Formation and Evolution of aqSOA from Aqueous-Phase Reactions of Phenolic Carbonyls: Comparison between Ammonium Sulfate and Ammonium Nitrate Solutions.

We investigate the effects of sulfate and nitrate on the formation and evolution of secondary organic aerosol formed in the aqueous phase (aqSOA) from photooxidation of two phenolic carbonyls emitted from wood burning. AqSOA was formed efficiently from the photooxidation of both syringaldehyde (C9H10O4) and acetosyringone (C10H12O4) in ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate solutions, with mass yields ranging from 30% to 120%. Positive matrix factorization on the organic mass spectra acquired by an Aerosol Mass Spectrometer revealed a combination of functionalization, oligomerization, and fragmentation processes in the chemical evolution of aqSOA. Functionalization and oligomerization dominated in the first 4 h of reaction, with phenolic oligomers and their derivatives significantly contributing to aqSOA formation; and oxidation of the first-generation products led to an abundance of oxygenated ring-opening products. Degradation rates of syringaldehyde and acetosyringone in nitrate solutions were 1.5 and 3.5 times faster than rates in sulfate solutions, and aqSOA yields in nitrate experiments are twice as high as in sulfate experiments. Nitrate likely promoted the reactions because it is a photolytic source of OH radicals, while sulfate is not, highlighting the importance of aerosol-phase nitrate in the formation of aqSOA by facilitating the photooxidation of organic precursors.

Coaching patients during pulmonary function testing: A practical guide.

Pulmonary function tests are an important tool to assist in the diagnosis and management of patients with respiratory disease. Ensuring that the tests are of acceptable quality is vital. Acceptable pulmonary function test quality requires, among others, optimal patient performance. Optimal patient performance, in turn, requires adequate coaching from registered respiratory therapists (RRTs) and other pulmonary function laboratory personnel. The present article provides techniques and tips to help RRTs coach patients during testing. The authors briefly review the components of pulmonary function testing, then describe factors that may hinder a patient's performance, list common mistakes that patients make during testing, and provide tips that RRTs can use to help patients optimize their performance.

L'exploration fonctionnelle pulmonaire est un outil important pour contribuer au diagnostic et à la prise en charge des patients atteints d'une maladie respiratoire. Il est essentiel de s'assurer que les tests sont d'une qualité acceptable. Pour parvenir à une analyse des explorations fonctionnelles respiratoires de qualité acceptable, il faut, entre autres, obtenir le rendement optimal du patient. Pour ce faire, l'inhalothérapeute et le reste du personnel du laboratoire de fonction pulmonaire doivent donner des conseils pertinents. Le présent article présente des techniques et des trucs pour aider les inhalothérapeutes à conseiller les patients pendant les tests. Les auteurs analysent brièvement les éléments de l'exploration fonctionnelle pulmonaire, décrivent les facteurs qui nuisent au rendement du patient, énumèrent les erreurs courantes que font les patients pendant les tests et donnent des conseils que les inhalothérapeutes peuvent utiliser pour aider les patients à optimiser leur rendement.

Harmonization of clinical practice guidelines for primary prevention and screening: actionable recommendations and resources for primary care.

BACKGROUND: Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) synthesize high-quality information to support evidence-based clinical practice. In primary care, numerous CPGs must be integrated to address the needs of patients with multiple risks and conditions. The BETTER program aims to improve prevention and screening for cancer and chronic disease in primary care by synthesizing CPGs into integrated, actionable recommendations. We describe the process used to harmonize high-quality cancer and chronic disease prevention and screening (CCDPS) CPGs to update the BETTER program. METHODS: A review of CPG databases, repositories, and grey literature was conducted to identify international and Canadian (national and provincial) CPGs for CCDPS in adults 40-69 years of age across 19 topic areas: cancers, cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, hepatitis C, obesity, osteoporosis, depression, and associated risk factors (i.e., diet, physical activity, alcohol, cannabis, drug, tobacco, and vaping/e-cigarette use). CPGs published in English between 2016 and 2021, applicable to adults, and containing CCDPS recommendations were included. Guideline quality was assessed using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) II tool and a three-step process involving patients, health policy, content experts, primary care providers, and researchers was used to identify and synthesize recommendations. RESULTS: We identified 51 international and Canadian CPGs and 22 guidelines developed by provincial organizations that provided relevant CCDPS recommendations. Clinical recommendations were extracted and reviewed for inclusion using the following criteria: 1) pertinence to primary prevention and screening, 2) relevance to adults ages 40-69, and 3) applicability to diverse primary care settings. Recommendations were synthesized and integrated into the BETTER toolkit alongside resources to support shared decision-making and care paths for the BETTER program. CONCLUSIONS: Comprehensive care requires the ability to address a person's overall health. An approach to identify high-quality clinical guidance to comprehensively address CCDPS is described. The process used to synthesize and harmonize implementable clinical recommendations may be useful to others wanting to integrate evidence across broad content areas to provide comprehensive care. The BETTER toolkit provides resources that clearly and succinctly present a breadth of clinical evidence that providers can use to assist with implementing CCDPS guidance in primary care.

