RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy is one of the leading causes of adverse infant outcomes. Black women are disproportionately affected by hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, and it associated adverse outcomes. Adequate prenatal care may improve adverse infant outcomes. However, the evidence on adequate prenatal care improving birth outcomes for women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy especially for Blacks is limited. This study examined the role of adequate prenatal care and race/ethnicity as moderators of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy on infant outcomes. METHODS: The sample was obtained from the 2016-2019 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring Surveillance dataset from North Carolina. We compared adequate prenatal care among women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (n = 610) to women without(n = 2,827), and women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy with adequate prenatal care to women hypertensive disorders of pregnancy with inadequate prenatal care. RESULTS: The weighted prevalence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy was 14.1%. Adequate prenatal care was associated with better infant outcomes for low birth weight (AOR = 0.72; 95% CI = 0.58, 0.90) and preterm birth (AOR = 0.62; 95% CI = 0.46, 0.82). Although these effects were not moderated by Black race/ethnicity, Black women independently also had worse outcomes for preterm birth (AOR = 1.59; 95% CI = 1.11, 2.28) and low birth weight (AOR = 1.81; 95% CI = 1.42, 2.29). CONCLUSIONS: Moderation of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy effects on infant outcomes by prenatal care and race/ethnicity was not found. Women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy who received inadequate prenatal care experienced worse adverse birth outcomes compared to women without hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Strategies to improve prenatal care, particularly among underserved populations at risk for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, need to be a public health priority.
Asunto(s)
Hipertensión Inducida en el Embarazo , Nacimiento Prematuro , Embarazo , Recién Nacido , Lactante , Femenino , Humanos , Atención Prenatal , Resultado del Embarazo/epidemiología , Nacimiento Prematuro/epidemiología , Hipertensión Inducida en el Embarazo/epidemiología , EtnicidadRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Black mothers and their very low birth-weight infants in the United States have increased risk of adverse neonatal and maternal health outcomes compared with White mothers and infants. Disparities in adverse birth outcomes associated with sociodemographic factors are difficult to quantify and modify, limiting their usefulness in assessing intervention effects. PURPOSE: To test hypotheses that (1) the biological factors of maternal testosterone and cortisol are associated with sociodemographic factors and (2) both factors are associated with neonatal health and maternal mental health and healthy behaviors between birth and 40 weeks' gestational age. METHODS: We used a descriptive, longitudinal design. Eighty-eight mothers and very low birth-weight neonates were recruited from a tertiary medical center in the United States. Data on sociodemographic factors and neonatal health were collected from medical records. Maternal mental health and healthy behaviors were collected with questionnaires. Maternal salivary testosterone and cortisol levels were measured using enzyme immunoassays. Data were analyzed primarily using general linear and mixed models. RESULTS: High testosterone and/or low cortisol levels were associated with younger age, less education, enrollment in a federal assistance program, being unmarried, being Black, poorer neonatal health, and delayed physical growth. Low cortisol level was related to higher levels of depressive symptoms. Black mothers had fewer healthy behaviors than White mothers. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE AND RESEARCH: Findings confirm that biological factors are associated with sociodemographic factors, and both are associated with neonatal health and maternal mental health and healthy behaviors. We propose using sociodemographic and biological factors concurrently to identify risk and develop and evaluate ante- and postpartum interventions.Video abstract available athttps://journals.na.lww.com/advancesinneonatalcare/Pages/videogallery.aspx?autoPlay=false&videoId=59.
Asunto(s)
Hidrocortisona , Madres , Factores Biológicos , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Recién Nacido de muy Bajo Peso , Madres/psicología , Testosterona , Estados Unidos/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Hospitalization of a newborn infant is stressful for all mothers. Hospitals in Malawi have limited nursing staff and support, so mothers are the primary care providers for their hospitalized infants. Few studies have explored the experience of these mothers as both care providers and mothers. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of mothers during the hospitalization of the infant. The goal was to increase knowledge of their primary concerns about the hospital stay. METHODS: This was a descriptive qualitative study conducted at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital in Malawi. Mothers were interviewed prior to their infant's discharge. We used the directed content analysis approach to analyze our data. RESULTS: Twenty mothers of preterm or full-term infants were interviewed. The primary concerns were perinatal experiences, the infant's condition and care including breastfeeding, support from family members, and support and care from healthcare providers. Additionally, mothers of preterm infants were concerned about the burdens of kangaroo mother care. IMPLICATION FOR PRACTICE: In hospitals that provide limited nursing support to mothers and their infants, it is important to identify a support system for the mother and provide mothers with information on infant care. IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH: Future research should identify specific supports and resources in the community and hospital settings that are associated with positive hospital experiences.
