosity degradation after the oils were heated at a high temperature of over 100 °C for 10 min. Evaluation proved the proposed Janus microbead-enabled rotational diffusometric technique to be a promising approach for rapid and micro-scale viscosity measurement.

Strengthening of back muscles using a module of flexible strain sensors.

This research aims at developing a flexible strain module applied to the strengthening of back muscles. Silver films were sputtered onto flexible substrates to produce a flexible sensor. Assuming that back muscle elongation is positively correlated with the variations in skin surface length, real-time resistance changes exhibited by the sensor during simulated training sessions were measured. The results were used to identify the relationship between resistance change of sensors and skin surface stretch. In addition, muscle length changes from ultrasound images were used to determine the feasibility of a proof of concept sensor. Furthermore, this module is capable of detecting large muscle contractions, some of which may be undesirable for the prescribed training strategy. Therefore, the developed module can facilitate real-time assessments of the movement accuracy of users during training, and the results are instantly displayed on a screen. People using the developed training system can immediately adjust their posture to the appropriate position. Thus, the training mechanism can be constructed to help user improve the efficiency of back muscle strengthening.

The influence of Chinese typography on information dissemination in graphic design: based on eye-tracking data.

The arrangement of Chinese characters has a significant impact on the visual effect and information dissemination in graphic design. In traditional Chinese layout, vertical arrangement of characters is predominant, but in recent times, there has been a gradual transition towards horizontal arrangement. To compare the influence of different character arrangement forms on visual meaning generation and information dissemination, This study employed an eye-tracking experiment to investigate two common Chinese character layouts in posters-horizontal and vertical, and collected data such as eye-tracking heatmap, pupil diameter and eye-tracking trajectory map. Based on objective eye-tracking data, combined with post-test interviews and questionnaire surveys, it was found that vertical character arrangement in Chinese typography is more effective in attracting visual attention and facilitating the expression and stimulating interest in viewing/reading under the premise of meeting formal requirements, which may provide guidance and inspiration for the practical application of Chinese characters in layout design, advertising design, packaging design, exhibition design, UI design, and other related fields.

A Full-Scale Analysis of Absorption Edges in Dye-Doped Nonlinear Optical Polymers.

A full-scale analysis of the absorption edges by modified Tauc-Lorentz models is essential in determining the optical bandgap and Urbach energy of semiconductors, transparent conductors, ionic compounds, and dielectric materials. This technique has not yet been applied to analyzing organic nonlinear optical (NLO) materials. This problem is tackled by preparing high-quality films of guest-host NLO polymers with a wide thickness range from sub-micron to 200 microns, allowing accurate measurement of full-spectral absorption coefficients of NLO materials over four orders of magnitude by the UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy. The Tauc model and a new Monolog-Lorentz model are used to study the optical absorption edge of guest-host NLO polymers containing various push-pull chromophores and the dependence of optical bandgap and Urbach edge on the structure and composition of materials is analyzed. The results reveal the critical transition of the Urbach exponential tail to a low energy tail that overlaps with vibrational overtones of materials at the telecom wavelengths. Determining the fundamental absorption region of organic NLO films in this study provides quantitative insight into the research to harness the resonance-enhanced nonlinear coefficients of materials by operating at the wavelengths near the band edge with the control of optical loss.

An Investigation of the Magnitude of the Role of Different Plant Species in Grassland Communities on Species Diversity, China.

In this study, we selected four grassland plots in Altai forest area and used the field survey method of "two-valued occurrence" to obtain the occurrence data of each plant species in the plots so as to calculate the species diversity index value of the community as a whole and the species diversity index value of each plant species not present in the community and to make use of the difference between these two diversity indices to determine the role of each plant species in the overall species diversity of the community. The difference between these two diversity indices was used to investigate the role of each plant species in the overall species diversity of the community. The results show the following: (1) In the grassland of the Altai forest area in Xinjiang, Asteraceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae, Polygonaceae, and Rosaceae are the dominant families, among which the genera Puccinellia Parl, Taraxacum, Pharbitis, Lactuca, Geranium, and Alchemilla are the dominant genera. (2) The plant species with the greatest contribution to species diversity in the four grassland samples was not the first dominant species of the community, but rather the plant species whose dominance was in the second to sixth position. (3) The first dominant species was overwhelmingly dominant in the four sample plots, and it served to increase the overall diversity of the community. (4) The overall trend in the size of the role of species in diversity is unimodal, i.e., logarithmically increasing to a maximum as species dominance decreases and then exponentially or linearly decreasing and eventually converging to zero. The synthesis showed that it was not the first dominant species that played the largest role in species diversity in the different grassland communities and that the overwhelmingly dominant species reduced the species diversity of the community.

Exploring Favorable Supramolecular Interactions of Multifluorinated Aromatics in Dendronized Push-Pull Chromophores for Electro-Optics.

