First-In-Human Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Single and Multiple Doses of AZP2006, A Synthetic Compound for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease and Related Diseases.

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) are major neurodegenerative conditions with tau pathology in common but distinct symptoms-AD involves cognitive decline while PSP affects balance and eye movement. Progranulin (PGRN) is a growth factor implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, including AD and PSP. AZP2006, a synthetic compound, targets tauopathies by stabilizing PGRN levels and reducing tau aggregation and neuroinflammation. Objective: Evaluate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of AZP2006. Methods: A first-in-Human phase 1 study comprised a single ascending dose (SAD) and a multiple ascending dose study (MAD). The SAD study included 64 healthy male volunteers and tested singles oral doses of 3 to 500 mg of AZP2006 free base equivalent or placebo. In the MAD study, 24 healthy male volunteers were administered oral doses of 30, 60, and 120 mg per day of AZP2006 or placebo for 10 days. Results: No serious adverse events were observed. Clinical, biological, and electrocardiogram findings were non-relevant. Nineteen minor adverse events resolved before study completion. The safety profile indicated no specific risks. The multiple ascending dose study was halted, and the optional dose level of 180 mg was not performed due to high levels of M2 metabolite in plasma that necessitated additional preclinical evaluation of M2. Both AZP2006 and its M2 metabolite were quickly absorbed and widely distributed in tissues. Exposure increased more than proportionally with dose. Conclusions: AZP2006 had a favorable safety profile and was rapidly absorbed. Elevated M2 metabolite levels necessitated further studies to clarify excretion and metabolism mechanisms.

Function-related structural plasticity of the GnRH system: a role for neuronal-glial-endothelial interactions.

As the final common pathway for the central control of gonadotropin secretion, GnRH neurons are subjected to numerous regulatory homeostatic and external factors to achieve levels of fertility appropriate to the organism. The GnRH system thus provides an excellent model in which to investigate the complex relationships between neurosecretion, morphological plasticity and the expression of a physiological function. Throughout the reproductive cycle beginning from postnatal sexual development and the onset of puberty to reproductive senescence, and even within the ovarian cycle itself, all levels of the GnRH system undergo morphological plasticity. This structural plasticity within the GnRH system appears crucial to the timely control of reproductive competence within the individual, and as such must have coordinated actions of multiple signals secreted from glial cells, endothelial cells, and GnRH neurons. Thus, the GnRH system must be viewed as a complete neuro-glial-vascular unit that works in concert to maintain the reproductive axis.

Role of A disintegrin and metalloprotease-12 in neutrophil recruitment induced by airway epithelium.

Among proteases, metalloproteases are implicated in tissue remodeling, as shown in numerous diseases including allergy. ADAMs (A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease) metalloproteases are implicated in physiologic processes such as cytokine and growth factor shedding, cell migration, adhesion, or repulsion. Our aim was to measure ADAM-12 expression in airway epithelium and to define its role during the allergic response. To raise this question, we analyzed the ADAM-12 expression ex vivo after allergen exposure in patients with allergic rhinitis and in vitro in cultured primary human airway epithelial cells (AEC). Clones of BEAS-2B cells transfected with the full-length form of ADAM-12 were generated to study the consequences of ADAM-12 up-regulation on AEC function. After allergen challenge, a strong increase of ADAM-12 expression was observed in airway epithelium from patients with allergic rhinitis but not from control subjects. In contrast with the other HB-epidermal growth factor sheddases, ADAM-10 and -17, TNF-alpha in vitro increased the expression of ADAM-12 by AEC, an effect amplified by IL-4 and IL-13. Up-regulation of ADAM-12 in AEC increased the expression of alpha3 and alpha4 integrins and to the modulation of cell migration on fibronectin but not on collagen. Moreover, overexpression of ADAM-12 in BEAS-2B enhanced the secretion of CXCL1 and CXCL8 and their capacity to recruit neutrophils. CD47 was strongly decreased by ADAM-12 overexpression, a process associated with a reduced adhesion of neutrophils. These effects were mainly dependent on epidermal growth factor receptor activation. In summary, ADAM-12 is produced during allergic reaction by AEC and might increase neutrophil recruitment within airway mucosa.

Vascular endothelial cells promote acute plasticity in ependymoglial cells of the neuroendocrine brain.

