Development of convolutional neural network models that recognize normal anatomic structures during real-time radial-array and linear-array EUS (with videos).

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: EUS is a high-skill technique that requires numerous procedures to achieve competence. However, training facilities are limited worldwide. Convolutional neural network (CNN) models have been previously implemented for object detection. We developed 2 EUS-based CNN models for normal anatomic structure recognition during real-time linear- and radial-array EUS evaluations. METHODS: The study was performed from February 2020 to June 2022. Consecutive patient videos of linear- and radial-array EUS videos were recorded. Expert endosonographers identified and labeled 20 normal anatomic structures within the videos for training and validation of the CNN models. Initial CNN models (CNNv1) were developed from 45 videos and the improved models (CNNv2) from an additional 102 videos. CNN model performance was compared with that of 2 expert endosonographers. RESULTS: CNNv1 used 45,034 linear-array EUS frames and 21,063 radial-array EUS frames. CNNv2 used 148,980 linear-array EUS frames and 128,871 radial-array EUS frames. Linear-array CNNv1 and radial-array CNNv1 achieved a 75.65% and 71.36% mean average precision (mAP) with a total loss of .19 and .18, respectively. Linear-array CNNv2 obtained an 88.7% mAP with a .06 total loss, whereas radial-array CNNv2 achieved an 83.5% mAP with a .07 total loss. CNNv2 accurately detected all studied normal anatomic structures with a >98% observed agreement during clinical validation. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed CNN models accurately recognize the normal anatomic structures in prerecorded videos and real-time EUS. Prospective trials are needed to evaluate the impact of these models on the learning curves of EUS trainees.

Assessing EUS-guided radiofrequency ablation in unresectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: a single-center historic cohort study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: EUS-guided radiofrequency ablation (EUS-RFA) has emerged as an alternative for the local treatment of unresectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). We assessed the feasibility and safety of EUS-RFA in patients with unresectable PDAC. METHODS: This study followed an historic cohort compounded by locally advanced (LA-) and metastatic (m)PDAC-naïve patients who underwent EUS-RFA between October 2019 and March 2022. EUS-RFA was performed with a 19-gauge needle electrode with a 10-mm active tip for energy delivery. Study primary endpoints were feasibility, safety, and clinical follow-up, whereas secondary endpoints were performance status (PS), local control, and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: Twenty-six patients were selected: 15 with locally advanced pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma (LA-PDAC) and 11 with metastatic pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma (mPDAC). Technical success was achieved in all patients with no major adverse events. Six months after EUS-RFA, OS was seen in 11 of 26 patients (42.3%), with significant PS improvement (P = .03). Local control was achieved, with tumor reduction from 39.5 mm to 26 mm (P = .04). A post-treatment hypodense necrotic area was observed at the 6-month follow-up in 11 of 11 patients who were still alive. Metastatic disease was a significant factor for worsening OS (hazard ratio, 5.021; 95% confidence interval, 1.589-15.87; P = .004). CONCLUSIONS: EUS-RFA for the treatment of pancreatic adenocarcinoma is a minimally invasive and safe technique that may have an important role as targeted therapy for local treatment of unresectable cases and as an alternative for poor surgical candidates. Also, RFA may play a role in downstaging cancer with a potential increase in OS in nonmetastatic cases. Large prospective cohorts are required to evaluate this technique in clinical practice.

Short esophageal myotomy versus standard myotomy for treatment of sigmoid-type achalasia: results of an international multicenter study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Patients with sigmoid-type achalasia can be challenging to treat with peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM). A short myotomy improves technical success; however, outcomes have not previously been evaluated. METHODS: This was a multicenter, international, retrospective study of patients who underwent POEM with short (≤4 cm) or standard esophageal myotomy. Outcomes included clinical and technical success, procedural adverse events, and reflux rates. RESULTS: A total of 109 patients with sigmoid achalasia (sigmoid, n = 74; advanced sigmoid, n = 35) underwent POEM across 13 centers (short myotomy, n = 59; standard, n = 50). Technical success was 100% across both groups. Patients who underwent short myotomy had a significantly shorter mean procedure time (57.7 ± 27.8 vs 83.1 ± 44.7 minutes, P = .0005). A total of 6 adverse events were recorded in 6 patients (5.5%; 4 mild, 2 moderate); the adverse event rate was not significantly different between short and standard groups. Ninety-eight patients had follow-up data (median, 3.6 months; interquartile range, 1-14 months). Clinical success was 94% (short, 93%; standard, 95%; P = .70) and did not differ based on achalasia subtype or sigmoid achalasia severity. Twenty-one (22%) patients reported post-POEM reflux and 44% (16 of 36) had objective evidence of pathologic reflux. Rates of pathologic reflux were significantly increased in the standard versus short group (odds ratio, 18.0; 95% confidence interval, 2.0-159.0; P = .009). CONCLUSIONS: POEM with short myotomy is effective and safe for the short-term treatment of sigmoid and advanced sigmoid achalasia. Short myotomy may lead to less reflux than standard myotomy.