Asunto(s)
Método Madre-Canguro , Madres , Lactancia Materna , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Recien Nacido Prematuro , Alta del Paciente , Atención Posnatal , EmbarazoRESUMEN
Purpose: Family support is essential for women with preterm infants during hospitalization. In low-income countries, the additional burden of infant care due to shortages in nursing staff necessitates that family members (guardians) be physically present to care for woman and the infant. The purpose of this study was to explore the types of support that Malawian women of preterm infants need during hospitalization. Methods: This descriptive qualitative study was conducted at a tertiary level hospital in southern Malawi. We recruited 15 women with preterm infants during hospitalization and conducted in-depth interviews. Data was audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using NVivo. Results: The postpartum women participating this study preferred females and members of the maternal side of their family for guardians. Participants' support needs included physical, financial, emotional, and spiritual support. Barriers such as financial constraints and the lack of accommodations for guardians had left the participants without support persons physically present to help them.
Asunto(s)
Familia , Recien Nacido Prematuro , Recién Nacido , Lactante , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Hospitalización , Cuidado del Lactante , Centros de Atención TerciariaRESUMEN
AIMS: The aim of the study was to develop and psychometrically test a new instrument to measure the scope of school nursing practice. DESIGN: Methodological study. METHODS: Data were collected in Spring 2018. Frontline school nurses in the United States (N = 3099) completed the 39-item Scope of School Nursing Practice Tool (SSNPT) with two domains (current practice and importance to practice). One half of sample data (N1 = 1521) were used for exploratory factor analysis, item analysis, Cronbach's alpha, and Spearman-Brown to estimate validity and reliability of the instrument. Sample data from the other half (N2 = 1578) were retained for future analysis. RESULTS: Factor analysis resulted in a stable four-dimension solution: (A) Using the Nursing Process; (B) Applying Evidence to Improve Practice; (C) Connecting with Community; and (D) Leveraging the School and Family Team, accounting for 50.48% (current practice) and 53.31% (importance to practice) of total variance. Cronbach's alpha and Spearman-Brown ranged from .73 to .90 and .73 to .92, respectively. Item-total correlations ranged from .36 to .82. CONCLUSION: Initial psychometric properties indicate the new SSNPT is valid and reliable to assess the scope of practice of frontline school nurses. IMPACT: School nurses play a key role in population health and frequently serve as the sole provider of healthcare in schools worldwide. However, variability in school nursing practice affects the health, safety and educational outcomes of children and youth. No instrument exists that measures the scope of practice of school nurses. Frontline school nurses can use the SSNPT to assess practice, school nurse administrators can use the tool for resource utilization and school nurse researchers can use the tool to examine school nursing practices' impact on student/community health and academic outcomes. The SSNPT may provide a template for others who wish to examine specialty nursing scope of practice.
Asunto(s)
Enfermeras y Enfermeros , Alcance de la Práctica , Adolescente , Niño , Humanos , Psicometría , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Instituciones Académicas , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
A gap analysis was used to examine the scope of school nursing practice in the United States. An investigator-developed 39-item self-assessment survey of scope of school nursing practice was modified from an existing validated tool, organized around the five principles of the National Association of School Nurses' Framework: Standards of Practice, Quality Improvement, Care Coordination, Community/Public Health, and Leadership and also explored barriers to practice. The survey was sent to a national convenience sample of practicing school nurses. The survey was completed by 3,108 practicing school nurses. Gaps were identified for all principles and were greatest for Quality Improvement and Community/Public Health practice. All practice items were rated more important than the ability to practice that item (p < .001). Self-identified barriers including workload, school/district expectations, and state regulations accounted for significant variances in practice across four of five principles (p < .05, p < .001). Recommendations include support for population-focused evidence-based school nursing practice.