Glial and endothelial cells interact throughout the brain to define specific functional domains. Whether endothelial cells convey signals to glia in the mature brain is unknown but is amenable to examination in circumventricular organs. Here we report that purified endothelial cells of one of these organs, the median eminence of the hypothalamus, induce acute actin cytoskeleton remodeling in isolated ependymoglial cells and show that this plasticity is mediated by nitric oxide (NO), a diffusible factor. We found that both soluble guanylyl cyclase and cyclooxygenase products are involved in this endothelial-mediated control of ependymoglia cytoarchitecture. We also demonstrate by electron microscopy that activation of endogenous NO release in the median eminence induces rapid structural changes, allowing a direct access of neurosecretory axons containing gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) (the neuropeptide controlling reproductive function) to the portal vasculature. Local in vivo inhibition of NO synthesis disrupts reproductive cyclicity, a process that requires a pulsatile, coordinated delivery of GnRH into the hypothalamic-adenohypophyseal portal system. Our results identify a previously unknown function for endothelial cells in inducing neuroglial plasticity and raise the intriguing possibility that endothelial cells throughout the brain may use a similar signaling mechanism to regulate glial-neuronal interactions.

Postnatal administration of allopregnanolone modifies glutamate release but not BDNF content in striatum samples of rats prenatally exposed to ethanol.

Ethanol consumption during pregnancy may induce profound changes in fetal CNS development. We postulate that some of the effects of ethanol on striatal glutamatergic transmission and neurotrophin expression could be modulated by allopregnanolone, a neurosteroid modulator of GABAA receptor activity. We describe the acute pharmacological effect of allopregnanolone (65 µg/kg, s.c.) administered to juvenile male rats (day 21 of age) on the corticostriatal glutamatergic pathway, in both control and prenatally ethanol-exposed rats (two ip injections of 2.9 g/kg in 24% v/v saline solution on gestational day 8). Prenatal ethanol administration decreased the K(+)-induced release of glutamate regarding the control group. Interestingly, this effect was reverted by allopregnanolone. Regarding BDNF, allopregnanolone decreases the content of this neurotrophic factor in the striatum of control groups. However, both ethanol alone and ethanol plus allopregnanolone treated animals did not show any change regarding control values. We suggest that prenatal ethanol exposure may produce an alteration of GABAA receptors which blocks the GABA agonist-like effect of allopregnanolone on rapid glutamate release, thus disturbing normal neural transmission. Furthermore, the reciprocal interactions found between GABAergic neurosteroids and BDNF could underlie mechanisms operating during the neuronal plasticity of fetal development.

Chloroquine and chloroquinoline derivatives as models for the design of modulators of amyloid Peptide precursor metabolism.

The amyloid precursor protein (APP) plays a central role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Preventing deregulated APP processing by inhibiting amyloidogenic processing of carboxy-terminal fragments (APP-CTFs), and reducing the toxic effect of amyloid beta (Aß) peptides remain an effective therapeutic strategy. We report the design of piperazine-containing compounds derived from chloroquine structure and evaluation of their effects on APP metabolism and ability to modulate the processing of APP-CTF and the production of Aß peptide. Compounds which retained alkaline properties and high affinity for acidic cell compartments were the most effective. The present study demonstrates that (1) the amino side chain of chloroquine can be efficiently substituted by a bis(alkylamino)piperazine chain, (2) the quinoline nucleus can be replaced by a benzyl or a benzimidazole moiety, and (3) pharmacomodulation of the chemical structure allows the redirection of APP metabolism toward a decrease of Aß peptide release, and increased stability of APP-CTFs and amyloid intracellular fragment. Moreover, the benzimidazole compound 29 increases APP-CTFs in vivo and shows promising activity by the oral route. Together, this family of compounds retains a lysosomotropic activity which inhibits lysosome-related Aß production, and is likely to be beneficial for therapeutic applications in AD.

Differential responses in central dopaminergic activity induced by apomorphine in IPL nude rat.