Multifluorinated aromatics serve as supramolecular synthons in the research of organic electro-optic (EO) materials by exploiting π-π stacking interaction between the aromatic hydrocarbon and multifluorinated aromatic groups for performance improvement. However, non-classical hydrogen bonding remains largely unexplored in fluorinated EO dendrimers. In this study, three Fréchet-type generation 1 benzyl ether co-dendrons were synthesized by replacing one benzyl group with 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzyl (p-HF4Bz), pentafluorobenzyl (C6F5Bz), and 2,3,4,5-tetrafluorobenzyl (o-HF4Bz) groups, to afford the benzoic acid derivatives D1, D2, and D3, which were further bonded to the donor and π-bridge moieties to afford three co-dendronized push-pull phenyltetraene chromophores EOD1, EOD2, and EOD3, respectively. The weak C-H⋅⋅⋅X (X=O, F) interactions in the crystal structure of D1 cumulatively add to the benzoic acid dimers to form an extended hydrogen-bonded network, while D2 is crystallized into a centric one-dimensional chain with strong intermolecular interactions. The poled films of EOD1 with PMMA exhibited the largest and most stable EO activity with optical homogeneity among the series. The results identify the effectiveness of weak but favorable hydrogen bonds enabled by the enhanced carbon acidity of p-HF4Bz synthon in D1, over the interactions in D2 and D3, for the rational design of supramolecular EO dendrimers.

Neutral Cyanine: Ultra-Stable NIR-II Merocyanines for Highly Efficient Bioimaging and Tumor-Targeted Phototheranostics.

Fluorescence imaging (FLI)-guided phototheranostics using emission from the second near-infrared (NIR-II) window show significant potential for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Clinical imaging-used polymethine ionic indocyanine green (ICG) dye is widely adopted for NIR fluorescence imaging-guided photothermal therapy (PTT) research due to its exceptional photophysical properties. However, ICG has limitations such as poor photostability, low photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE), short-wavelength emission peak, and liver-targeting issues, which restrict its wider use. In this study, two ionic ICG derivatives are transformed into neutral merocyanines (mCy) to achieve much-enhanced performance for NIR-II cancer phototheranostics. Initial designs of two ionic dyes show similar drawbacks as ICG in terms of poor photostability and low photothermal performance. One of the modified neutral molecules, mCy890, shows significantly improved stability, an emission peak over 1000 nm, and a high photothermal PCE of 51%, all considerably outperform ICG. In vivo studies demonstrate that nanoparticles of the mCy890 can effectively accumulate at the tumor sites for cancer photothermal therapy guided by NIR-II fluorescence imaging. This research provides valuable insights into the development of neutral merocyanines for enhanced cancer phototheranostics.

Microbiota enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis-secreted BFT-1 promotes breast cancer cell stemness and chemoresistance through its functional receptor NOD1.

Tumor-resident microbiota in breast cancer promotes cancer initiation and malignant progression. However, targeting microbiota to improve the effects of breast cancer therapy has not been investigated in detail. Here, we evaluated the microbiota composition of breast tumors and found that enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF) was highly enriched in the tumors of patients who did not respond to taxane-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy. ETBF, albeit at low biomass, secreted the toxic protein BFT-1 to promote breast cancer cell stemness and chemoresistance. Mechanistic studies showed that BFT-1 directly bound to NOD1 and stabilized NOD1 protein. NOD1 was highly expressed on ALDH+ breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) and cooperated with GAK to phosphorylate NUMB and promote its lysosomal degradation, thereby activating the NOTCH1-HEY1 signaling pathway to increase BCSCs. NOD1 inhibition and ETBF clearance increase the chemosensitivity of breast cancer by impairing BCSCs.

New exploration of creativity: Cross-validation analysis of the factors influencing multiteam digital creativity in the transition phase.

Multiteam digital creativity (MTDC) is a new domain of creativity study that fits the new developments of the digital era, thus scholars have called for exploring MTDC in the fine-graining phase. This paper responds to this call, and adopts two studies and cross-validation analysis to explore the theoretical framework of the impact factors of MTDC in the transition phase. Study 1 adopts the qualitative analysis method of rooted theory to explore a more comprehensive impact factor and to maximize the new theory's saturation. Study 2 adopts the CL-WG DEMATEL method, one analysis method of group decision-making and optimized concept lattice, which could cross-validation analyze the results of Study 1 and further determine the importance of the factors. The results of the studies indicate that the influencing factors of MTDC are multilevel, and the factors such as the organizational digital climate, team psychological empowerment, individual digital cognition and emotion, and leadership competence have greater impacts on MTDC. This indicates that the transition phase has a unique internal mechanism. This paper constructs a theoretical framework of factors influencing MTDC in the transition phase and provides new theoretical and practical references for how organizations could fully stimulate MTDC in the digital era. In addition, the cross-validated analytical method further enriches the study tools in the domain of organizational behavior.

The developments of cyan emitting phosphors to fulfill the cyan emission gap of white-LEDs.