Asunto(s)
Servicios de Enfermería Escolar , Humanos , Liderazgo , Alcance de la Práctica , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Estados Unidos , Recursos HumanosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Parenting stress after preterm birth (PTB) has negative long-term effects on parenting. Research about parental experiences after PTB and on parenting stress in early childhood has focused on mothers. PURPOSE: To compare parenting stress between mothers and fathers 2 to 3 years after PTB and full-term birth (FTB) and to explore their memories about their stress experience, especially after PTB. METHODS: Fifty-four mothers and fathers in Switzerland whose children were PTB and 65 parents of FTB completed the Parenting Stress Index 2 to 3 years after birth. We compared scores between PTB and FTB and between mothers and fathers. A random subset of parents took part in semistructured interviews that began with photo-elicitation. We analyzed the data thematically. We cross-validated and corroborated qualitative and quantitative findings about parenting stress 2 to 3 years after birth. RESULTS: Preterm birth is stressful for parents who cannot take a child's health for granted, but stress experiences after FTB and PTB equalize within 2 to 3 years. Mothers were the primary caregivers and suffered more stress than fathers. For parents with PTB, positive communications from healthcare workers strengthened parental coping in neonatal intensive care unit and after discharge, but parents perceived discharges as early and inconsistent. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE AND RESEARCH: Interventions and new models of care improving communication with healthcare professionals, involving parents in infant care as early as possible, increasing staff support to help parents cope better, and optimizing the management of discharge need to be implemented into practice. Their impact on parenting stress on the long term needs to be investigated.
Asunto(s)
Padre/psicología , Recien Nacido Prematuro/psicología , Madres/psicología , Nacimiento Prematuro/psicología , Estrés Psicológico/psicología , Nacimiento a Término/psicología , Adaptación Psicológica , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Entrevistas como Asunto , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Padres/psicología , Apoyo Social , SuizaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Mother-infant interactions are necessary for infant growth and development. However, preterm birth is associated with less positive mother-infant interactions than full-term birth. Malawi has the highest preterm birth rate in the world, but studies of the mother-infant relationship in Malawi are limited and studies that observed mother-infant interactions could not be located. PURPOSE: This study explored mother-infant interactions among Malawian mothers of early-preterm, late-preterm, and full-term infants. METHODS: This observational study explored maternal and infant interactive behaviors. We recruited 83 mother-infant dyads (27 early-preterm, 29 late-preterm, and 27 full-term dyads). FINDINGS: Mothers of early-preterm infants looked at and rocked their infants less, and their infants looked at their mothers less, than mothers of either late-preterm infants or full-term infants. The infants in all groups were asleep most of the time, which contributed to low levels of interactive behaviors. Factors that were related to infant behaviors included marital status, maternal occupation, maternal education, infant medical complications, infant gender, history of neonatal deaths, and multiple births. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Our findings provide evidence about the need to encourage mothers to engage interactive behaviors with their infants. IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH: Future studies of factors that contribute to positive interactions in Malawi are needed.
Asunto(s)
Recien Nacido Prematuro/psicología , Relaciones Madre-Hijo/psicología , Madres/psicología , Nacimiento Prematuro/psicología , Nacimiento a Término/psicología , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Malaui , Masculino , EmbarazoRESUMEN
This study was conducted to confirm the negative associations between testosterone and cortisol levels and health and developmental outcomes in very low-birth weight (VLBW) infants after controlling for prenatal glucocorticoid (GC) treatment. Seventy-four VLBW infant-mother pairs were recruited from a neonatal intensive care unit in the Southeastern United States. We divided the pairs into the complete (n = 58) and incomplete (n = 16) GC treatment groups. Data on infants and mothers were obtained at birth, 40 weeks' postmenstrual age, and 3 and 6 months' corrected age. Salivary testosterone and cortisol levels of the pairs were determined at 40 weeks' postmenstrual age using enzyme immunoassay. Log-linear and general linear mixed models showed that gestational age and birth weight were lower when testosterone was 1 pg/mL higher. When cortisol was 1 µg/dL higher, technology dependence at discharge was higher and motor development at 6 months was lower. Mothers with complete GC treatment had greater parity and gravida, more prenatal visits, and more medical complications. The study outcomes supported our hypothesis that steroid hormonal levels are more predictive of infant health and development than GC treatment completeness. Single dose of GC treatment might be just as effective as 2 doses, although further study with more subjects would be needed to confirm. As the associations with steroid hormonal levels lasted longer than the GC treatment associations, we recommend confirming the predictive effects of testosterone and cortisol levels after 6 months.
