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SYNGAP1-related disorder (SYNGAP1-RD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is commonly associated with epilepsy, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and disruptive behaviors. In this study, behavior problems in 11 consecutive patients with SYNGAP1-RD are described and quantified based on a behavioral screening conducted within the context of a multi-disciplinary tertiary care specialty clinic visit. The behavioral phenotype was then compared to published samples of behavior problems in ASD and other genetic cause of epilepsy occurring in the context of neurodevelopmental disorders using results from the Aberrant Behavior Checklist-Community (ABC-C), an empirically derived outcome measure. We report common antecedent and consequent events surrounding problem behavior across individuals. Additionally, we report on the management approach of caregivers and the impact of problem behaviors on the family. Our results suggest a number of commonalities between behavioral profiles in SYNGAP1-RD with ASD and other genetic causes of developmental and epileptic encephalopathies, and also highlight severe behavior problems as a specific behavioral phenotype of SYNGAP1-RD.
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Trastorno del Espectro Autista , Epilepsia , Trastornos del Neurodesarrollo , Problema de Conducta , Humanos , Trastorno del Espectro Autista/complicaciones , Trastorno del Espectro Autista/genética , Trastorno del Espectro Autista/terapia , Atención Terciaria de Salud , Epilepsia/complicaciones , Epilepsia/genética , Epilepsia/terapia , Proteínas Activadoras de ras GTPasaRESUMEN
The perceived importance of victim and defendant race/ethnicity and medical evidence in child sexual abuse cases has been recognized separately in the literature. However, few studies have considered these factors simultaneously. Within a sample of 880 college students, an interaction effect was tested between the presence of medical evidence and the race/ethnicity of a juvenile defendant and victim using child sexual abuse case vignettes. The main effects of medical evidence and the race of the defendant were observed. Medical evidence and race of victim influenced victim believability such that medical evidence was more impactful for cases with African American victims. Further, there were interactions between the race of the defendant and the race of the victim in adult versus juvenile court decisions, sex offender registration and notification requirements, and length of sex offender registration and notification. Interracial sexual offending was associated with substantially higher punishment than intraracial sexual offending. Accordingly, several important implications for court-level decision-making processes are explored.
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Negro o Afroamericano , Víctimas de Crimen , Conducta Criminal , Toma de Decisiones , Conducta Sexual , Población Blanca , Adolescente , Adulto , Abuso Sexual Infantil , Etnicidad , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Castigo , Estudiantes/psicología , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Estados Unidos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Previous research has found differences in sexual behavior and types of sexual offending by offense category and racial/ethnic group. The present study examined effects of offense category, victim age, and race/ethnicity on sexual behavior. Data from 561 confined adolescents adjudicated for illegal sexual behavior (AISBs) and adolescents adjudicated for illegal nonsexual behavior (AINBs) were included in the present study. A hierarchical multinomial logistic regression was run to test whether sexual experiences and behaviors differentially predicted AINBs, AISBs with child victims, and AISBs with peer/adult victims. Results supported the utility of distinguishing AISBs by victim age. Comparisons between AISBs and AINBs indicated AISBs had more sexual abuse and were more sexually restricted, whereas AINBs reported more sexual behavior, reflecting a finding potentially mirroring sexual development, sexual experiences, and caregiver approaches to discussing sexuality. Over 60% of AINBs and 30% of AISBs reported behaviors that could be classified as distribution of child pornography. Within the group of AISBs, select racial/ethnic group differences emerged such that European American participants were more likely to have had intrafamilial sexual experiences and were far less likely to have had vaginal intercourse than African American AISBs. Future directions and implications regarding policies related to sexual education and sexting are discussed.
