Increased expression of the CD45RO (memory) antigen on T cells in HIV-infected children.

Expression of the CD45RO putative memory cell antigen on CD4 (helper) and CD8 (cytotoxic/suppressor) lymphocytes of children born to HIV-infected women was investigated using the UCHL1 antibody. Significantly raised numbers of CD45RO+ CD8 lymphocytes were found in all nine of the infected children compared with uninfected and control children. Expression of CD45RO on CD4 lymphocytes was variable; absolute numbers were not increased, although the percentage was increased in four out of nine infected children. All the infected children except two (who had comparatively low numbers of CD45RO+ CD8 cells) were clinically well, which suggests that an increase in CD45RO+ CD8 cells may be indicative of a functionally active immune response against HIV.

Standardisation and quality assurance of lymphocyte proliferation assays for use in the assessment of immune function. European Concerted Action on Immunological and Virological Markers of HIV Disease Progression.

Lymphocyte proliferation is a widely used technique to assess immune competence. However, the technique is subject to a large degree of variation, some biological and some technical. In this study, the components of variation in whole blood proliferation assays were analysed over time, using both antibody and mitogenic stimulants. The levels of variation within individual samples, between individuals and between groups of individuals over time were examined. A method of transforming the data is proposed which reduces the coefficients of variation to an acceptable level, and which expresses individual results as a standardised count. This method overcomes the problem of different levels of absolute counts, it corrects for time sensitive errors and allows data from multiple laboratories to be pooled.

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity in children infected with HIV.

Of the Edinburgh cohort of approximately 130 children born to HIV-infected women, 9 are infected and alive. This article describes results from the first 18 months of a natural history study of seven of these, and two adopted children, studying the CD8 T cell-mediated cytotoxicity against HIV proteins (Gag, Tat, Pol, and Env), over time, and relating it to clinical progression and viral activity. Autologous EBV cell lines infected with vaccinia-HIV constructs were used as target cells, and bulk-cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells as effector cells. The children ranged in age from 0 to 93 months, with six of the nine showing CTL activity to one or more HIV proteins. The specificity of the response was directed against Tat in the younger children, switching to Pol, then Gag or Env. Preliminary analysis of virological data showed no association between CTL and virus activity. The children with CTLs tended to be well clinically, but the cohort needs to be studied longer before conclusions can be made about CTL activity and HIV disease progression. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity has also been observed in two children diagnosed as HIV uninfected. These results show the importance of looking at CTL specificity, and may have implications in vaccine design.

Immunodeficiency in non-tuberculous mycobacterial disease.

T-cell immunity was investigated in eight patients with non-tuberculous mycobacterial disease, to see whether impaired immune function might be the explanation for their infection. Cellular immune function was evaluated in vitro by measuring the proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in response to both non-specific mitogens (phytohaemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen) and specific recall antigens (streptokinase-streptodornase and purified protein derivative from Mycobacterium tuberculosis), and in vivo, by measuring the skin test response to a panel of recall antigens. Functionally relevant T-lymphocyte sub-populations (CD4, CD8, activated CD3 and gamma/delta T-cells) were enumerated by two-colour flow cytometry. The results were compared with those for a group of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, with groups of controls matched for age and smoking habit, and with a patient group receiving steroid treatment. The patients with non-tuberculous mycobacterial disease had poor or absent skin test responses; in vitro, their response to recall antigens was depressed, although their response to mitogens was normal. The patients had significantly raised levels of CD8 lymphocytes and activated T-cells, but lacked any circulating gamma/delta T-cells. There were also differences between the various control groups. In conclusion, this study demonstrates a deficiency in the cellular immune system of these patients, which is most readily detectable by skin testing, or by measuring lymphocyte proliferative responses to recall antigens. However, the study also shows changes in cellular immune responses in controls matched for age and smoking and in patients on steroid treatment, and underscores the need for matched controls. Further work needs to be done to ascertain whether the cellular immune deficiency is a cause of, or is caused by, the mycobacterial infections, and also to investigate the pathological significance of the alterations in T-cell sub-populations.

Spontaneous lymphocyte activity in rheumatoid arthritis in a longitudinal study in relation to gold therapy.

