Perspective on oral processing of plant-based beverages.

Around the world, the market for plant-derived beverages is one of the fastest-expanding segments in the functional and specialty beverage areas of newer food product development. Consumers are increasingly likely to choose alternatives to bovine beverages due to factors including lactose intolerance, hypercholesterolemia prevalence, allergies to bovine beverages, and preference for vegan diets that contain functionally active ingredients with health-promoting characteristics. Due to health, ecological, and ethical concerns, many customers are interested in reducing their usage of animal products like bovine milk. A variety of plant-based beverage substitutes are being created by the food sector as a result. To create viable alternatives, it is first necessary to provide an overview of the chemical composition, structure, features, and nutritional attributes of ordinary bovine milk. Sensory acceptability in the case of substitutes for beverages made from legumes is a significant barrier to their widespread acceptance, and thus saliva acts as a sophisticated fluid that serves a variety of purposes in the cavity of the mouth. Designing and producing next-generation plant-based beverages that mimic the physicochemical and functional qualities of conventional bovine-based beverages is gaining popularity, and many of these products can be thought of as colloidal materials that contain the particles or polymers that give them their unique qualities NG-PB foods can have a wide range of rheological qualities, such as fluids with low viscosity (such as plant-based beverages), high-viscosity liquids (like creams), soft liquids (like yogurt), as well as hard solids (such as some cheeses).

Screening adults aged 50 years or older for hearing loss: a review of the evidence for the U.S. preventive services task force.

BACKGROUND: Hearing loss is common in older adults. Screening could identify untreated hearing loss and lead to interventions to improve hearing-related function and quality of life. PURPOSE: To update the 1996 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force evidence review on screening for hearing loss in primary care settings in adults aged 50 years or older. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE (1950 and July 2010) and the Cochrane Library (through the second quarter of 2010). STUDY SELECTION: Randomized trials, controlled observational studies, and studies on diagnostic accuracy were selected. DATA EXTRACTION: Investigators abstracted details about the patient population, study design, data analysis, follow-up, and results and assessed quality by using predefined criteria. DATA SYNTHESIS: Evidence on benefits and harms of screening for and treatments of hearing loss was synthesized qualitatively. One large (2305 participants) randomized trial found that screening for hearing loss was associated with increased hearing aid use at 1 year, but screening was not associated with improvements in hearing-related function. Good-quality evidence suggests that common screening tests can help identify patients at higher risk for hearing loss. One good-quality randomized trial found that immediate hearing aids were effective compared with wait-list control in improving hearing-related quality of life in patients with mild or moderate hearing loss and severe hearing-related handicap. We did not find direct evidence on harms of screening or treatments with hearing aids. LIMITATION: Non-English-language studies were excluded, and studies of diagnostic accuracy in high-prevalence specialty settings were included. CONCLUSION: Additional research is needed to understand the effects of screening for hearing loss compared with no screening on health outcomes and to confirm benefits of treatment under conditions likely to be encountered in most primary care settings. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.

Emerging risk factors for coronary heart disease: a summary of systematic reviews conducted for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.

BACKGROUND: Traditional risk factors do not explain all of the risk for incident coronary heart disease (CHD) events. Various new or emerging risk factors have the potential to improve global risk assessment for CHD. PURPOSE: To summarize the results of 9 systematic reviews of novel risk factors to help the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) evaluate the factors' clinical usefulness. DATA SOURCES: Results from a MEDLINE search for English-language articles published from 1966 to September 2008, using the Medical Subject Heading terms cohort studies and cardiovascular diseases in combination with terms for each risk factor. STUDY SELECTION: Studies were included if the participants had no baseline cardiovascular disease and the investigators adjusted for at least 6 Framingham risk factors. DATA EXTRACTION: Study quality was evaluated by using USPSTF criteria and overall quality of evidence for each risk factor by using a modified version of the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation framework. Each factor's potential clinical value was evaluated by using a set of criteria that emphasized the importance of the effect of that factor on the reclassification of intermediate-risk persons. DATA SYNTHESIS: 9 systematic reviews were conducted. C-reactive protein (CRP) was the best candidate for use in screening and the most rigorously studied, but evidence that changes in CRP level lead to primary prevention of CHD events is inconclusive. The other evaluated risk factors were coronary artery calcium score as measured by electron-beam computed tomography, lipoprotein(a) level, homocysteine level, leukocyte count, fasting blood glucose, periodontal disease, ankle-brachial index, and carotid intima-media thickness. The availability and validity of the evidence varied considerably across the risk factors in terms of aggregate quality, consistency of findings, and applicability to intermediate-risk persons in the general population. For most risk factors, no studies assessed their usefulness for reclassifying intermediate-risk persons. LIMITATIONS: Because of lack of access to original data, no firm conclusions could be drawn about differences in risk prediction among racial and ethnic groups. The review did not emphasize within-cohort comparisons of multiple risk factors. CONCLUSION: The current evidence does not support the routine use of any of the 9 risk factors for further risk stratification of intermediate-risk persons.