Asunto(s)
Glucocorticoides , Hidrocortisona/análisis , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal , Saliva/metabolismo , Testosterona/análisis , Desarrollo Infantil/efectos de los fármacos , Duración de la Terapia , Femenino , Edad Gestacional , Glucocorticoides/administración & dosificación , Glucocorticoides/efectos adversos , Humanos , Salud del Lactante , Recién Nacido , Recién Nacido de muy Bajo Peso , Unidades de Cuidado Intensivo Neonatal/estadística & datos numéricos , Masculino , Embarazo , Atención Prenatal/métodos , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/diagnóstico , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/metabolismo , PronósticoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Mothers of preterm infants, early or late, report more distress than mothers of full-term infants. Malawi has the highest preterm birth rate in the world, but nothing is known about the relation of preterm birth to maternal mental health. PURPOSE: To compare emotional distress among mothers of early-preterm, late-preterm, and full-term infants. METHODS: We recruited 28 mothers of early-preterm, 29 mothers of late-preterm, and 28 mothers of full-term infants. Emotional distress was assessed 24-72 hr following birth. One-way ANOVA and regression analysis were used to compare the three groups. FINDINGS: Mothers of early-preterm infants reported more distress symptoms than mothers of full-term infants, and scores of mothers of late-preterm infants fell between the other two groups. Having a support person present was associated with lower symptoms and caesarean birth was associated with more symptoms. DISCUSSION: Promoting maternal mental health is important following preterm birth and health care providers need to support mothers.
Asunto(s)
Recien Nacido Prematuro/fisiología , Madres/psicología , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/psicología , Adulto , Cesárea , Estudios Transversales , Depresión Posparto/psicología , Femenino , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Recien Nacido Prematuro/psicología , Malaui , Embarazo , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Negative outcomes related to prematurity may lead to maternal distress. Mothers of premature/low birth-weight infants report increased posttraumatic stress (50%) and depressive symptoms (63%) compared with mothers of full-term infants. Low-income, minority mothers with greater posttraumatic stress and depression have an increased risk for premature/low birth-weight delivery compared with their white counterparts. Variations in the neuropeptide oxytocin are implicated in lactation, perinatal depression, and maternal behavior. PURPOSE: To examine the associations among posttraumatic stress, depressive symptoms, and oxytocin in a pilot sample of minority mothers with premature/low birth-weight infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). METHODS: This study employed a descriptive, correlational pilot design of 8 minority, low-income mothers with premature/low birth-weight infants. Participants answered questionnaires pertaining to posttraumatic stress, depression, lactation, and demographics and oxytocin was measured. This is a substudy that added oxytocin values. RESULTS: Four participants had elevated depressive symptoms and 5 supplied their own milk. Women who provided their own milk had lower depressive (t = 3.03, P = .023) and posttraumatic stress (t = 3.39, P = .015) symptoms compared with women not supplying their own milk. Women with elevated posttraumatic stress had higher levels of depressive symptoms (r(8) = 0.8, P = .006) and lower levels of oxytocin (r(8) = 0.77, P = .026). IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: These results are congruent with previous literature on providing human milk and maternal mental health. In addition, we found a possible relationship between postpartum posttraumatic stress and oxytocin in minority women with premature/low birth-weight infants. NICU nurses should encourage lactation and assess mothers for posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms. IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH: Research is needed to identify the biologic milieu associated with posttraumatic stress and depression in at-risk mothers.
Asunto(s)
Lactancia Materna/psicología , Depresión/fisiopatología , Lactancia/fisiología , Oxitocina/fisiología , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/fisiopatología , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/psicología , Adolescente , Adulto , Depresión/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido de Bajo Peso , Recién Nacido , Recien Nacido Prematuro , Cuidado Intensivo Neonatal , Medio Oeste de Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Proyectos Piloto , Pobreza , Embarazo , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Bathing is a routine care procedure that exposes preterm infants to prolonged handling, which could cause stress and potentially disrupt infants' biobehavioral responses. The aim of this double-blind randomized crossover trial was to compare the preterm infant's body temperature, heart rate (HR), peripheral capillary oxygen saturation (SpO2), salivary cortisol levels, and sleep-wake states during and after swaddled and conventional tub baths. Forty-three infants born at 32 to 36 weeks postmenstrual age, weighing 2225 g or less, were enrolled in the study. Infants were videotaped before and after each type of baths. The time interval between baths ranged from 24 to 72 hours to allow a washout period. Physiological, hormonal, and behavioral responses were collected at baseline and during recovery from baths. No significant differences in the mean body temperature, HR, SpO2, salivary cortisol levels, and sleep-wake states between the bath types were observed in the baseline or recovery responses during the first 20 minutes after bath. Regardless of bath type, salivary cortisol levels showed a nonstatistical significant increase.