Spontaneous lymphocyte activity has been measured over 24 weeks in rheumatoid arthritis patients who were receiving placebo, auranofin or gold sodium thiomalate (GST). The results suggest a relationship between a fall in lymphocyte activity and clinical improvement on GST. They also show that the patients with most active disease, as determined by the ESR, had normal levels of lymphocyte activity. We suggest that peripheral lymphocyte activity is secondary to immunological stimulation in the joint capsule, and is not directly related to disease activity. We conclude that spontaneous activity is probably an epiphenomenon and not related directly to disease activity or to disease prognosis.

Phenotypic characterization of CD8+ T cell populations in HIV disease and in anti-HIV immunity.

The CD8+ T cell population is believed to play an important role in the control of viral infection, both for suppression of viral replication and for cytotoxic activity against viral infected cells. Elevated numbers of CD8+ T cells have been demonstrated in HIV infection, and CD8+ cytotoxic T cell (CTL) activity is associated with the early, asymptomatic stage of disease. We investigated the phenotypic characteristics of the CD8 population, in whole blood, in HIV disease and determined the predominant CD8+ subpopulation involved in anti-HIV CTL activity. We found that CD8+ T cells co-expressing markers of activation (HLA-DR), memory (CD45RO, CD29), and cytotoxic activity (S6F1) were significantly elevated in the early stages of disease, while the numbers of naive (CD45RA) cells remained unchanged. Progression to AIDS resulted in an overall loss of absolute CD8+ T cells, though the percentages of CD8+ HLA-DR+ and CD8+ S6F1+ remained elevated. In contrast to patients in the late stages of disease, anti-HIVgag CTL activity, following in vitro stimulation, was present in most HIV+ asymptomatic subjects and was associated with an expansion of CD8+ HLA-DR+ and CD8+ CD45RO+ cells. The absence of CTL activity was associated with a reduced ability of these populations to expand in vitro and with a significant loss of peripheral CD4+ T cells, independent of clinical stage. We suggest that CD8+ expressing HLA-DR+ CD45RO+ and S6F1+ play an important role in anti-HIV cytotoxicity.

Age-related ranges of memory, activation, and cytotoxic markers on CD4 and CD8 cells in children.

The expression of markers defining functional subpopulations on the surface of CD4 and CD8 cells changes with disease. To monitor these changes in children, it is important to establish the age-related normal changes in marker expression due to maturation of the immune system. We have studied the expression of several functionally important molecules on both CD4 and CD8 cells in 168 children (aged 0-122 months) using monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry. Our results show that the percentage of CD4 cells decreases with age, while the CD8 percentage increases, resulting in a decrease in the CD4/CD8 ratio. The expression of CD45RO and CD29 increases with age, while CD45RA expression decreases, both on CD4 and CD8 cells. The expression of HLA-DR on both CD4 and CD8 cells, and of CD11a and CD57 on CD8 cells, is less clearly age dependent. The relationships between the marker percentages and age were not straightforward; the standard deviations and the skewness, as well as their mean values, varied as a function of age. The changes were modeled for each marker and age-specific centiles are presented.

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity and CD8 subpopulations in children at risk of HIV infection.

HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are thought to play a major role in viral control in HIV-infected adults. Changes in the relative proportions of CD8 lymphocyte subpopulations are also thought to be associated with disease progression. Less is known about the relative effectiveness of CTL against different HIV targets, or about the relationship, if any, between CTL activity and CD8 subpopulations. We have measured CTL activity against four HIV gene products (gag, tat, pol and env) and expression of CD45RO, CD45RA, HLA-DR, CD29, S6F1, and CD57 surface markers on CD8 cells from nine HIV-infected and 11 HIV-uninfected children. Of nine HIV-infected children, six showed antigen-specific CTL activity on at least one occasion: 4/6 directed against tat, 6/6 against pol, 1/6 against env, and 1/6 against gag. However, the specificity of the CTL activity varied between children and within individual children with time. Furthermore, two uninfected children showed CTL activity, one to HIV-gag, -pol and -tat, and the other to HIV-pol. All the HIV-infected and two uninfected children had abnormal proportions of CD8 subpopulations in whole blood compared with age-matched controls. There was no correlation between CTL activity and CD8 subsets in whole blood. Five children changed from CTL-positive to CTL-negative (or vice versa) during the study. In these, the occasions when CTL activity was detected coincided with an increase in CD8 cells, an expansion of HLA-DR+ CD8 cells and a loss of CD45RA+ CD8 cells.

