Global Left Ventricular Relaxation: A Useful Echocardiographic Marker of Heart Transplant Rejection and Recovery in Children.

BACKGROUND: Tissue Doppler velocities are impaired after heart transplantation and further diminished in acute rejection. METHODS: Left ventricular relaxation index (LVRI) was calculated as the sum of E' of the left ventricular lateral, septal and posterior walls divided by left ventricular posterior wall (LVPW) thinning (LVRI = E' lateral + E' septal + E' posterior/[systolic LVPW - diastolic LVPW/systolic LVPW]). On the basis of a prior study, LVRI > 0.8 was considered normal after transplantation. Serial LVRI measurements (n = 941) were analyzed in a total of 35 patients who underwent transplantation. The sensitivity and specificity of LVRI < 0.8 for detecting rejection were calculated. LVRI was compared at baseline, at diagnosis of rejection, and at recovery after rejection treatment for each patient. The potential role of ischemic graft time, pretransplantation waiting period, and pretransplantation diagnosis on LVRI recovery was also assessed. RESULTS: LVRI was low early after transplantation (mean, 0.69) normalizing (mean, 0.91) at a median of 39.6 days (range, 5-115 days) after transplantation. Fifteen episodes of rejection were seen in 11 patients. LVRI was lower at diagnosis of rejection compared with baseline (P = .0013). LVRI < 0.8 had 93.3% sensitivity (95% CI, 68%-99.8%) and 89.5% specificity (95% CI, 67%-99%) for detecting all rejection. LVRI recovered at a mean of 28.3 days after onset of treatment. No correlation was found to ischemic graft time, to pretransplantation waiting period, or to pretransplantation diagnosis. CONCLUSION: After the early posttransplantation period, serial measurements of LVRI appear to be a useful echocardiographic marker of heart transplantation rejection in children and of the effectiveness of rejection treatment. As such, this method may be of value in the ongoing clinical management of these difficult patients.

Too fat or too thin? Body habitus assessment in children listed for heart transplant and impact on outcome.

BACKGROUND: Body habitus assessment (BHA), be it wasted or obese, is a useful marker of nutritional status and overall medical condition. Wasting and obesity pre-heart transplant adversely affects outcomes in adults. The utility of BHA as a prognostic factor in children post-transplant is unknown. METHODS: Weight and height at listing and standard growth charts were used to determine the ideal body weight (%IBW) and percentiles for body mass index for age (BMI%) and weight-for-length (W:L%). Wasting was defined as <90%IBW and/or 120%IBW and/or >or=95th percentile BMI% or W:L%. Outcomes of cohorts based on these criteria were compared. RESULTS: From June 1990 to December 2006, 180 children, aged 5.81 +/- 6 years, were listed for transplant. Wasting occurred in 66 (37%) and obesity in 22 (12%) children, without differences between diagnoses of cardiomyopathy or congenital heart disease. %IBW was a prognostic factor for survival post-transplant on multivariate analysis: obese patients had a hazard ratio (HR) of 3.82 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.81 to 8.06) compared with normal BHA (p < 0.001). Wasting had a survival advantage compared with normal BHA (HR 0.51, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.94, p = 0.032). There were no significant differences between cohorts in incidence of infections, first-year rejections or graft vasculopathy. CONCLUSIONS: Abnormal BHA at listing was a prognostic factor for survival post-transplant. Obese children had increased mortality, but wasting did not adversely affect post-transplant survival in our population. Body habitus assessment may risk-stratify children at listing, potentially providing a complex target for intervention.