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Criminales , Literatura Erótica , Delitos Sexuales , Conducta Sexual , Adolescente , Factores de Edad , Población Negra , Humanos , Masculino , Estados Unidos , Población BlancaRESUMEN
A growing body of evidence suggests that jurors place greater weight on DNA or other types of forensic evidence than non-forensic evidence (Cole & Dioso-Villa, 2009). For cases involving child sexual abuse, certain types of evidence, including forensic medical evidence, may be viewed as more important or indicative of abuse than other types of evidence, such as victim statements or disclosure. The present study evaluated perceptions of juvenile offenders and victim credibility across four vignettes that systematically manipulated variables related to victim age and physical indicators of abuse. A sample of 636 participants read vignettes and answered questions pertaining to the vignette. Participants also provided demographic information and responded to a series of items assessing participants' judicial decision-making strategies and outcomes. Broadly, the presence of medical evidence significantly influenced participants' decision-making across a variety of variables, including verdict outcome, verdict confidence, confidence that the victim was truthful, and determinations involving sex offender registration and notification requirements. The influence of medical evidence and victim age on perceptions and sentencing of juvenile sex offenders across these and additional outcome variables will be discussed.
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Abuso Sexual Infantil/legislación & jurisprudencia , Derecho Penal , Criminales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Toma de Decisiones , Adolescente , Factores de Edad , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Following successful treatment in which problem behavior is reduced, it may reemerge as a function of changes in contextual stimuli or the worsening of reinforcement conditions for an alternative response. Although understudied, preliminary research suggests that simultaneous changes in contextual stimuli and reinforcement conditions may represent particularly exigent treatment challenges that create the condition for additive or superadditive relapse. The purpose of the present review was to systematically examine the relapse literature involving simultaneous changes in contextual stimuli and reinforcement conditions in relapse tests and experimental preparations arranged to evaluate their effect on response recovery. We identified 16 empirical articles spanning 27 experiments. Although all experiments included at least one condition that experienced a change in contextual stimuli and worsening of alternative reinforcement conditions, only two experiments included the comparison conditions needed to precisely evaluate additive and superadditive relapse. Our findings establish the preclinical generality of relapse effects associated with simultaneous changes to reinforcement conditions and contextual stimuli across a range of subjects, schedule arrangements, response topographies, reinforcers, and types of contextual changes. We make several recommendations for future research based on our findings from this nascent and clinically relevant subdomain of the relapse literature.
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Refuerzo en Psicología , Humanos , Animales , Recurrencia , Problema de Conducta/psicología , Extinción Psicológica , Condicionamiento Operante , Esquema de RefuerzoRESUMEN
A complete science of human behavior requires a comprehensive account of the verbal behavior those humans exhibit. Existing behavioral theories of such verbal behavior have produced compelling insight into language's underlying function, but the expansive program of research those theories deserve has unfortunately been slow to develop. We argue that the status quo's manually implemented and study-specific coding systems are too resource intensive to be worthwhile for most behavior analysts. These high input costs in turn discourage research on verbal behavior overall. We propose lexicon-based sentiment analysis as a more modern and efficient approach to the study of human verbal products, especially naturally occurring ones (e.g., psychotherapy transcripts, social media posts). In the present discussion, we introduce the reader to principles of sentiment analysis, highlighting its usefulness as a behavior analytic tool for the study of verbal behavior. We conclude with an outline of approaches for handling some of the more complex forms of speech, like negation, sarcasm, and speculation. The appendix also provides a worked example of how sentiment analysis could be applied to existing questions in behavior analysis, complete with code that readers can incorporate into their own work.
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Multiple schedules are effective at decreasing challenging behavior and maintaining alternative behavior at acceptable levels. Currently, no conclusive guidance is available for empirically deriving multiple-schedule components (continuous reinforcement for alternative behavior and extinction for challenging behavior [discriminative stimulus] and extinction for both alternative and challenging behavior [delta stimulus]) during the schedule-thinning process. In the current investigation, we describe a terminal schedule probe method to determine delta stimulus starting points and strategies for subsequent schedule-thinning progressions to reach caregiver-informed terminal schedules. We review schedule-thinning outcomes for a clinical cohort using a consecutive controlled case series approach and report results for two groups: One group included applications of terminal probe thinning (n = 24), and the other involved traditional dense-to-lean thinning (n = 18). Outcomes suggest that the terminal schedule probe method produced effective treatments with less resurgence of challenging behavior and leaner, more feasible, multiple schedules.