Short-Term Clinical and Technical Outcomes of a Modified Zenker's Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy (Z-POEM) With Mucosal Flap Incision.

BACKGROUND: Zenker's diverticulum (ZD) per-oral endoscopic myotomy (Z-POEM) is an effective treatment for symptomatic (ZD). A modification to Z-POEM is the mucosal flap incision (MFI). We describe the technical and clinical success of patients who underwent Z-POEM with MFI. METHODS: We included patients who underwent Z-POEM with MFI for ZD at 8 international centers. The primary outcome was the rate of clinical success, assessed by post-procedure Kothari-Haber symptom score (KHSS) without retreatment. Secondary outcomes included technical success, serious adverse events, and clinical recurrence with need for retreatment. RESULTS: 36 patients (69% male, age 69 + 9 years) underwent Z-POEM with MFI for symptomatic ZD. Mean ZD size was 32 mm (+ 14). Clinical success was achieved in 35 (97%) cases. Median pre-procedure KHSS was 6 and median post-procedure KHSS was 1 (P <0.0001). Technical success was achieved in all cases. Mean procedure time was 57 minutes (+ 32), median follow up time was 196 days (IQR 39-499). There was one adverse event (3%) which was treated endoscopically. CONCLUSION: Z-POEM with MFI has a high rate of technical and clinical success. Prospective evaluation is needed to further validate this technique in patients with large ZD.

Prophylactic EUS-guided gallbladder drainage prevents acute cholecystitis in patients with malignant biliary obstruction and cystic duct orifice involvement: a randomized trial (with video).

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Patients with distal malignant biliary obstruction (MBO) and cystic duct orifice tumoral involvement have an increased risk for the development of acute cholecystitis after self-expandable metallic stent (SEMS) placement. We aimed to determine whether primary EUS-guided gallbladder drainage prevents acute cholecystitis in these patients. METHODS: This was a single-center, randomized control trial in patients with distal MBO enrolled from July 2018 to July 2020. Patients were randomized into 2 groups: an interventional group treated with conventional ERCP biliary drainage with SEMS placement and subsequent primary EUS-guided gallbladder drainage (EUS-GBD) and a control group treated with conventional biliary drainage alone. The primary outcome of the study was the occurrence of post-treatment acute cholecystitis, assessed for ≤12 months or until death. The secondary outcomes were hospitalization length and median survival time. RESULTS: Forty-four patients were included in the study: 22 in each group. Five patients in the control group (22.7%) and none in the intervention group experienced acute cholecystitis. The median hospitalization time was significantly lower in the interventional group than in the control group (2 days vs 1 day, P = .017). There was no difference in the observed median survival rates in the primary EUS-GBD group (2.9 months) and the control group (2.8 months) (P = .580). CONCLUSION: In this single-center study of patients with unresectable MBO and occlusion of the cystic duct orifice, prophylactic EUS-GBD demonstrated a reduced incidence of acute cholecystitis.