Asunto(s)
Baños , Técnicas de Observación Conductual/métodos , Temperatura Corporal , Frecuencia Cardíaca , Conducta del Lactante/fisiología , Cuidado del Lactante/métodos , Oximetría/métodos , Baños/efectos adversos , Baños/métodos , Baños/psicología , Estudios Cruzados , Método Doble Ciego , Femenino , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/análisis , Recién Nacido , Recien Nacido Prematuro/fisiología , Masculino , Saliva/metabolismo , Factores de Tiempo , Resultado del Tratamiento , Grabación de Cinta de VideoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Male infants are more prone to health problems and developmental delays than female infants. OBJECTIVES: On the basis of theories of gender differences in brain development and social relationships, we explored associations between testosterone and cortisol levels with infant cognitive, motor, and language development ("infant development") in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants, controlling for mother-infant interactions, characteristics of mothers and infants, and days of saliva collection after birth. METHODS: A total of 62 mother-VLBW infant pairs were recruited from the newborn intensive care unit of a tertiary medical center in the Southeast United States. Data were collected through infant medical record review, biochemical measurement, observation of mother-infant interactions, and standard questionnaires. Infant development was assessed at 6 months corrected age (CA), and mother-infant interactions were observed at 3 and 6 months CA. RESULTS: General linear regression with separate analyses for each infant gender showed that high testosterone levels were positively associated with language development of male infants after controlling for mother-infant interactions and other covariates, whereas high cortisol levels were negatively associated with motor development of female infants after controlling for mother-infant interactions. CONCLUSIONS: Steroid hormonal levels may well be more fundamental factors for assessing infant development than infant gender or mother-infant interactions at 6 months CA.
Asunto(s)
Biomarcadores/sangre , Encéfalo/crecimiento & desarrollo , Desarrollo Infantil/fisiología , Hidrocortisona/análisis , Recién Nacido de muy Bajo Peso/crecimiento & desarrollo , Saliva/química , Testosterona/análisis , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Lenguaje , Masculino , Relaciones Madre-Hijo , Factores Sexuales , Sudeste de Estados UnidosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Hypothermia is related to increased morbidity and mortality in very preterm infants; continuous temperature monitoring is necessary. Thermoregulation is limited in preterm infants. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the research was to assess and describe negative temperature differential (NTD) and assess the associations of NTD with infant demographic characteristics, medical history, and clinical events. METHODS: An exploratory, case study design was used. Abdominal and foot temperature was measured every minute over the first 2 weeks of life in 22 preterm infants at less than 29 weeks gestational age. RESULTS: All infants experienced NTD. Daily NTD in all infants across all study days ranged from 0 to 70.7%; 2-week mean NTD over all infants ranged from 7.3% to 38.5%. Four infants treated for late onset of infection had a higher NTD than 18 infants without infection (M = 27.8%, SD = 9.52 vs. M = 16.4%, SD = 5.34, p < .05). Although not statistically significant, higher mean percentage of NTD was noted in infants having early onset infection (24.1% vs. 16.4%), African American race (20.0% vs. 15.3%), and/or being born to a mother who smoked during pregnancy (26.6% vs. 16.7%). DISCUSSION: A larger study is needed to examine associations between NTD and race, maternal smoking history, and infection. NTD might be used as a biomarker to guide acute clinical care and identify infants at risk for acute and chronic morbidity.