Future generations of solid-state lighting (SSL) will prioritize the development of innovative luminescent materials with superior characteristics. The phosphors converted into white light-emitting diodes (white LEDs) often have a blue-green cavity. Cyan-emitting phosphor fills the spectral gap and produces "full-visible-spectrum lighting." Full-visible spectrum lighting is beneficial for several purposes, such as light therapy, plant growth, and promoting an active and healthy lifestyle. The design of cyan garnet-type phosphors, like Ca2LuHf2Al3O12 (CLHAO), has recently been the subject of interest. This review study reports a useful cyan-emitting phosphor based on CLHAO composition with a garnet structure to have a cyan-to-green emitting color with good energy transfer. It could be employed as cyan filler in warm-white LED manufacturing. Due to its stability, ability to dope with various ions suitable for their desired qualities, and ease of synthesis, this garnet-like compound is a great host material for rare-earth ions. The development of CLHAO cyan-emitting phosphors has exceptionally high luminescence, resulting in high CRI and warm-white LEDs, making them a viable desire for LED manufacturing. The development of CLHAO cyan-emitting phosphors with diverse synthesis techniques, along with their properties and applications in white LEDs, are extensively covered in this review paper.

Push-Pull Heptamethines Near the Cyanine Limit Exhibiting Large Quadratic Electro-Optic Effect.

Harnessing the quadratic electro-optic (QEO) of near-infrared polymethine chromophores over broad telecom wavelength bands is a subject of immense potential but remains largely under-investigated. Herein a series of push-pull heptamethines containing the tricyanofuran (TCF) acceptors and indoline or benzo[e]indoline donors are reported. These dipolar chromophores can attain a highly delocalized "cyanine-like" electronic ground state in solvents spanning a wide range of polarities, in some cases even closer to the ideal polymethine state than symmetrical cyanines. A transmission-mode electromodulation spectroscopy is used to study the electric-field-induced changes in optical absorption and refraction of polymer films doped with heptamethine chromophores, and large and thermally stable QEO effect with high efficiency-loss figure-of-merits that compare favorably to those from dipolar polyenes in poled or unpoled polymers and III-V semiconductors is obtained. The study opens a path for developing organic materials based on cyanine-like merocyanines for complementary metal oxide semiconductor -compatible, fast, efficient, and low-loss electro-optic modulation.

Exploration of Digital Creativity: Construction of the Multiteam Digital Creativity Influencing Factor Model in the Action Phase.

Based on multiteam system (MTS) theory and creativity theory, this study explores the influencing factor model of multiteam digital creativity (MTDC) in the action phase through two cross-validation studies, filling a theoretical gap and responding to the research call. Study 1 is a qualitative analysis method to fully explore the relevant influencing factors and enhance the theoretical saturation. Study 2 is an optimized DEMATEL method, known as the CL-WG DEMATEL analysis method, which cross-validates the new theoretical model and measures the centrality of the influencing factors. This study finds that the influence factor model of MTDC has eight major factors and distributes in four different levels. Further analysis shows that the three influences (team digital ability, multiteam digital sharing, and organizational digital resource matching) with the highest centrality of impact on MTDC all belong to the collective level, which indicates the uniqueness of the action phase of the performance episodes. The two cross-validation studies enhance the scientific validity of the new theoretical exploration. In addition, Theoretical and practical implications of the results are presented, and future directions for research are discussed.

Development of a Self-Viscosity and Temperature-Compensated Technique for Highly Stable and Highly Sensitive Bead-Based Diffusometry.

Brownian motion, which is a natural phenomenon, has attracted numerous researchers and received extensive studies over the past decades. The effort contributes to the discovery of optical diffusometry, which is commonly used for micro/nano particle sizing. However, the analysis uncertainty caused by the coupling relationship among particle diameter, temperature, and fluid viscosity usually poses a barrier to precise measurement. Preventing random background noise becomes the key to achieving a high level of accuracy in diffusometry detection. Recently, Janus particles have become known as an ideal tool for resolving the rotational Brownian motion. Followed by our previous study, the rotational Brownian motion and the translational Brownian motion can be separately measured using the Janus particles. Accordingly, a simple self-viscosity and temperature-compensated technique based on the delicate removal of temperature and fluid viscosity variations through particle tracking was first proposed in this study. Consequently, the translational Brownian motion was expressed in terms of particle trajectory, whereas the rotational Brownian motion was expressed in terms of the blinking signal from the Janus particles. The algorithm was verified simulatively and experimentally in temperature (10 °C to 40 °C) and viscosity-controlled (1 mPa·s to 5 mPa·s) fields. In an evaluation of biosensing for a target protein, IFN-γ, the limit of detection of the proposed self-compensated diffusometry reached 0.45 pg/mL, whereas its uncertainties of viscosity and temperature were 96 and 15-fold lower than the pure the rotational Brownian motion counterpart, respectively. The results indicated the low-uncertainty and high-accuracy biosensing capability resulting from the self-viscosity and temperature-compensated technique. This research will provide a potential alternative to future similar bead-based immunosensing, which requires ultra-high stability and sensitivity.