Transaxillary transcatheter ACURATE neo aortic valve implantation - The TRANSAX multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) via transaxillary (TAx) approach with ACURATE neo valve is an off-label procedure. Our aim was to gather information on ACURATE neo cases implanted via TAx approach and report major outcomes. METHODS AND RESULTS: The TRANSAX Study (NCT04274751) retrospectively gathered patients from nine centres in Europe and North America treated with ACURATE neo valve through TAx approach up to May/2019. Follow up was pre-specified at 1-year and was obtained for all patients. A total of 75 patients (79 ± 10 years; 32% women) were included. Left axillary (72%) and conscious sedation (95.2%) were the most common setting. Risk scores were higher when right axillary artery and surgical cut-down were selected. Severe complications including valve embolization, coronary obstruction, annulus rupture, and procedural mortality did not occur. Cardiac tamponade occurred in two cases (2.7%) with one requiring conversion to open surgery (1.3%). Bail-out stenting and surgical vascular repair were required in 7 (9.3%) and 3 (4%) cases, respectively. The need for new permanent pacemaker was 8%. Procedural success (96%), in-hospital (2.7%), and 1-year mortality (8%) were comparable in all settings. Only one case (1.3%) complicated with cerebrovascular event and one (1.3%) presented moderate aortic regurgitation before discharge. CONCLUSIONS: TAx TAVR procedures with the ACURATE neo valve were presented high success rate and low in-hospital and 1-year mortality.

Comparison of balloon-expandable vs. self-expandable valves in patients undergoing transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve implantation: from the CENTER-collaboration.

Aims: The aim of this study was to compare clinical outcomes of patients undergoing transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) with balloon-expandable (BE) valves vs. self-expandable (SE) valves. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation is a minimally invasive and lifesaving treatment in patients with aortic valve stenosis. Even though BE-valves and SE-valves are both commonly used on a large scale, adequately sized trials comparing clinical outcomes in patients with severe aortic valve stenosis treated with BE-valves compared with SE-valves are lacking. Methods and results: In this CENTER-collaboration, data from 10 registries or clinical trials, selected through a systematic search, were pooled and analysed. Propensity score methodology was used to reduce treatment selection bias and potential confounding. The primary endpoints were mortality and stroke at 30 days follow-up in patients treated with BE-valves compared with SE-valves. Secondary endpoints included clinical outcomes, e.g. bleeding during hospital admission. All outcomes were split for early-generation BE-valves compared with early-generation SE-valves and new-generation BE-valves with new-generation SE-valves. The overall patient population (N = 12 381) included 6239 patients undergoing TAVI with BE-valves and 6142 patients with SE-valves. The propensity matched population had a mean age of 81 ± 7 years and a median STS-PROM score or 6.5% [interquartile range (IQR) 4.0-13.0%]. At 30-day follow-up, the mortality rate was not statistically different in patients undergoing TAVI with BE-valves compared with SE-valves [BE: 5.3% vs. SE: 6.2%, relative risk (RR) 0.9; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.7-1.0, P = 0.10]. Stroke occurred less frequently in patients treated with BE-valves (BE: 1.9% vs. SE: 2.6%, RR 0.7; 95% CI 0.5-1.0, P = 0.03). Also, patients treated with BE-valves had a three-fold lower risk of requiring pacemaker implantation (BE: 7.8% vs. SE: 20.3%, RR 0.4; 95% CI 0.3-0.4, P < 0.001). In contrast, patients treated with new-generation BE-valves more frequently experienced major and life-threatening bleedings compared with new-generation SE-valves (BE: 4.8% vs. SE: 2.1%, RR 2.3; 95% CI 1.6-3.3, P < 0.001). Conclusion: In this study, which is the largest study to compare valve types in TAVI, we demonstrated that the incidence of stroke and pacemaker implantation was lower in patients undergoing transfemoral TAVI with BE-valves compared with SE-valves. In contrast, patients treated with new-generation BE-valves more often suffered from major or life-threatening bleedings than patients with new-generation SE-valves. Mortality at 30-days was not statistically different in patients treated with BE-valves compared with SE-valves. This study was a propensity-matched analysis generated from observational data, accordingly current outcomes will have to be confirmed in a large scale randomized controlled trial.

Cognitive impairment induced by benzodiazepine use disorder and its reversibility: a case report. / Deterioro cognitivo secundario a trastorno por uso de benzodiacepinas y su reversibilidad: a propósito de un caso.

Letter to the editor.

El consumo crónico de benzodiacepinas es un hecho cada vez más frecuente en nuestro país a pesar de que la eficacia a largo plazo es escasa y los efectos adversos notables. Haciendo incapié en los efectos sobre la cognición, tema todavía en debate, presentamos un caso de deterioro cognitivo asociado a consumo crónico de hipno-sedantes benzodiacepínicos y la mejoría clínica y de las pruebas neuropsicológicas tras su retirada. Creemos así mismo necesaria la concienciación del personal sanitario para el empleo adecuado de dichos fármacos y así disminuir las consecuencias a largo plazo de los mismos y con ello mejorar la calidad de vida y funcionalidad de nuestros pacientes.

