RESUMEN
Intracellular AGEs accumulation increases RAGE and GLP1R and reduces glucose uptake in adipocytes.
Asunto(s)
Adipocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Receptor del Péptido 1 Similar al Glucagón/metabolismo , Glucosa/farmacocinética , Productos Finales de Glicación Avanzada/metabolismo , Insulina/farmacología , Células 3T3-L1 , Adipocitos/fisiología , Adipogénesis/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Transporte Biológico/efectos de los fármacos , Diferenciación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Receptor del Péptido 1 Similar al Glucagón/efectos de los fármacos , Glucosa/metabolismo , Glucosa/farmacología , Glicosilación/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Insulina/metabolismo , Ratones , Albúmina Sérica Bovina/metabolismoRESUMEN
Conventional measurements of fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels investigated in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) cannot capture the effects of DNA variability on 'around the clock' glucoregulatory processes. Here we show that GWAS meta-analysis of glucose measurements under nonstandardized conditions (random glucose (RG)) in 476,326 individuals of diverse ancestries and without diabetes enables locus discovery and innovative pathophysiological observations. We discovered 120 RG loci represented by 150 distinct signals, including 13 with sex-dimorphic effects, two cross-ancestry and seven rare frequency signals. Of these, 44 loci are new for glycemic traits. Regulatory, glycosylation and metagenomic annotations highlight ileum and colon tissues, indicating an underappreciated role of the gastrointestinal tract in controlling blood glucose. Functional follow-up and molecular dynamics simulations of lower frequency coding variants in glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1R), a type 2 diabetes treatment target, reveal that optimal selection of GLP-1R agonist therapy will benefit from tailored genetic stratification. We also provide evidence from Mendelian randomization that lung function is modulated by blood glucose and that pulmonary dysfunction is a diabetes complication. Our investigation yields new insights into the biology of glucose regulation, diabetes complications and pathways for treatment stratification.
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Glucosa , Humanos , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Glucemia/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , ColonRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of the complex triamcinolone acetonide-hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin (TA-CD) on in vitro inflamed primary human articular chondrocytes in the presence or absence of the mixture hyaluronic acid-Chitlac, a lactose-modified chitosan (HA-CTL). DESIGN: Changes in cell viability and pro-inflammatory cytokines gene expression were analyzed in human chondrocytes using an in vitro model of macrophage-mediated inflammation. Human monocytes U937 were differentiated to macrophages by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The anti-inflammatory effects of the complex TA-CD and HA-CTL mixture were assessed on chondrocytes exposed for 24 hours to U937 conditioned medium (CM), by quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. RESULTS: The TA-CD viability was enhanced by the presence of the HA-CTL mixture in chondrocyte cultures. The exposure of cells to CM significantly increased interleukin-1ß and interleukin-6 gene expression, and when the complex TA-CD was added to the inflamed cells, gene transcription of cytokines was restored to near baseline values, both in the presence or in the absence of HA-CTL mixture. CONCLUSION: The addition of HA-CTL mixture significantly attenuated cytotoxicity induced by TA and preserved the anti-inflammatory effects, thus confirming the chondroprotective role of the HA-CTL mixture.
Asunto(s)
Condrocitos , beta-Ciclodextrinas , Antiinflamatorios/metabolismo , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Condrocitos/metabolismo , Humanos , Ácido Hialurónico/farmacología , Inflamación/metabolismo , beta-Ciclodextrinas/metabolismo , beta-Ciclodextrinas/farmacologíaRESUMEN
ß-caryophyllene (BCP), a plant-derived sesquiterpene, has been reported to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of BCP in combination with ascorbic acid (AA) and d-glucosamine (GlcN) against macrophage-mediated inflammation on in vitro primary human chondrocytes. Changes in cell viability, intracellular ROS generation, gene expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, metalloproteinases (MMPs), collagen type II and aggrecan were analyzed in primary human chondrocytes exposed to the conditioned medium (CM) of activated U937 monocytes and subsequently treated with BCP alone or in combination with AA and GlcN. The CM-induced chondrocyte cytotoxicity was reduced by the presence of low doses of BCP alone or in combination with AA and GlcN. The exposure of cells to CM significantly increased IL-1ß, NF-κB1 and MMP-13 expression, but when BCP was added to the inflamed cells, alone or in combination with AA and GlcN, gene transcription for all these molecules was restored to near baseline values. Moreover, chondrocytes increased the expression of collagen type II and aggrecan when stimulated with AA and GlcN alone or in combination with BCP. This study showed the synergistic anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects of BCP, AA and GlcN at low doses on human chondrocyte cultures treated with the CM of activated U937 cells. Moreover, the combination of the three molecules was able to promote the expression of collagen type II and aggrecan. All together, these data could suggest that BCP, AA and GlcN exert a chondro-protective action.
RESUMEN
Differences between sexes contribute to variation in the levels of fasting glucose and insulin. Epidemiological studies established a higher prevalence of impaired fasting glucose in men and impaired glucose tolerance in women, however, the genetic component underlying this phenomenon is not established. We assess sex-dimorphic (73,089/50,404 women and 67,506/47,806 men) and sex-combined (151,188/105,056 individuals) fasting glucose/fasting insulin genetic effects via genome-wide association study meta-analyses in individuals of European descent without diabetes. Here we report sex dimorphism in allelic effects on fasting insulin at IRS1 and ZNF12 loci, the latter showing higher RNA expression in whole blood in women compared to men. We also observe sex-homogeneous effects on fasting glucose at seven novel loci. Fasting insulin in women shows stronger genetic correlations than in men with waist-to-hip ratio and anorexia nervosa. Furthermore, waist-to-hip ratio is causally related to insulin resistance in women, but not in men. These results position dissection of metabolic and glycemic health sex dimorphism as a steppingstone for understanding differences in genetic effects between women and men in related phenotypes.
Asunto(s)
Anorexia Nerviosa/genética , Glucemia/metabolismo , Intolerancia a la Glucosa/genética , Proteínas Sustrato del Receptor de Insulina/genética , Resistencia a la Insulina/genética , Insulina/sangre , Factores de Transcripción de Tipo Kruppel/genética , Adulto , Anorexia Nerviosa/sangre , Anorexia Nerviosa/etnología , Anorexia Nerviosa/fisiopatología , Ayuno/sangre , Femenino , Expresión Génica , Sitios Genéticos , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Intolerancia a la Glucosa/sangre , Intolerancia a la Glucosa/etnología , Intolerancia a la Glucosa/fisiopatología , Humanos , Proteínas Sustrato del Receptor de Insulina/sangre , Factores de Transcripción de Tipo Kruppel/sangre , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Fenotipo , Caracteres Sexuales , Factores Sexuales , Relación Cintura-Cadera , Población BlancaRESUMEN
Gastric cancer is the fourth most common worldwide cause of cancer-related death. Early gastric cancer has no associated symptoms, for this reason, patients come to the attention of the clinicians only in advanced stages. This paper aims to give a global view on the biomarkers for gastric cancer and the therapy in use. We discuss VEGF family, HER family, E-cadherin, PD-L1, and PD-L2, FGFR, mTOR. Finally, we considered emerging biomarkers as MET, microsatellite instability, and microRNA variations. Furthermore, we have analyzed in depth the chemotherapeutic and adjuvant therapies used in the clinic nowadays, comparing the overall and progression-free survival between them. Identifying and validating diagnostic, prognostic, predictive, and pharmacodynamic biomarkers will be mandatory to the huge impact on patients' outcomes and for improving the efficiency of the drug development process.