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Terapia Conductista , Extinción Psicológica , Esquema de Refuerzo , Humanos , Masculino , Terapia Conductista/métodos , Femenino , Preescolar , Niño , Refuerzo en Psicología , Problema de Conducta/psicología , AdolescenteRESUMEN
Renewal is a relapse phenomenon that refers to the recurrence of a previously reduced behavior following a change in stimulus conditions. Muething et al. (2022) examined the phenomenology of renewal among individuals with automatically maintained challenging behavior treated at an outpatient clinic. We replicated their findings by retrospectively examining renewal across various topographies of automatically maintained behavior treated at an inpatient hospital, and we extended their work by also examining differences across subtypes of automatically maintained self-injurious behavior. The prevalence of renewal was comparable to that observed by Muething et al., supporting the notion that automatically maintained challenging behavior is susceptible to relapse phenomena. Furthermore, renewal was twice as likely to occur for individuals with Subtype 2 versus Subtype 1 self-injurious behavior, providing additional evidence of behavioral differentiation between subtypes. Our findings suggest that even after apparent stability in treatment, practitioners should remain vigilant for the recurrence of automatically maintained behavior during generalization.
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Refuerzo en Psicología , Conducta Autodestructiva , Humanos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Conducta Autodestructiva/terapia , Generalización Psicológica , RecurrenciaRESUMEN
Behavioral interventions to decrease problem behavior often involve the use of single-case experimental designs in which an individual's responding during a treatment condition is compared to responding during a control or baseline condition. It is possible that during the initial introduction of treatment, problem behavior continues to occur at baseline rates before behavior reduction is observed; this phenomenon is called a transition state. Evaluated the prevalence of transition states in the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis and found that they occurred within 5.3% of the published literature. The current study replicated and extended Brogan et al. by evaluating the prevalence of transition states in unpublished clinical data of patients admitted to an inpatient hospital for the treatment of severe problem behavior. Using a retrospective consecutive-controlled case series, transition states were observed in 3% of cases for an average duration of 4.8 sessions. We discuss factors that may affect transitional behavior between phases and relevant implications for practice and research.
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Proyectos de Investigación , HumanosRESUMEN
The evolutionary theory of behavior dynamics (ETBD) is a genetic algorithm that applies the Darwinian principles of evolutionary biology to model how behavior changes dynamically via selection by contingencies of reinforcement. The ETBD is a complexity theory where low-level rules of selection, reproduction, and mutation operate iteratively to animate "artificial organisms" that generate emergent outcomes. Numerous studies have demonstrated the ETBD can accurately model behavior of live animals in the laboratory, and it has been applied recently to model automatically maintained self-injury. The purpose of the current series of studies was to further extend the application of the ETBD to model additional functional classes of challenging behavior and clinical procedures. Outcomes obtained with artificial organisms generally corresponded well with outcomes observed with clinical cases sourced from consecutive controlled case series studies. Conceptual and methodological considerations on the application of the ETBD to model challenging behavior are discussed.
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Resurgence as Choice in Context (RaC2) is a quantitative model for evaluating the reemergence of a previously extinguished response when alternative reinforcement is worsened. Rooted in the matching law, RaC2 proposes that allocation between target and alternative responding is based on changes in the relative value of each response option over time, accounting for periods with and without alternative reinforcement. Given that practitioners and applied researchers may have limited experience with constructing quantitative models, we provide a step-by-step task analysis for building RaC2 using Microsoft Excel 2013. We also provide a few basic learning activities to help readers better understand RaC2 itself, the variables that affect the model's predictions, and the clinical implications of those predictions. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40617-023-00796-y.
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Adolescents adjudicated for illegal sexual behavior (AISB) are subjected to the same Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act (SORNA) policies as adults with sexual offense histories despite current research documenting their relatively low likelihood of recidivism. Therapeutic jurisprudence is a framework which suggests the law should value psychological well-being and strive to avoid imposing anti-therapeutic consequences. The purpose of this article is to analyze the use of SORNA policies with AISB from a therapeutic jurisprudence perspective. Given the current literature documenting the collateral consequences of SORNA on AISB and their families and the lack of efficacy in reducing recidivism, we argue SORNA should not be applied to children and adolescents. We conclude with a discussion of future directions for the juvenile justice system and public policy reform.