Fresh and frozen-thawed sperm quality, nuclear DNA integrity, invitro fertility, embryo development, and live-born offspring of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mice.

Efficient collection, freezing, reliable archiving of sperm, and re-derivation of mutant mice are essential components for large-scale mutagenesis programs in the mouse. Induced mutations (i.e. transgenes, targeted mutations, chemically induced mutations) in mice may cause inherited or temporary sterility, increase abnormal sperm values, or decrease fertility. One purpose of this study was to compare the effect(s) on fresh and frozen-thawed sperm quality, spermatozoa DNA integrity, unassisted in vitro fertility (IVF) rate, in vitro embryo development rate to blastocysts, and live-born offspring rates in non-ENU (control) animals and the F1-generation of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)-treated male mice (765mg/kg C57BL6/J or 600mg/kg 129S1/SvImJ total dose). The second purpose was to determine the effect(s) of parental oocyte donor strain on in vitro fertilization, in vitro embryo development to blastocysts, and live-born offspring rates using sperm and unassisted IVF to re-derive animals from non-ENU control and ENU mice. Sperm assessment parameters included progressive motility, concentration, plasma membrane integrity, membrane function integrity, acrosome integrity, and DNA integrity. There were no significant differences in fresh sperm assessment parameters, DNA integrity, unassisted in vitro fertility rate, in vitro embryo development rate to blastocysts, and live-born offspring rates between non-ENU and C3B6F1/J or B6129S1F1/J ENU mice. In addition, there were no significant differences in frozen-thawed sperm assessment parameters and DNA integrity rates for non-ENU control and ENU C3B6F1/J or B6129SF1/J mice. In vitro fertilization and in vitro embryo development to blastocysts were effected from strain genetic variability (P<0.05). However, the cryopreservation process caused an increase of DNA fragmentation in non-ENU control and ENU C3B6F1/J or B6129S1F1/J hybrid mice compared to fresh control sperm (P<0.01). Unlike the combinations of hybrid sperm and hybrid oocyte, increasing frozen-thawed sperm DNA fragmentation decreased the embryo development rate to blastocyst compared to fresh sperm when C57BL6, C3H, or 129S inbred mice were used as oocyte donors (P<0.05).

Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm: a best-evidence systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.

BACKGROUND: While the prognosis for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) rupture is poor, ultrasound imaging is an accurate and reliable test for detecting AAAs before rupture. PURPOSE: To examine the benefits and harms of population-based AAA screening. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE (1994 to July 2004) supplemented by the Cochrane Library, a reference list of retrieved articles, and expert suggestions. STUDY SELECTION: Randomized trials of AAA population screening, population studies of AAA risk factors, and data on adverse screening and treatment events from randomized trials and cohort studies. DATA EXTRACTION: All studies were reviewed, abstracted, and rated for quality by using predefined criteria. DATA SYNTHESIS: The authors identified 4 population-based randomized, controlled trials of AAA screening in men 65 years of age and older. On the basis of meta-analysis, an invitation to attend screening was associated with a significant reduction in AAA-related mortality (odds ratio, 0.57 [95% CI, 0.45 to 0.74]). A meta-analysis of 3 trials revealed no significant difference in all-cause mortality (odds ratio, 0.98 [CI, 0.95 to 1.02]). No significant reduction in AAA-related mortality was found in 1 study of AAA screening in women. Screening does not appear to be associated with significant physical or psychological harms. Major treatment harms include an operative mortality rate of 2% to 6% and significant risk for major complications. LIMITATIONS: The population screening studies focused on men and provided no information on racial or ethnic groups. No information was available on uninvited control group characteristics, so the importance of risk factors such as tobacco use or family history could not be assessed. Since all trials were conducted in countries other than the United States, generalizability to the U.S. population is uncertain. CONCLUSION: For men age 65 to 75 years, an invitation to attend AAA screening reduces AAA-related mortality.

Screening for primary open-angle glaucoma in the primary care setting: an update for the US preventive services task force.