Late bleeding events in TAVI patients receiving vitamin K antagonists or direct oral anticoagulants.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The optimal chronic antithrombotic regimen for patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) remains uncertain. Our aim was to compare the incidence of late bleeding events between patients on direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) and those on vitamin-K antagonists (VKA). METHODS: This single-center observational study included TAVI patients requiring oral anticoagulation at discharge between 2015 and 2021. The primary endpoint was any clinically significant bleeding event. Secondary endpoints were stroke, heart failure, and all-cause mortality. RESULTS: A total of 702 TAVI procedures were performed, with 297 patients requiring oral anticoagulation at discharge. Among them, 206 (69.4%) received VKA and 91 (30.6%) received DOAC. Baseline clinical, procedural and in-hospital characteristics did not significantly differ between groups, except for better renal function among DOAC patients. The median length of follow-up was 2.8 years. The risk of bleeding events was higher in patients receiving DOACs than in those receiving VKA (HR, 2.27; 95%CI, 1.21-4.26; incidence of 9.7 and 4.2 events per 100 patient-years of follow-up for DOAC and VKA patients, respectively). There were no statistically significant differences in the rates of stroke (HR, 1.28; 95%CI, 0.4-4.3), heart failure hospitalization (HR, 0.92; 95%CI, 0.46-1.86), or all-cause mortality (HR, 1.02; 95%CI, 0.68-1.55). CONCLUSIONS: In older patients undergoing TAVI and receiving anticoagulant therapy for atrial fibrillation, the use of DOAC was associated with a higher risk of late bleeding events than VKA.

Hemodynamic performance of self-expandable transcatheter aortic valve replacement systems during valve deployment.

OBJECTIVES: Little is known about valve hemodynamic performance during the Evolut and Neo deployment course. We aimed to evaluate transvalvular mean and peak-to-peak gradients over several intraprocedural timepoints during TAVR with Evolut PRO+ (Medtronic) and Neo (Boston Scientific) systems. METHODS: This was single-center pilot sub-study from the SavvyWire EFficacy and SafEty in Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation Procedures (SAFE-TAVI) trial. Participants received either the Evolut PRO+ or Neo for native valve severe aortic stenosis and the SavvyWire (OpSens Medical) was used for device delivery, pacing, and continuous left ventricular and aortic pressure measurements. For the Evolut, evaluation was done for baseline, two-thirds of valve deployment (still recapturable), 90% of valve deployment (no longer recapturable), and post-deployment hemodynamics. For the Neo, analysis was done at baseline, after the first step (top-crown deployment), and at final status. RESULTS: Nineteen patients were included (Evolut = 15; Neo = 4). There were no statistically significant changes in peak-to-peak gradients (44 mm Hg [IQR:33-69] vs 43 mm Hg [IQR:26-62], P = .41) between baseline and two-thirds of valve deployment in the Evolut patients. There was a significant decrease in mean (40 mm Hg [IQR:32-54] vs 14 mm Hg [IQR:10-18], P less than .001) and peak-to-peak (43 mmHg [IQRS:26-62] vs 9 mm Hg [IQR:8-13], P less than .001) transvalvular gradients between two-thirds and 90% of valve deployment for Evolut. Neo patients exhibited a decrease in transvalvular gradients after top-crown deployment (42.5 mm Hg baseline vs 13 mm Hg). CONCLUSIONS: Transvalvular gradients did not vary between the point of "no-recapture" compared to baseline values in patients receiving the Evolut, whereas a significant reduction in transvalvular gradients was observed when the valve was deployed at 90% and fully deployed. The Neo valve was slightly obstructive after the first step of deployment.

Accurate and safe diagnosis and treatment of neoplastic biliary lesions using a novel 9F and 11F digital single-operator cholangioscope.