Transfusion-induced, Fc gamma-receptor-blocking antibodies: spectrum of cellular reactivity.

In this study we have shown that transfusion-induced Fc gamma R-blocking antibodies have the capacity to react with various cell types which are known to possess this receptor i.e., lymphocytes (T and B cells), polymorphs and platelets. In contrast we were unable to demonstrate any reactivity with K (or NK) lymphocytes or with monocytes. The spectrum of cellular reactivity exhibited by these antibodies suggests that their effect on the immune system may be complex.

CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes in diagnosis and disease progression of pediatric HIV infection.

Vertical infection with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) causes profound changes in the proportions of subpopulations of lymphocytes in the peripheral circulation. In this study the percentages in whole blood of CD4 and CD8 cells, and of immunologically important subpopulations, were measured in 19 HIV-infected children over periods of up to 4 years and compared to our recently published ranges for normal children of various ages. The rate of CD4 decline and of CD8 increase differed between clinically fast and slow progressors. On CD8 cells, cytotoxic, memory (CD11abright and CD45R0), and activation (HLA-DR) markers were raised soon after birth to levels outside the normal range, and compared favorably with HIV culture as a method for early diagnosis of HIV infection. Mean levels of naive (CD45RA) and memory (CD45R0, CD29) markers on CD4 cells became significantly altered after 48 months of age, suggesting that these are markers of more advanced disease. Despite different ages of enrollment into the study, in the cohort as a whole, the levels of the lymphocyte subpopulations studied changed consistently. Thus, their measurement could be useful both in the diagnosis and prognosis of HIV infection in individual children. This is the first report showing that lymphocyte subpopulation analysis can play a major role in the diagnosis of pediatric HIV infection.

Isolation of labile Fcgamma-receptors from human peripheral blood lymphocytes and production of an antiserum.

In this study, we have isolated membranelabile Fcgamma-receptors (i.e. FcgammaR I) from normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes and have produced a rabbit antiserum to this protein. Using this antiserum, we have shown that membrane-labile and membrane-stable (i.e. FcgammaR II) Fcgamma-receptors are antigenically distinct and that these two forms of the receptors probably coexist on the same lymphocyte subpopulation. Moreover, it was apparent that lymphocyte FcgammaR Is are distinct from FcgammaRs expressed on other cell types (e.g. monocytes, polymorphs and spermatozoa). Preliminary evidence does suggest, however, that human platelets express an FcgammaR which is antigenically similar to human lymphocyte FcgammaR I.

Immunological abnormalities in haemophilia: are they caused by American factor VIII concentrate?

Scottish patients with haemophilia, most of whom had received no American factor VIII concentrate for over two years, were found to have immunological abnormalities similar to those in their American counterparts--that is, a reduced proportion of T helper cells, an increased proportion of T suppressor cells, and a reduced response to concanavilin A. Factor VIII from both the United States and Scotland severely inhibited the in vitro lymphocyte response to mitogens in patients and controls. The American and Scottish concentrates could not be distinguished in terms of either patient usage or their effect in vitro. These results argue against a disease vector specific to American blood products.

An investigation of the general immune status and specific immune responsiveness to retinal-(S)-antigen in patients with chronic posterior uveitis.

Immunological abnormalities in endogenous posterior uveitis are widely reported but difficult to verify. We have therefore studied several immunological parameters in 14 patients with chronic posterior uveitis and compared the results with 14 healthy controls. Both the general immune status and the specific immune responsiveness to retinal S-antigen have been investigated. Results for the patient group as a whole were not significantly different from the control group. However the patients with severe eye disease (n = 4) had a reduced proliferative response to streptokinase-streptodornase antigen and two further individuals showed a general deficiency in functional cell mediated immunity. Circulating T-helper cells were marginally but not significantly reduced in patients. Responsiveness to bovine retinal S-antigen varied to a similar degree in both the patient and control groups. These findings indicate that, although severe uveitis may be associated with functional defects in cellular immunity in certain cases, in general the measurement of immune responsiveness of peripheral blood lymphocytes is unlikely to aid in the diagnosis or management of chronic posterior uveitis.

A single measurement of CD38CD8 cells in HIV+, long-term surviving injecting drug users distinguishes those who will progress to AIDS from those who will remain stable.

