Antidepressant treatment of melancholia in older adults.

OBJECTIVE: This is the first prospective trial in an outpatient sample comparing the effect of nortriptyline with sertraline in the treatment of depression with and without melancholia. We hypothesized that patients with melancholia would respond better to nortriptyline than sertraline, whereas among patients without melancholia, nortriptyline and sertraline would have equal efficacy. METHODS: We conducted a randomized 12-week trial comparing sertraline with nortriptyline in the treatment of patients with nonpsychotic, unipolar major depression stratified by the presence of melancholia. One hundred ten unipolar depressed patients with and without melancholia comprised our intent-to-treat sample. Seventy-two were nonmelancholic depressed and randomly assigned to treatment with sertraline (N = 40) or nortriptyline (N = 32). Thirty-eight were melancholic depressed and randomly assigned to treatment with sertraline (N = 18) or nortriptyline (N = 20). RESULTS: The test of the interaction of medication group and melancholia status on response was not statistically significant. Among patients with melancholia, response rates were 47% to sertraline and 75% to nortriptyline, whereas among patients without melancholia, response rates were 51% to sertraline and 42% to nortriptyline. The odds of response for patients with melancholia treated with nortriptyline compared with sertraline was 3.46. The odds of response for patients without melancholia treated with sertraline compared with nortriptyline was 0.69. Similar findings were obtained in the remission and continuous outcome analyses. CONCLUSION: This study did not find a significant difference between sertraline and nortriptyline in the treatment of depressed older adults with melancholia.

Effective utilization and future directions for repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: a guide for psychiatric nurses.

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and magnetic seizure therapy (MST) represent new and promising avenues for treating mild and severe treatment-resistant depression, respectively. A further understanding of these modalities and the contribution of psychiatric nurses in the emerging field of brain stimulation would be of great use to the nursing community. This article serves as a primer for those who are interested in participating in or referring patients for research or treatment with rTMS or MST. Of particular emphasis is the role of certified psychiatric nurses as clinical rater, patient liaison, and evidence-based practitioner:

An open treatment trial of venlafaxine for elderly patients with dysthymic disorder.

Treatment response and side effects of venlafaxine were evaluated in an open-label trial of elderly outpatients with dysthymic disorder (DD). Patients received flexible dose (up to 300 mg/d) venlafaxine (Effexor XR) for 12 weeks. Of 23 study patients, 18 completed the trial. Fourteen (60.9%) were responders in intent-to-treat analyses with the last observation carried forward, and 77.8% were responders in completer analyses. Nearly half the sample (47.8%) met criteria for remission. In the intent-to-treat sample, increased severity of depression at baseline was associated with superior response, and the presence of cardiovascular disease was associated with poorer response. Venlafaxine open-label treatment was associated with fairly high response rates and generally good tolerability in elderly patients with DD. These results indicate that in elderly patients with DD, placebo-controlled trials of a dual reuptake inhibitor such as venlafaxine would be needed to assess its efficacy or to compare its efficacy to that of other antidepressants.

New developments in electroconvulsive therapy and magnetic seizure therapy.

New findings regarding the mechanisms of action of electro-convulsive therapy (ECT) have led to novel developments in treatment technique to further improve this highly effective treatment for major depression. These new approaches include novel placements, optimization of electrical stimulus parameters, and new methods for inducing more targeted seizures(eg, magnetic seizure therapy [MST]). MST is the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation to induce a seizure. Magnetic fields pass through tissue unimpeded, providing more control over the site and extent of stimulation than can be achieved with ECT. This enhanced control represents a means of focusing the treatment on target cortical structures thought to be essential to antidepressant response and reducing spread to medial temporal regions implicated in the cognitive side effects of ECT. MST is at an early stage of development. Preliminary results suggest that MST may have some advantages over ECT in terms of subjective side effects and acute cognitive functioning. Studies designed to address the antidepressant efficacy of MST are underway. As with all attempts to improve convulsive therapy technique, the clinical value of MST will need to be established through controlled clinical trials. This article reviews the experience to date with MST, and places this work in the broader context of other means of optimizing convulsive therapy in the treatment of depression.

A feasibility study of a new method for electrically producing seizures in man: focal electrically administered seizure therapy [FEAST].

BACKGROUND: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) remains the most effective acute treatment for severe major depression, but with significant risk of adverse cognitive effects. Unidirectional electrical stimulation with a novel electrode placement and geometry (Focal Electrically Administered Seizure Therapy (FEAST)) has been proposed as a means to initiate seizures in prefrontal cortex prior to secondary generalization. As such, it may have fewer cognitive side effects than traditional ECT. We report on its first human clinical application. METHOD: Seventeen unmedicated depressed adults (5 men; 3 bipolar disorder; age 53 ± 16 years) were recruited after being referred for ECT. Open-label FEAST was administered with a modified spECTrum 5000Q device and a traditional ECT dosing regimen until patients clinically responded. Clinical and cognitive assessments were obtained at baseline, and end of course. Time to orientation recovery, a predictor of long-term amnestic effects, was assessed at each treatment. Nonresponders to FEAST were transitioned to conventional ECT. RESULTS: One patient withdrew from the study after a single titration session. After the course of FEAST (median 10 sessions), there was a 46.1 ± 35.5% improvement in Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD24) scores compared to baseline (33.1 ± 6.8, 16.8 ± 10.9; P < 0.0001). Eight of 16 patients met response criteria (50% decrease in HRSD24) and 5/16 met remission criteria (HRSD24 ≤ 10). Patients achieved full re-orientation (4 of 5 items) in 5.5 ± 6.4 min (median = 3.6), timed from when their eyes first opened after treatment. CONCLUSION: In this feasibility study, FEAST produced clinically meaningful antidepressant improvement, with relatively short time to reorientation. Our preliminary work first in primates and now depressed adults demonstrates that FEAST is feasible, safe, well-tolerated and, if efficacy can be optimized, has potential to replace traditional ECT.

Effects of pulse width and electrode placement on the efficacy and cognitive effects of electroconvulsive therapy.

BACKGROUND: While electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in major depression is effective, cognitive effects limit its use. Reducing the width of the electrical pulse and using the right unilateral electrode placement may decrease adverse cognitive effects, while preserving efficacy. METHODS: In a double-masked study, we randomly assigned 90 depressed patients to right unilateral ECT at 6 times seizure threshold or bilateral ECT at 2.5 times seizure threshold, using either a traditional brief pulse (1.5 ms) or an ultrabrief pulse (0.3 ms). Depressive symptoms and cognition were assessed before, during, and immediately, two, and six months after therapy. Patients who responded were followed for a one-year period. RESULTS: The final remission rate for ultrabrief bilateral ECT was 35 percent, compared with 73 percent for ultrabrief unilateral ECT, 65 percent for standard pulse width bilateral ECT, and 59 percent for standard pulse width unilateral ECT (all P's<0.05 after covariate adjustment). The ultrabrief right unilateral group had less severe cognitive side effects than the other 3 groups in virtually all primary outcome measures assessed in the acute postictal period, and during and immediately following therapy. Both the ultrabrief stimulus and right unilateral electrode placement produced less short- and long-term retrograde amnesia. Patients rated their memory deficits as less severe following ultrabrief right unilateral ECT compared to each of the other three conditions (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The use of an ultrabrief stimulus markedly reduces adverse cognitive effects, and when coupled with markedly suprathreshold right unilateral ECT, also preserves efficacy. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00487500.).