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Subtypes of automatically maintained self-injurious behavior (SIB) have been defined based on response patterns observed during the functional analysis, which are thought to reflect each subtype's distinct mechanisms. Current practice for identifying subtypes involves using structured criteria to identify whether SIB is automatically maintained, followed by the application of additional criteria to identify the subtype. We describe a series of studies directed at simplifying these methods to facilitate wider application of the subtyping model in research and practice. In Studies 1 and 2, we demonstrate the accuracy of modified criteria using the level of differentiation of SIB across the play and no-interaction conditions at distinguishing between two subtypes (i.e., Subtypes 1 and 2). We then demonstrate visual analysis (without structured criteria) can accurately identify SIB as automatically maintained in Study 3, which can be used in combination with level of differentiation to enable application of the subtyping model in practice.
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Conducta Autodestructiva , Humanos , Conducta Autodestructiva/diagnósticoRESUMEN
Board certified behavior analysts (BCBAs) are required to accrue continuing education units (CEUs) every 2 years, and to regularly engage in professional development. Identifying sources of CEUs and professional development activities, what factors BCBAs consider when choosing them, and their preferences and opinions could help inform the provision of CEU and professional development activities. However, little is known about those collective sources nor the preferences of behavior analysts in obtaining them. We surveyed individuals certified as BCBAs or board certified assistant behavior analysts through the Behavior Analyst Certification Board mass e-mail service to identify trends in CEU accruement and professional development and factors driving individuals to certain sources over others. Respondents indicated they value and believe peer-reviewed articles, in-person conferences, and well-known speakers over less verifiable sources such as social media platforms (e.g., Facebook groups or podcasts). Implications for improving the accessibility of high-quality sources of CEUs and professional development are discussed.
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Reliable and accurate visual analysis of graphically depicted behavioral data acquired using single-case experimental designs (SCEDs) is integral to behavior-analytic research and practice. Researchers have developed a range of techniques to increase reliable and objective visual inspection of SCED data including visual interpretive guides, statistical techniques, and nonstatistical quantitative methods to objectify the visual-analytic interpretation of data to guide clinicians, and ensure a replicable data interpretation process in research. These structured data analytic practices are now more frequently used by behavior analysts and the subject of considerable research within the field of quantitative methods and behavior analysis. First, there are contemporaneous analytic methods that have preliminary support with simulated datasets, but have not been thoroughly examined with nonsimulated clinical datasets. There are a number of relatively new techniques that have preliminary support (e.g., fail-safe k), but require additional research. Other analytic methods (e.g., dual-criteria and conservative dual criteria) have more extensive support, but have infrequently been compared against other analytic methods. Across three studies, we examine how these methods corresponded to clinical outcomes (and one another) for the purpose of replicating and extending extant literature in this area. Implications and recommendations for practitioners and researchers are discussed.
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Recently, Redner et al. (2022) examined the nature of resurgence across repeated iterations of the traditional three-phase resurgence procedure with four pigeons. Although extant research findings in this area are mixed, Redner et al. found that resurgence generally increased in magnitude with repetition. These findings provide a baseline against which future research examining resurgence using this three-phase procedure can be compared and contrasted. The purpose of the present investigation was to examine resurgence via concurrent schedule arrangements similar to those described by Redner et al. with 30 artificial organisms (AOs) animated by the Evolutionary Theory of Behavior Dynamics (McDowell, 2004). We quantified the prevalence of resurgence across iterations and found that resurgence occurred in 86.7 % (156 of 180) iterations across all 30 AOs. This is strikingly similar to the resurgence prevalence estimates of 87.5 % reported by both Redner et al. (2022). However, we also found that the magnitude of target responding generally did not change significantly with repetition. This finding is inconsistent with Redner et al. but is consistent with the predictions of prominent quantitative models of behavioral persistence and a number of relevant studies (Volkert et al., 2009; Gratz et al., 2019). We also conducted exploratory analyses to examine how several variables (e.g., sensitivity to reinforcement, reinforcer magnitude, number of sessions of exposure to various phases) affect the prevalence and magnitude of resurgence among AOs.