This study compares the predictive power of a single measurement of CD8+CD38+, CD8+CD45RO+ or CD8+CD38+CD45RO+ subpopulations in predicting progression to AIDS in a cohort of HIV+ long-term surviving injecting drug users. The results showed that both the total CD8+ percentage, and the CD8+CD38+ and CD8+CD38+CD45RO+ subpopulations of cells all individually predicted progression to AIDS. In combination with CD4, only the CD8+CD38+ subpopulation enhanced the predictive power of the CD4 percentage alone. The CD8+ percentage correlated negatively with the CD4 percentage and the CD8+CD45RO+ subpopulation did not predict disease progression. The proportion of CD8+CD38+ cells identified which patients with a moderate CD4 level were more likely to progress to AIDS, and conversely, which patients with a low CD4 count were likely to remain clinically stable. The results were consistent irrespective of whether time was measured from the date of seroconversion, or from the date of the test. This study is the first to measure these markers in HIV-infected injecting drug users, and in long-term survivors. The results demonstrate the considerable added value of the CD8+CD38+ cell percentage over the CD4 count alone, in predicting HIV clinical progression.

In vitro measurement of cytotoxic T cell activity does not predict clinical progression in paediatric HIV disease--two case studies.

Cytotoxic T cells are believed to be an important immune response in HIV infection, both in the initial response to viraemia, and in controlling HIV replication and maintaining clinical stability. We report here the detailed findings in two vertically infected children, from the Edinburgh perinatal cohort. Both were clinically stable for the first 7 years of life. One had vigorous HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses, and non-lytic suppression, measured in vitro, while the second had no CTL activity against HIV. Despite her HIV-specific immunity, the first child had a declining CD4 count, and a high and fluctuating viral load, whereas the second child maintained a stable CD4 count, a low viral load and had a virus which could not be cultured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in vitro. The first child subsequently progressed to AIDS and has now died, while the second remains clinically well. More detailed investigations showed the clinically stable child to be heterozygous for the CCR5 receptor, and to be HLA-B49--both of which markers have been associated with slow HIV disease progression. These findings question the role of CTL in maintaining stable HIV disease, and stress the need for immunological investigations to be considered in the light of the genetic make-up of the patient. They may also reflect a different immunopathogenesis of HIV disease in children compared with adults.

Maternal antibodies to gp120 V3 sequence do not correlate with protection against vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus.

A retrospective study of sera from mothers infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) was undertaken to investigate whether the titers or affinities of antibodies against the third hypervariable region (V3 loop) of gp120 correlated with transmission of the virus from mother to child. The cohort comprised 7 mothers who transmitted HIV-1 to their children and 20 who did not. Sera were screened for reactivity against two synthetic peptides, one encompassing the entire V3 loop of gp120 (amino acids 297-330) and the other containing an immunodominant epitope from gp41 (amino acids 596-614). Doubling dilutions of sera were tested to obtain antibody titers against both peptides: Anti-gp41 titers were used to normalize the anti-V3 titers. Maternal sera were also screened for the presence of high-affinity antibodies against the V3 peptide. No differences were observed in either titers or affinities of maternal antibodies to the V3 sequence from transmitters and nontransmitters.

HTLV-III seropositivity in European haemophiliacs exposed to Factor VIII concentrate imported from the USA.

77 Scottish haemophiliacs and 22 Danish haemophiliacs were serologically tested for antibodies to human T-cell leukaemia virus III (HTLV-III). Since 1979 the Scottish patients had been treated largely with factor VIII concentrate produced in Scotland, whereas all but 2 of the Danish patients had received both locally prepared concentrate and commercial concentrate made from US donor material. 15.6% of Scottish and 59.1% of Danish haemophiliacs were antibody positive (p less than 0.001). None of 11 haemophiliacs not treated in the period 1979-84 was seropositive. 2 (6.7%) of 30 subjects who had been treated with locally produced concentrate only were antibody positive, compared with 23 (39.7%) of 58 subjects who had been treated with commercial concentrate. Among 52 users of both commercially and locally produced factor VIII concentrate, seropositivity was directly correlated with the consumption of commercial concentrate (p less than 0.001) but not locally produced material. These data indicate that European haemophiliacs were exposed to HTLV-III via some factor VIII concentrates obtained from the USA.