Asunto(s)
Hipotermia/diagnóstico , Enfermedades del Prematuro/prevención & control , Recien Nacido Prematuro , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/prevención & control , Temperatura Corporal , Femenino , Edad Gestacional , Humanos , Hipotermia/etiología , Hipotermia/prevención & control , Recién Nacido , Enfermedades del Prematuro/etiología , Unidades de Cuidado Intensivo Neonatal , Masculino , Embarazo , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/etiología , Pronóstico , Fumar/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Late preterm birth is associated with lower rates of breastfeeding and earlier breastfeeding cessation than term birth. PURPOSE: The objectives of this secondary analysis were to compare the incidence of exclusive breastfeeding after late preterm and term childbirth and to examine the association between infant feeding outcomes and maternal emotional well-being. METHODS: Participants were 105 mother-infant dyads (54 late preterm and 51 term) at a southeastern US medical center. Face-to-face data collection and telephone follow-up occurred during 2009-2012. RESULTS: Late preterm mothers were less likely to exclusively provide their milk than were term mothers during hospitalization. Feeding at 1 month did not differ between late preterm and term infants. Among late preterm mothers, (1) formula supplementation during hospitalization was associated with greater severity of anxiety than among those exclusively providing formula and (2) exclusive provision of human milk at 1 month was associated with less severe depressive symptoms than among those supplementing or exclusively formula feeding. Among term mothers, feeding outcome was not related to emotional well-being measures at either time point. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Mothers of late preterm infants may particularly benefit from anticipatory guidance and early mental health screening, with integrated, multidisciplinary lactation teams to support these interrelated healthcare needs. IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH: Prospective research is critical to document women's intentions for infant feeding and how experiences with childbirth and the early postpartum period impact achievement of their breastfeeding goals.
Asunto(s)
Ansiedad/epidemiología , Lactancia Materna/estadística & datos numéricos , Depresión/epidemiología , Fórmulas Infantiles/estadística & datos numéricos , Madres/psicología , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/epidemiología , Adulto , Ansiedad/psicología , Depresión/psicología , Emociones , Femenino , Humanos , Incidencia , Recién Nacido , Recien Nacido Prematuro , Masculino , Leche Humana , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/psicología , Nacimiento a Término , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Preterm birth has been associated with greater psychological distress and less positive mother infant interactions than were experienced by mothers of full-term infants. Maternal and infant sociodemographic factors have also shown a strong association with psychological distress and the mother-infant relationship. However, findings on their effects over time are limited. In this longitudinal analysis, we explored the relationship of maternal and infant sociodemographic variables (maternal age, maternal education, marital status, being on social assistance, maternal race, infant birth weight, and infant gender) to maternal psychological distress (depressive, posttraumatic stress, anxiety, parenting stress symptoms, and maternal worry about child's health) through 12 months corrected age for prematurity, and on the home environment, and mother-infant interactions through 6 months corrected age for prematurity. We also explored differences related to maternal obstetrical characteristics (gestational age at birth, parity, mode of delivery, and multiple birth) and severity of infant conditions (Apgar scores, need for mechanical ventilation, and infant medical complications). Although the relationship of maternal and infant characteristics with these outcomes did not change over time, psychological distress differed based on marital status, maternal education, infant gender, and infant medical complications. Older mothers provided more a positive home environment. Mother-infant interactions differed by maternal age, being on public assistance, maternal race, infant gender, and infant medical complications. More longitudinal research is needed to better understand these effects over time in order to identify and support at-risk mothers.