The development of a standardized software platform to support provincial population-based cancer outcomes units for multiple tumour sites: OaSIS - Outcomes and Surveillance Integration System.

Understanding the impact of treatment policies on patient outcomes is essential in improving all aspects of patient care. The BC Cancer Agency is a provincial program that provides cancer care on a population basis for 4.5 million residents. The Lung and Head & Neck Tumour Groups planned to create a generic yet comprehensive software infrastructure that could be used by all Tumour Groups: the Outcomes and Surveillance Integration System (OaSIS). The primary goal was the development of an integrated database that will amalgamate existing provincial data warehouses of varying datasets and provide the infrastructure to support additional routes of data entry, including clinicians from multiple-disciplines, quality of life and survivorship data from patients, and three dimensional dosimetric information archived from the radiotherapy planning and delivery systems. The primary goal is to be able to capture any data point related to patient characteristics, disease factors, treatment details and survivorship, from the point of diagnosis onwards. Through existing and novel data-mining techniques, OaSIS will support unique population based research activities by promoting collaborative interactions between the research centre, clinical activities at the cancer treatment centres and other institutions. This will also facilitate initiatives to improve patient outcomes, decision support in achieving operational efficiencies and an environment that supports knowledge generation.

Exploring placement pathways in nurse education.

As community-based care has developed in line with current policy towards integrated care, some hospital placement capacity for student health professionals has been lost as a result of service reorganisation. However, student nurses and allied health professionals need to gain a broad range of experience to prepare them for the complex and rapidly changing environments they will be entering as qualified professionals. Placement pathways constitute a means of offering the knowledge and skills to enter the profession in challenging times. This study explored, by means of a literature search and interviews with key stakeholders, the challenges and opportunities offered by placement pathways. The findings are presented and the work being done as a result, including an the introduction of an electronic placement pathway tool, are discussed.

Factors leading to overutilisation of hospital pathology testing: the junior doctor's perspective.

Objective Pathology overutilisation is a significant issue affecting the quality and cost of health care. Because junior medical officers (JMOs) order most pathology tests in the hospital setting, the aim of the present study was to identify the main reasons for hospital pathology overutilisation from the perspective of the JMO. Methods A qualitative method, using focus group methodology, was undertaken. Sixteen JMOs from two hospitals participated in three focus groups. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Results Three major themes contributed to overutilisation: the real and perceived expectations of senior colleagues, the level of JMO clinical experience and strategies to manage JMO workload around clinical systems. Within these themes, 12 subthemes were identified. Conclusions Overutilisation of hospital pathology testing occurs when there are high social costs to JMOs for underordering, with little cost for overordering. Interventions should restore this balance through reframing overutilisation as both a costly and potentially harmful activity, promoting a supportive culture with regular senior guidance, and addressing clinical systems in which missed tests create an excessive workload. What is known about the topic? Mean overutilisation rates of pathology testing are reported to be as high as 44%. Although numerous studies have reported successful efforts to decrease hospital pathology overutilisation, no primary research was identified that examined the JMO perspective on this subject. What does this paper add? Clinical need is not the primary factor guiding the pathology-ordering decisions of junior practitioners; rather, medical team culture, limited JMO experience and systems factors have a significant role. What are the implications for practitioners? The social and behavioural determinants of pathology ordering must be considered to achieve appropriate pathology test utilisation. These include senior medical officer engagement, the guidance of JMOs and clinical workflows.