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Condicionamiento Operante , Extinción Psicológica , Animales , Esquema de Refuerzo , Refuerzo en Psicología , ColumbidaeRESUMEN
The generalized matching law (GML) has been used to describe the behavior of individual organisms in operant chambers, artificial environments, and nonlaboratory human settings. Most of these analyses have used a handful of participants to determine how well the GML describes choice in the experimental arrangement or how some experimental manipulation influences estimated matching parameters. Though the GML accounts very well for choice in a variety of contexts, the generality of the GML to all individuals in a population is unknown. That is, no known studies have used the GML to describe the individual behavior of all individuals in a population. This is likely because the data from every individual in the population has not historically been available or because time and computational constraints made population-level analyses prohibitive. In this study, we use open data on baseball pitches to provide an example of how big data methods can be combined with the GML to: (1) scale within-subjects designs to the population level; (2) track individual members of a population over time; (3) easily segment the population into subgroups for further analyses within and between groups; and (4) compare GML fits and estimated parameters to performance. These were accomplished for each of 2,374 individuals in a population using 8,467,473 observations of behavior-environment relationships spanning 11 years. In total, this study is a proof of concept for how behavior analysts can use data-science techniques to extend individual-level quantitative analyses of behavior to the population-level focused on domains of social relevance.
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Functional analyses (FAs) provide clinicians with results upon which they design behavioral treatments. Unfortunately, interrater reliability of visual analysis of FA results can be inconsistent. Accordingly, researchers have designed quantitative metrics and visual aids to supplement visual analysis. Recently, Hall et al. (2020) provided a proof of concept for using automated nonparametric statistical analysis (ANSA) to interpret FA data. Their results show promise for ANSA as a supplemental tool. However, they evaluated ANSA with only published FA datasets, which may not be representative of FAs commonly encountered in clinical care. Therefore, the purpose of this replication was to compare ANSA to another validated supplemental aid (i.e., the structured criteria method) and investigate its utility with unpublished clinical FA data. Our results were consistent with Hall et al.'s, indicating ANSA may augment clinical interpretation of FA data. Recommendations for clinical applications of ANSA and future directions for researchers are discussed.
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Terapia Conductista , Proyectos de Investigación , Humanos , Reproducibilidad de los ResultadosRESUMEN
Cox et al. (2017) successfully applied the multialternative version of the generalized matching law (GML) to pitch selection among a sample of Major League Baseball (MLB) pitchers. The purpose of the present study was to replicate and extend these findings by fitting the multialternative GML to pitch data among a sample of MLB pitchers with varying levels of success in the major leagues. We also examined how matching parameters changed as a function of novel antecedent game contexts such as the infield shift, game location, and number of times the pitcher faced the batters in the batting order. These results replicate the findings from Cox et al. and suggest the multialternative GML is a robust descriptor of pitch selection among MLB pitchers. Together, these findings further extend the generality of the multialternative GML to naturalistic, nonlaboratory environments.
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Béisbol , Articulación del Codo , HumanosRESUMEN
Researchers have examined factors of authors such as sex of author, gender identity, and seniority within the field of behavior analysis to determine if any biases towards a certain group existed. Most recently, Kranak et al. (2020) found that women and new authors are well-represented in the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis (JABA). However, that analysis included only published manuscripts. Thus, the degree to which these subpopulations are proportionally represented is unknown, because that analysis was unable to determine how often these subpopulations are submitting manuscripts. Therefore, the purpose of the current investigation was to extend Kranak et al. and analyze all accepted and rejected manuscripts submitted to JABA from 2015 - 2019. Results indicated that women and men had nearly identical acceptance rates during this time period, whereas veteran authors' acceptance rate was nearly 2.5 times greater than that of new authors. Implications for publishing, reviewing, and research mentorship practices are discussed.