Asunto(s)
Depresión/psicología , Cuidado del Lactante/psicología , Recien Nacido Prematuro/psicología , Relaciones Madre-Hijo , Madres/psicología , Estrés Psicológico/psicología , Adaptación Psicológica , Femenino , Edad Gestacional , Humanos , Recién NacidoRESUMEN
Day-night cycled light improves health outcomes in preterm infants, yet the best time to institute cycled light is unclear. The hypothesis of this study was that extremely preterm infants receiving early cycled light would have better health and developmental outcomes than infants receiving late cycled light. Infants born at ≤28 weeks gestation were randomly assigned to early cycled light (ECL) starting at 28 weeks postmenstrual age [PMA] or late cycled light (LCL), starting at 36 weeks PMA. Daylight was 200-600 lux and night was 5-30 lux. Primary outcomes were weight over time and length of hospitalization. Secondary outcomes were hospital costs, sleep development, and neurodevelopment at 9, 18, and 24 months corrected age. Of 121 infants randomized, 118 were included in analysis. Weight gain in the two groups did not differ significantly but increased across time in both groups. In PMA weeks 36-44, the mean weight gain was 193.8 grams in the ECL group compared to 176.3 grams in the LCL group. Effect sizes for weight were Cohen d = 0.26 and 0.36 for 36 and 44 weeks PMA. Infants in the ECL group went home an average of 5.5 days earlier than the LCL group, but this difference was not statistically significant. There were no group differences on neurodevelopmental outcomes. Although statistically non-significant, clinically important differences of improved weight gain and decreased hospital stay were observed with ECL. The small observed effect sizes on weight during hospitalization should be considered in future cycled light research with extremely preterm infants. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Asunto(s)
Ritmo Circadiano/fisiología , Recien Nacido Extremadamente Prematuro/crecimiento & desarrollo , Recién Nacido de Bajo Peso/crecimiento & desarrollo , Unidades de Cuidado Intensivo Neonatal/normas , Fototerapia/normas , Aumento de Peso/fisiología , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Hypothermia is a problem for very premature infants after birth and leads to increased morbidity and mortality. Previously we found very premature infants exhibit abnormal thermal patterns, keeping foot temperatures warmer than abdominal temperatures for their first 12h of life. PURPOSE: We explored the utility of infrared thermography as a non-invasive method for measuring body temperature in premature infants in an attempt to regionally examine differential temperatures. RESULTS: Our use of infrared imaging to measure abdominal and foot temperature for extremely premature infants in heated, humid incubators was successful and in close agreement using Bland and Altman technique with temperatures measured by skin thermistors. CONCLUSIONS: Our study methods demonstrated that it was feasible to capture full body temperatures of extremely premature infants while they were resting in a heated, humid incubator using a Flir SC640 infrared camera. This technology offers researchers and clinicians a method to examine acute changes in perfusion differentials in premature infants which may lead to morbidity.
Asunto(s)
Temperatura Corporal , Recien Nacido Prematuro/fisiología , Termografía/métodos , Regulación de la Temperatura Corporal , Femenino , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Rayos Infrarrojos , MasculinoRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Multiple preterm birth is associated with more maternal psychological distress and less positive mother-infant interactions than singleton preterm birth. This study's purpose was to compare psychological distress and the relationship with their infants in mothers of multiples and mothers of singletons. DESIGN: An exploratory secondary analysis of longitudinal data. SAMPLE: 236 mothers and their preterm infants. MAIN OUTCOME VARIABLES: Maternal psychological distress (depressive symptoms, anxiety, posttraumatic stress [PTS], parenting stress), the mother-infant relationship (worry; child vulnerability; maternal positive involvement and developmental stimulation; and child developmental maturity, irritability, and social behaviors), and the home environment. RESULTS: Mothers of multiples had greater PTS symptoms at baseline, anxiety at discharge, and depressive symptoms at six months than mothers of singletons. Mothers of multiples also had more positive home environments at six months. Multiple birth was a risk factor for psychological distress but not for less positive mother-infant interactions.
Asunto(s)
Relaciones Madre-Hijo/psicología , Madres/psicología , Responsabilidad Parental/psicología , Embarazo Múltiple/psicología , Estrés Psicológico/psicología , Ansiedad/psicología , Depresión/psicología , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , EmbarazoRESUMEN
Latent class analyses can be used early in the postpartum period to identify mothers of preterm infants experiencing similar patterns of psychological distress symptoms, but whether these classes of mothers also differ in parental responses to their infants or in their infants' development is largely unknown. In this longitudinal multisite-repeated measures study, we evaluated the usefulness of three psychological distress classes (low distress, high depressive and anxiety symptoms, and extreme distress) in predicting mother-infant interactions, quality of home environment, and infant development in 229 mother-preterm infant pairs. Mothers completed psychological distress questionnaires at study entry; parent-infant interaction was recorded at 2 and 6 months of age corrected for prematurity; and infant developmental data were collected 12 months corrected age. Mothers in the extreme distress class engaged in more developmental stimulation at 2 months (ß = .99, p < 0.01) and at 6 months (ß = 1.38, p < .01) than mothers in the other classes and had better quality of home environment at 2 months (ß = 2.52, p = .03). When not controlling for neurological insult, infants of mothers in the extreme distress class had poorer cognitive (ß = -10.28, p = .01) and motor (ß = -15.12, p < .01) development scores at 12 months corrected age than infants of mothers in the other distress classes, but after controlling for infant neurological insult, there were no differences in cognitive, motor, and language development based on maternal psychological distress class. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.