Effects of nocturnal noninvasive mechanical ventilation on heart rate variability of patients with advanced COPD.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular comorbidities have a negative impact on the health status and prognosis of patients with COPD. We determined whether nocturnal noninvasive (positive) mechanical ventilation (NIMV) can improve heart rate variability (HRV), decrease circulating natriuretic peptide levels, and improve functional performance of patients with very advanced COPD. METHODS: A randomized, double-blind, parallel controlled trial was conducted in 23 participants with stable but advanced COPD. Participants received standard medical therapy plus nocturnal NIMV or standard medical therapy plus sham NIMV for 3 months. RESULTS: After 3 months of NIMV therapy, the 24-h triangular interpolation of N-N intervals increased from 322 to 473 ms (p = 0.034), the 24-h HRV index (HRVI) increased from 21.8 to 29.9 ms (p = 0.035), nocturnal HRVI increased from 6.1 to 8.0 ms (p = 0.026), and the SD of the average N-N interval increased from 37 to 41 ms (p = 0.020). None of these indexes changed significantly in the control group. Additionally, compared with the control group, the pro-atrial natriuretic peptide levels declined significantly in the NIMV group (p = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS: NIMV applied nocturnally over 3 months may improve HRV, reduce circulating natriuretic peptide levels, and enhance the functional performance of patients with advanced but stable COPD. While not definitive due to small sample size, these data suggest that nocturnal NIMV may reduce the impact of cardiac comorbidities in COPD patients.

Highly conserved pattern of recognition of influenza A wild-type and variant CD8+ CTL epitopes in HLA-A2+ humans and transgenic HLA-A2+/H2 class I-deficient mice.

As an in vivo model for studying human MHC (HLA) class I-restricted CTL responses to viral infection, we established a series of HLA Tg mice expressing HLA-A2, -B7 or -B27 human/mouse hybrid genes on a background deficient for H2 class I (Tg HLA(hyb)/H2 class I DKO). To determine whether CTL recognition of influenza A (flu) infection in Tg HLA-A2(hyb)/H2 DKO mice is similar to HLA-A2+ humans, we compared the HLA-A2-restricted Tg mouse and human CD8+ T-cell responses to an immunodominant flu epitope (wild-type [WT] M1 58-66), as well as a variant of this peptide (var. M1 58-66). Similar to HLA-A2+ humans, our results show WT M1 58-66 is likely the dominant CTL epitope recognized in infected Tg HLA-A2(hyb)/H2 DKO mice. Var. M1 58-66 was also recognized by WT peptide-reactive T cells from both HLA-A2+ humans and Tg mice, although slightly less efficiently than WT M1 58-66 in both cases. Reduced variant recognition was shown to be associated with reduced peptide/A2 binding, as well as a more limited repertoire of utilized TCR Vbeta chains. The similar pattern of recognition and cross reaction observed here for the WT and variant M1 58-66 epitopes with HLA-A2 by human and Tg HLA mouse CTLs indicates that A2-dependent events of Ag processing, presentation and recognition are well-conserved between species. These findings demonstrate that this Tg HLA-A2/H2 DKO model will aid identification and development of epitopes as vaccines for numerous viral and tumor antigens for the HLA-A2 supertype.

Accessory protein-like is essential for IL-18-mediated signaling.

IL-18 is an essential cytokine for both innate and adaptive immunity. Signaling by IL-18 requires IL-18Ralpha, which binds specifically to the ligand and contains sequence homology to IL-1R and TLRs. It is well established that IL-1R signaling requires an accessory cell surface protein, AcP. Other accessory proteins also exist with roles in regulating TLR signaling, but some have inhibitory functions. An AcP-like molecule (AcPL) has been identified with the ability to cooperate with IL-18Ralpha in vitro; however, the physiological function of AcPL remains unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that IL-18 signals are abolished in AcPL-deficient mice and cells. Splenocytes from mutant mice fail to respond to IL-18-induced proliferation and IFN-gamma production. In particular, Th1 cells lacking AcPL fail to produce IFN-gamma in response to IL-18. AcPL-deficient neutrophils also fail to respond to IL-18-induced activation and cytokine production. Furthermore, AcPL is required for NK-mediated cytotoxicity induced by in vivo IL-18 stimulation. However, AcPL is dispensable for the activation or inhibition of IL-1R and the various TLR signals that we have examined. These results suggest that AcPL is a critical and specific cell surface receptor that is required for IL-18 signaling.