High-resolution crystal structures of factor XIa coagulation factor in complex with nonbasic high-affinity synthetic inhibitors.

Factor XI (FXI) is a key enzyme in the coagulation pathway and an attractive target for the development of anticoagulant drugs. A small number of high-resolution crystal structures of FXIa in complex with small synthetic inhibitors have been published to date. All of these ligands have a basic P1 group and bind exclusively in the nonprime side of the active site of FXIa. Here, two structures of FXIa in complex with nonbasic inhibitors that occupy both the prime and nonprime sides of the active site are presented. These new structures could be valuable in the design and optimization of new FXIa synthethic inhibitors.

Therapeutic dosing of an orally active, selective cathepsin S inhibitor suppresses disease in models of autoimmunity.

The purpose of the study was to examine the potential of inhibition of cathepsin S as a treatment for autoimmune diseases. A highly selective cathepsin S inhibitor, CSI-75, was shown to upregulate levels of the cathepsin S substrate, invariant chain Lip10, in vitro as well as in vivo in C57Bl/6 mice after oral administration. Functional activity of the compound was shown by a reduction in the OVA-specific response of OVA-sensitized splenocytes from C57Bl/6 mice as well as from OVA-TCR transgenic mice (DO11.10). Since these studies revealed a selective suppression of the Th1 and Th17 cytokines causing a shift to Th2, CSI-75 was tested in the murine HC-gp39-immunization model. Indeed, CSI-75 specifically reduced the circulating HC-gp39-specific IgG2a in these mice indicating selective inhibition of the Th1 type of response in vivo. The importance of especially the Th1 and Th17 cell subsets in the pathology of autoimmune diseases, renders CatS inhibition a highly interesting potential therapeutic treatment of autoimmune diseases. Therefore, CSI-75 was tested in a murine model of multiple sclerosis (i.e. experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)) in a semi-therapeutic setting (ie. oral treatment after initial sensitization to antigen). Finally, in a murine model with features resembling rheumatoid arthritis (the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model), CSI-75 was tested in a therapeutic manner (after disease development). CSI-75 caused a significant reduction in disease score in both disease models, indicating a promising role for CatS inhibitors in the area of therapeutic treatments for autoimmune diseases.

1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine-4-carbonitrile as cathepsin S inhibitors: separation of desired cellular activity from undesired tissue accumulation through optimization of basic nitrogen pka.

Based on the theoretical understanding of the in vivo lysosomotropism, by adjusting the pk(a) of basic nitrogen containing cathepsin S inhibitors, a set of compounds with pk(a) 6-8 were identified to have excellent cell based Lip10 activity, yet avoiding undesired sequestration in spleen.

Identification of potent, soluble, and orally active TRPV1 antagonists.

Optimization of a water soluble, moderately potent lead series of isoxazole-3-carboxamides was conducted, affording a compound with the requisite balance of potency, solubility and physicochemical properties for in vivo use. Compound 8e was demonstrated to be efficacious in a rat model of inflammatory pain, following oral administration.

Discovery of potent, soluble and orally active TRPV1 antagonists. Structure-activity relationships of a series of isoxazoles.

Systematic optimisation of a poorly soluble lead series of isoxazole-3-carboxamides was conducted. Substitution of the 4-position with specific polar functionality afforded the requisite balance of potency, solubility and physicochemical properties. Compound 21a was found to be efficacious in the rat Capsaicin Hargreaves assay following oral administration.

Structure-activity studies of a novel series of isoxazole-3-carboxamide derivatives as TRPV1 antagonists.

Optimisation of a screening hit incorporating both TRPV1 activity and solubility was conducted. Substitution of the isoxazole-3-carboxamide with the bespoke 1S, 3R-3-aminocyclohexanol motif afforded the requisite balance of potency and solubility. Compounds 32 and 40 were found to have antihyperalgesic effects in the rat CFA Hg assay and induce a mechanism based hyperthermia.

Dioxo-triazines as a novel series of cathepsin K inhibitors.

A novel dioxo-triazine series of cathepsin K inhibitors was identified from HTS. A rapid exploratory programme led to the discovery of potent and selective cathepsin K inhibitors, typified by compound 24 which displayed IC(50) values of 17nM against catK and >10,000nM in catL, catB and catS assays.

4-(3-Trifluoromethylphenyl)-pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile as cathepsin S inhibitors: N3, not N1 is critically important.

Using computer aided modelling studies, a new extended P2/S2 interaction was identified. This extended region can accommodate a variety of functional groups, such as aryls and basic amines. It was discovered that the N3 nitrogen of the pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile is critical for its cathepsin cysteine protease inhibition. N1 nitrogen also contributes to the inhibitory activity, but to a very limited degree. An 'in situ double activation' mechanism was proposed to explain these results.

2-Phenyl-9H-purine-6-carbonitrile derivatives as selective cathepsin S inhibitors.

Starting from previously disclosed equally potent cathepsin K and S inhibitor 4-propyl-6-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile 1, a novel 2-phenyl-9H-purine-6-carbonitrile scaffold was identified to provide potent and selective cathepsin S inhibitors.

Trifluoromethylphenyl as P2 for ketoamide-based cathepsin S inhibitors.

The trifluoromethylphenyl P2 motif from previously reported heteroarylnitrile series has been successfully applied for the design and synthesis of highly potent novel ketoamide-based cathepsin S inhibitors. The key in this process is the change of the torsion angle between the P2 phenyl ring and the attached secondary amide by adding a small Cl, F, or Me group at the 2-position.

Optimisation of 2-cyano-pyrimidine inhibitors of cathepsin K: improving selectivity over hERG.

Several structure-guided optimisation strategies were explored in order to improve the hERG selectivity profile of cathepsin K inhibitor 1, whilst maintaining its otherwise excellent in vitro and in vivo profile. Ultimately, attenuation of clogP and pK(a) properties proved a successful approach and led to the discovery of a potent analogue 23, which, in addition to the desired selectivity over hERG (>1000-fold), displayed a highly attractive overall profile.

Design and optimization of a series of novel 2-cyano-pyrimidines as cathepsin K inhibitors.

Morphing structural features of HTS-derived chemotypes led to the discovery of novel 2-cyano-pyrimidine inhibitors of cathepsin K with good pharmacokinetic profiles, for example, compound 20 showed high catK potency (IC(50)=4nM), >580-fold selectivity over catL and catB, and oral bioavailability in the rat of 52%.

6-Phenyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine-4-carbonitrile as cathepsin S inhibitors.

6-Phenyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine-4-carbonitrile analogues were identified as potent and selective cathepsin S inhibitor against both purified enzyme and in human JY cell based cellular assays. This core has a very stable thio-trapping nitrile war-head in comparison with the well reported pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile cysteine cathepsin inhibitors. Compound 47 is also very potent in in vivo mouse spleenic Lip10 accumulation assays.