The IPL nude rat, derived by spontaneous mutation from the Sprague-Dawley strain, presents alterations in the prolactin synthesis and secretion due to an increased dopaminergic inhibition. However, there are no reports concerned to central dopamine activity. The corpus striatum is a brain area involved in the development of stereotyped behavior after the activation of mesolimbic and/or nigro-striatal dopamine pathways. In order to identify possible mesolimbic and/or nigro-striatal dysfunctions in the IPL nude rat, we study the spontaneous oral behaviors and the effects of apomorphine-induced dopaminergic activation on stereotyped behavior and neurochemical changes. Males from both strains were injected with saline or apomorphine (2 and 5 mg/kgs.c.) and evaluated during 30 min in a stereotypes oral tests. The corpus striatum and nucleus accumbens were used to measure dopamine (DA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) by HPLC. The concentrations were expressed as synthesis rate (DA/DOPA) and turnover rate (DOPAC/DA). We observed that the spontaneous gnaw movements were significantly different between the untreated IPL nude and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Apomophine injection decreased the amount of stereotyped gnawing in IPL nude rats at the two doses used, but it induced an increase in SD rats. Apomorphine also caused an enhancement in the number of biting and sniffing without modifying the licking behavior. In addition, modifications of the dopaminergic activity were also observed. Synthesis rate in the striatum of IPL nude rats was higher than in SD rats after the injection of saline. Apomorphine caused a reduction of the synthesis rate in both strains. Turnover rate was significantly lower in the striatum of IPL nude rats than in the SD rats injected with saline. Apomorphine caused an increase in the turnover rate in both strains. Contrary to observed in the striatum, the 2 mg/kg dose of apomorphine caused a significant increase in the DA synthesis rate in nucleus accumbens, while 5 mg/kg decrease it in both strains. The DA turnover rate in the same area was lower in IPL nude than in SD rats after saline injection. Apomorphine enhances the DA turnover rate in both strains. We conclude that the modifications of the oral spontaneous and induced stereotypical patterns observed in the IPL nude rats could be related to the differential responses in dopaminergic activity in the two brain areas examined.

Role of estradiol in the dynamic control of tanycyte plasticity mediated by vascular endothelial cells in the median eminence.

In the ever-changing physiological context of the neuroendocrine brain, the mechanisms by which cellular events involving neurons, astroglia, and vascular cells are coordinated to bring forth the appropriate neuronal signaling is not yet known but is amenable to examination. In the median eminence of the hypothalamus, endothelial cells are key players in the plasticity of tanycytes (specialized astroglia) and neuroendocrine synapse efficacy. Here we report that estradiol acts on both purified endothelial cells and isolated tanycytes to trigger endothelial-to-glial communication that leads to a sudden and massive retraction of tanycyte processes. The blockade of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by in vitro adenoviral-mediated gene transfer of a dominant-negative form of endothelial nitric oxide synthase abrogates the estradiol-induced tanycyte plasticity mediated by endothelial cells. In parallel, increases in prostaglandin-E(2) (PGE(2)) due to changes in cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 expression induced by the exposure of tanycytes to estradiol promote acute tanycyte plasticity. We also demonstrate by electron microscopy that the administration of PGE(2) to median eminence explants induces rapid neuroglial plasticity at the neurovascular junction of neurons that release GnRH (the neuropeptide controlling reproduction). Conversely, preventing local PGE(2) synthesis in the median eminence of adult female rats with the COX inhibitor indomethacin impairs the ovarian cycle, a process that requires a pulsatile, coordinated delivery of GnRH into the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system. Taken together, our findings show that estradiol controls the dialog between endothelial cells and astroglia to regulate neuroglial plasticity in the neuroendocrine brain.

Evaluación de la metodología de atención integral de las enfermedades prevalentes de la infancia (AIEPI) en el diagnóstico, tratamiento y seguimiento de la desnutrición en niños de 2 meses a 2 años de edad en áreas urbano y urbano - marginales de la ciudad de Quito / Evaluation of the methodology of integral attention of the prevalentes diseases of the childhood (AIEPI) in the diagnosis, processing and pursuit of desnutriciónen it young of 2 months to 2 years of age in urban-marginal areas in the city of Quito

Aproximadamente el 70 por ciento de las muertes de niños menores de 5 años están asociadas con una o más de las enfermedades prevalentes de la infancia. En la actualidad el 50 por ciento de niños menores de 5 años sufren algún grado de desnutrición; razón por la cual se decide realizar el presente estudio que consisten en un diseño operativo cuasi-experimental de series de tiempo; para el efecto se tomó un grupo de niños/niñas (64), clasificados de acuerdo a la curva de hogar de la AIEPI en peso no muy bajo y peso muy bajo con o sin problemas de alimentación con edades comprendidas entre 2 meses y 2 años, con dos controles ponderales previos en quienes se aplicó el esquema de tratamiento de la desnutrición AIEPI; utilizando la hoja de registro de atención, para evaluar el inicio de la recuperación nutricional. La intervención nutricional consistió en valoración clínica y antropométrica de los niños/niñas involucrados a los 0, 15 y 30 días, asesoramiento nutricional a los familiares y al personal de los centros de cuidado diario. Además a la muestra procedente de los centros de salud se realizó visitas domiciliarias. Los resultados revelan que con un buen control de las patologías prevalentes de la infancia y con una educación nutricional adecuada se consigue un mejoramiento de la condición nutricional de los niños/niñas, alcanzando un 37.5 por ciento de la muestra, la normalidad ponderal.