PURPOSE: Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is a leading cause of blindness and vision-related disability. This review examines the effectiveness of screening for and treatment of early POAG in asymptomatic persons. METHODS: We identified studies of glaucoma screening and treatment from MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, and glaucoma experts. Two reviewers abstracted relevant studies and graded articles according to US Preventive Services Task Force criteria. RESULTS: No randomized, controlled trials of population screening for POAG have been reported. Two randomized controlled trials compared the efficacy of treatment to lower intraocular pressure with no treatment for persons who have early primary open-angle glaucoma. In a Swedish trial, treatment reduced progression at 5 years from 62% without treatment to 45% with treatment (absolute risk reduction [ARR] 17%, number needed to treat 5.8, P = .007). In a US trial of patients with early POAG and normal intraocular pressure, progression at 5 years was observed in 39% of those without treatment and 33% of those with treatment (P = .21). The benefit of delaying progression of visual field loss on vision-related function in patients with early POAG is unclear. The principal harm of treatment is loss of visual acuity resulting from an increased risk of cataract formation. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment to lower intraocular pressure may delay progression of visual field deficits in some asymptomatic individuals with early POAG. Further studies of population screening are needed to show that early recognition and treatment of glaucoma in asymptomatic patients are effective in improving vision-specific functional outcomes and health-related quality of life.

Two mouse mutations mapped to chromosome 11 with differing morphologies but similar progressive inflammatory alopecia.

Alopecia is a common dermatological condition in humans and other mammals. Here, we present two similar but histologically distinct mouse models of scarring alopecia. Both mutant lines were generated using random genome-wide N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea mutagenesis, and both harbor dominant mutations on chromosome 11. In both mutants, there is an early onset of alopecia that progresses to nearly complete pelage hair loss in both males and females by 20 weeks of age. Histologically, there is an increased dermal cellularity due to inflammatory cell infiltration at 7-10 days of age. By 3 weeks of age, the epidermis is acanthotic and the dermis is approximately twice as thick as in control mice due to a substantial, mostly mononuclear, inflammatory cell infiltrate. This infiltrate becomes more perifollicular by 4-5 weeks of age but is localized differently in the two mutants. In alopecia 1 (Alo-1), the perifollicular infiltrate is confined to the portion of the follicle within the dermis, whereas in Alo-2, the infiltrate extends the full length of the follicle. Expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I on the follicular epithelium in the two mutants is much greater than that in non-mutants. Furthermore, MHC class I expression is localized differently in the two mutant lines and mirrors the pattern of the inflammatory infiltrate. Despite these differences, the clinical progression of alopecia is identical in both mutants. The early onset of the disease, predictable progression, and differences in inflammatory cell localization between the two mutants make these mice particularly useful models for inflammatory hair loss and autoimmune diseases in general.

A carbohydrate-antioxidant hybrid polymer reduces oxidative damage in spermatozoa and enhances fertility.

Gamete-gamete interactions are critically modulated by carbohydrate-protein interactions that rely on the carbohydrate-selective recognition of polyvalent carbohydrate structures. A galactose-binding protein has been identified in mammalian spermatozoa that has similarity to the well-characterized hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor. With the aim of exploiting the ability of this class of proteins to bind and internalize macromolecules displaying galactose, we designed hybrid carbohydrate-antioxidant polymers to deliver antioxidant vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) to porcine spermatozoa. Treatment of sperm cells with one hybrid polymer in particular produced large increases in intracellular sperm levels of alpha-tocopherol and greatly reduced endogenous fatty acid degradation under oxidative stress. The polymer-treated spermatozoa had enhanced physiological properties and longer half-lives, which resulted in enhanced fertilization rates. Our results indicate that hybrid polymer delivery systems can prolong the functional viability of mammalian spermatozoa and improve fertility rates, and that our functionally guided optimization strategy can be applied to the discovery of active glycoconjugate ligands.

A Gja1 missense mutation in a mouse model of oculodentodigital dysplasia.

Oculodentodigital dysplasia (ODDD) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by pleiotropic developmental anomalies of the limbs, teeth, face and eyes that was shown recently to be caused by mutations in the gap junction protein alpha 1 gene (GJA1), encoding connexin 43 (Cx43). In the course of performing an N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea mutagenesis screen, we identified a dominant mouse mutation that exhibits many classic symptoms of ODDD, including syndactyly, enamel hypoplasia, craniofacial anomalies and cardiac dysfunction. Positional cloning revealed that these mice carry a point mutation in Gja1 leading to the substitution of a highly conserved amino acid (G60S) in Cx43. In vivo and in vitro studies revealed that the mutant Cx43 protein acts in a dominant-negative fashion to disrupt gap junction assembly and function. In addition to the classic features of ODDD, these mutant mice also showed decreased bone mass and mechanical strength, as well as altered hematopoietic stem cell and progenitor populations. Thus, these mice represent an experimental model with which to explore the clinical manifestations of ODDD and to evaluate potential intervention strategies.