Background and study aims Digital single-operator cholangioscopy (DSOC) allows the diagnosis of biliary duct disorders and treatment for complicated stones. However, these technologies have limitations such as the size of the probe and working channel, excessive cost, and low image resolution. Recently, a novel DSOC system (eyeMAX, Micro-Tech, Nanjing, China) was developed to address these limitations. We aimed to evaluate the usefulness and safety of a novel 9F and 11F DSOC system in terms of neoplastic diagnostic accuracy based on visual examination, ability to evaluate tumor extension and to achieve complete biliary stone clearance, and procedure-related adverse events (AEs). Patients and methods Data from ≥ 18-year-old patients who underwent DSOC from July 2021 to April 2022 were retrospectively recovered and divided into a diagnostic and a therapeutic cohort. Results A total of 80 patients were included. In the diagnostic cohort (n = 49/80), neovascularity was identified in 26 of 49 patients (46.9%). Biopsy was performed in 65.3% patients with adequate tissue sample obtained in 96.8% of cases. Biopsy confirmed neoplasia in 23 of 32 cases. DSOC visual impression achieved 91.6% sensitivity and 87.5% specificity in diagnosing neoplasms. In the therapeutic cohort (n = 43/80), 26 of 43 patients required lithotripsy alone. Total stone removal was achieved in 71% patients in the first session. Neither early nor late AEs were documented in either the diagnostic or therapeutic cohort. Conclusions The novel DSOC device has excellent diagnostic accuracy in distinguishing neoplastic biliary lesions as well as therapeutic benefits in the context of total stone removal, with no documented AEs.

Ramipril After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation in Patients Without Reduced Ejection Fraction: The RASTAVI Randomized Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: Patients with aortic stenosis may continue to have an increased risk of heart failure, arrhythmias, and death after successful transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors may be beneficial in this setting. We aimed to explore whether ramipril improves the outcomes of patients with aortic stenosis after transcatheter aortic valve implantation. METHODS AND RESULTS: PROBE (Prospective Randomized Open, Blinded Endpoint) was a multicenter trial comparing ramipril with standard care (control) following successful transcatheter aortic valve implantation in patients with left ventricular ejection fraction >40%. The primary end point was the composite of cardiac mortality, heart failure readmission, and stroke at 1-year follow-up. Secondary end points included left ventricular remodeling and fibrosis. A total of 186 patients with median age 83 years (range 79-86), 58.1% women, and EuroSCORE-II 3.75% (range 3.08-4.97) were randomized to receive either ramipril (n=94) or standard treatment (n=92). There were no significant baseline, procedural, or in-hospital differences. The primary end point occurred in 10.6% in the ramipril group versus 12% in the control group (P=0.776), with no differences in cardiac mortality (ramipril 1.1% versus control group 2.2%, P=0.619) but lower rate of heart failure readmissions in the ramipril group (3.2% versus 10.9%, P=0.040). Cardiac magnetic resonance analysis demonstrated better remodeling in the ramipril compared with the control group, with greater reduction in end-systolic and end-diastolic left ventricular volumes, but nonsignificant differences were found in the percentage of myocardial fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS: Ramipril administration after transcatheter aortic valve implantation in patients with preserved left ventricular function did not meet the primary end point but was associated with a reduction in heart failure re-admissions at 1-year follow-up. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique Identifier: NCT03201185.

Impact of gender on in-hospital and long-term outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve implantation: an analysis of the Spanish TAVI registry.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Impact of gender on long-term outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) remains uncertain. We aimed to investigate gender-specific differences in TAVI and its impact on outcomes. METHODS: This analysis used data from the prospective Spanish TAVI registry, which included consecutive TAVI patients treated in 46 Spanish centers from 2009 to 2021. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality at 12 months. Secondary endpoints included in-hospital and 30-day mortality and TAVI-related complications. Adjusted logistic and Cox regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: The study included 12 253 consecutive TAVI patients with a mean age of 81.2±6.4 years. Women (53.9%) were older, and had a higher STS-PROM score (7.0±7.0 vs 6.2±6.7; P < .001) than men. Overall, the TAVI-related complication rate was similar between women and men, with specific gender-related complications. While women more frequently developed in-hospital vascular complications (13.6% vs 9.8%; P <.001) and cardiac tamponade (1.5% vs 0.6%; P=.009), men showed a higher incidence of permanent pacemaker implantation (14.5% vs 17.4%; P=.009). There was no difference in all-cause mortality either in hospital (3.6% vs 3.6%, adjusted OR, 1.01; 95%CI, 0.83-1.23; P=.902), at 30 days (4.2% vs 4.2%, adjusted OR, 0.90; 95%CI, 0.65-1.25; P=.564) or at 1 year (11% vs 13%, adjusted HR, 0.94; 95%CI, 0.80-1.11; P=.60). CONCLUSIONS: Women treated with TAVI are older and have more comorbidities than men, leading to distinct complications between genders. Nevertheless, all-cause mortality in the short-term and at 1-year was similar between men and women.

EUS-guided drainage of a segment VI liver abscess using a lumen-apposing metal stent.

Video 1EUS-guided FNA and lumen-apposing metallic stent deployment.

Leaving obstacles aside: Antegrade paravalvular leakage closure after transcatheter aortic valve replacement.

Paravalvular leakage (PVL) is yet a potential and serious complication after transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Percutaneous PVL closure may be the treatment of choice upon failure of balloon postdilation in patients with excessive surgical risk. If the retrograde approach fails, an antegrade strategy might provide the solution.

Cardiac amyloidosis and left atrial appendage closure. The CAMYLAAC study.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis (ATTR-CA) patients often have atrial fibrillation and increased bleeding/thrombogenic risks. We aimed to evaluate outcomes of left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) compared with patients without a known diagnosis of CA. METHODS: Comparison at long-term of patients diagnosed with ATTR-CA who underwent LAAC between 2009 and 2020 and those without a known diagnosis of CA. RESULTS: We studied a total of 1159 patients. Forty patients (3.5%) were diagnosed with ATTR-CA; these patients were older and had more comorbidities, higher HAS-BLED and CHA2DS2-VASc scores, and lower left ventricular function. Successful LAAC was achieved in 1137 patients (98.1%) with no differences between groups. Regarding in-hospital and follow-up complications, there were no differences between the groups in ischemic stroke (5% vs 2.5% in those without a known diagnosis of CA; P=.283), hemorrhagic stroke (2.5% and 0.8% in the control group; P=.284), major or minor bleeding. At the 2-year follow-up, there were no significant differences in mortality (ATTR-CA: 20% vs those without known CA: 13.6%, 0.248); however, the at 5-year follow-up, ATTR-CA patients had higher mortality (40% vs 19.2%; P <.001) but this difference was unrelated to hemorrhagic complications or ischemic stroke. CONCLUSIONS: LAAC could reduce the risk of bleeding complications and ischemic cerebrovascular events without increasing the rate of early or mid-term complications. Although long-term survival was impaired in ATTR-CA patients, it was comparable to that of patients without a known diagnosis of CA at the 2-year follow-up, suggesting that LAAC for patients with ATTR-CA might not be futile.

Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Gallbladder Drainage Versus Percutaneous Drainage in Patients With Acute Cholecystitis Undergoing Elective Cholecystectomy.

INTRODUCTION: Cholecystectomy (CCY) is the gold standard treatment of acute cholecystitis (AC). Nonsurgical management of AC includes percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage (PT-GBD) and endoscopic ultrasound-guided gallbladder drainage (EUS-GBD). This study aims to compare outcomes of patients who undergo CCY after having received EUS-GBD vs PT-GBD. METHODS: A multicenter international study was conducted in patients with AC who underwent EUS-GBD or PT-GBD, followed by an attempted CCY, between January 2018 and October 2021. Demographics, clinical characteristics, procedural details, postprocedure outcomes, and surgical details and outcomes were compared. RESULTS: One hundred thirty-nine patients were included: EUS-GBD in 46 patients (27% male, mean age 74 years) and PT-GBD in 93 patients (50% male, mean age 72 years). Surgical technical success was not significantly different between the 2 groups. In the EUS-GBD group, there was decreased operative time (84.2 vs 165.4 minutes, P < 0.00001), time to symptom resolution (4.2 vs 6.3 days, P = 0.005), and length of stay (5.4 vs 12.3 days, P = 0.001) compared with the PT-GBD group. There was no difference in the rate of conversion from laparoscopic to open CCY: 5 of 46 (11%) in the EUS-GBD arm and 18 of 93 (19%) in the PT-GBD group ( P value 0.2324). DISCUSSION: Patients who received EUS-GBD had a significantly shorter interval between gallbladder drainage and CCY, shorter surgical procedure times, and shorter length of stay for the CCY compared with those who received PT-GBD. EUS-GBD should be considered an acceptable modality for gallbladder drainage and should not preclude patients from eventual CCY.