RESUMEN
Mental health profoundly impacts inflammatory responses in the body. This is particularly apparent in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), in which psychological stress is associated with exacerbated disease flares. Here, we discover a critical role for the enteric nervous system (ENS) in mediating the aggravating effect of chronic stress on intestinal inflammation. We find that chronically elevated levels of glucocorticoids drive the generation of an inflammatory subset of enteric glia that promotes monocyte- and TNF-mediated inflammation via CSF1. Additionally, glucocorticoids cause transcriptional immaturity in enteric neurons, acetylcholine deficiency, and dysmotility via TGF-ß2. We verify the connection between the psychological state, intestinal inflammation, and dysmotility in three cohorts of IBD patients. Together, these findings offer a mechanistic explanation for the impact of the brain on peripheral inflammation, define the ENS as a relay between psychological stress and gut inflammation, and suggest that stress management could serve as a valuable component of IBD care.
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Sistema Nervioso Entérico , Enfermedades Inflamatorias del Intestino , Humanos , Glucocorticoides/farmacología , Inflamación , Sistema Nervioso Entérico/fisiología , Estrés PsicológicoRESUMEN
Enteric pathogens are exposed to a dynamic polymicrobial environment in the gastrointestinal tract1. This microbial community has been shown to be important during infection, but there are few examples illustrating how microbial interactions can influence the virulence of invading pathogens2. Here we show that expansion of a group of antibiotic-resistant, opportunistic pathogens in the gut-the enterococci-enhances the fitness and pathogenesis of Clostridioides difficile. Through a parallel process of nutrient restriction and cross-feeding, enterococci shape the metabolic environment in the gut and reprogramme C. difficile metabolism. Enterococci provide fermentable amino acids, including leucine and ornithine, which increase C. difficile fitness in the antibiotic-perturbed gut. Parallel depletion of arginine by enterococci through arginine catabolism provides a metabolic cue for C. difficile that facilitates increased virulence. We find evidence of microbial interaction between these two pathogenic organisms in multiple mouse models of infection and patients infected with C. difficile. These findings provide mechanistic insights into the role of pathogenic microbiota in the susceptibility to and the severity of C. difficile infection.
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Clostridioides difficile , Enterococcus , Interacciones Microbianas , Animales , Humanos , Ratones , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Arginina/deficiencia , Arginina/metabolismo , Clostridioides difficile/metabolismo , Clostridioides difficile/patogenicidad , Clostridioides difficile/fisiología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Enterococcus/efectos de los fármacos , Enterococcus/metabolismo , Enterococcus/patogenicidad , Enterococcus/fisiología , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Intestinos/efectos de los fármacos , Intestinos/metabolismo , Intestinos/microbiología , Leucina/metabolismo , Ornitina/metabolismo , Virulencia , Susceptibilidad a EnfermedadesRESUMEN
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the most frequent forms of cancer, and new strategies for its prevention and therapy are urgently needed1. Here we identify a metabolite signalling pathway that provides actionable insights towards this goal. We perform a dietary screen in autochthonous animal models of CRC and find that ketogenic diets exhibit a strong tumour-inhibitory effect. These properties of ketogenic diets are recapitulated by the ketone body ß-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), which reduces the proliferation of colonic crypt cells and potently suppresses intestinal tumour growth. We find that BHB acts through the surface receptor Hcar2 and induces the transcriptional regulator Hopx, thereby altering gene expression and inhibiting cell proliferation. Cancer organoid assays and single-cell RNA sequencing of biopsies from patients with CRC provide evidence that elevated BHB levels and active HOPX are associated with reduced intestinal epithelial proliferation in humans. This study thus identifies a BHB-triggered pathway regulating intestinal tumorigenesis and indicates that oral or systemic interventions with a single metabolite may complement current prevention and treatment strategies for CRC.
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Neoplasias Colorrectales , Transducción de Señal , Ácido 3-Hidroxibutírico/metabolismo , Ácido 3-Hidroxibutírico/farmacología , Animales , Proliferación Celular , Transformación Celular Neoplásica , Neoplasias Colorrectales/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Colorrectales/genética , Neoplasias Colorrectales/prevención & control , HumanosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: In select patients, pancreatic adenocarcinoma remains a local disease, yet there are no validated biomarkers to predict this behavior and who may benefit from aggressive local treatments. This study sought to determine if SMAD4 (mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4) messenger RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) expression is a robust method for predicting overall survival (OS) and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) in patients with resected pancreatic adenocarcinoma. METHODS: Utilizing The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC), 322 patients with resected stage I-III pancreatic adenocarcinoma were identified. In TCGA, multivariable proportional hazards models were used to determine the association of SMAD4 genomic aberrations and RNA-seq expression with OS and DMFS. In the ICGC, analysis sought to confirm the predictive performance of RNA-seq via multivariable models and receiver operator characteristic curves. RESULTS: In TCGA, the presence of SMAD4 genomic aberrations was associated with worse OS (hazard ratio [HR], 1.55; 95% CI, 1.00-2.40; p = .048) but not DMFS (HR, 1.33; 95% CI, .87-2.03; p = .19). Low SMAD4 RNA-seq expression was associated with worse OS (HR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.17-2.86; p = .008) and DMFS (HR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.14-2.54; p = .009). In the ICGC, increased SMAD4 RNA-seq expression correlated with improved OS (area under the curve [AUC], .92; 95% CI, .86-.94) and DMFS (AUC, .84; 95% CI, .82-.87). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with resected pancreatic adenocarcinoma, SMAD4 genomic aberrations are associated with worse OS but do not predict for DMFS. Increased SMAD4 RNA-seq expression is associated with improved OS and DMFS in patients with resected pancreatic adenocarcinoma. This reproducible finding suggests SMAD4 RNA-seq expression may be a useful marker to predict metastatic spread.
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Adenocarcinoma , Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Humanos , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/genética , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/cirugía , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Adenocarcinoma/genética , Adenocarcinoma/cirugía , Proteína Smad4/genética , Modelos de Riesgos Proporcionales , Biomarcadores de Tumor/genética , Biomarcadores de Tumor/metabolismo , PronósticoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Biliary atresia (BA) is an obstructive cholangiopathy that initially affects the extrahepatic bile ducts (EHBDs) of neonates. The etiology is uncertain, but evidence points to a prenatal cause. Fetal tissues have increased levels of hyaluronic acid (HA), which plays an integral role in fetal wound healing. The objective of this study was to determine whether a program of fetal wound healing is part of the response to fetal EHBD injury. METHODS: Mouse, rat, sheep, and human EHBD samples were studied at different developmental time points. Models included a fetal sheep model of prenatal hypoxia, human BA EHBD remnants and liver samples taken at the time of the Kasai procedure, EHBDs isolated from neonatal rats and mice, and spheroids and other models generated from primary neonatal mouse cholangiocytes. RESULTS: A wide layer of high molecular weight HA encircling the lumen was characteristic of the normal perinatal but not adult EHBD. This layer, which was surrounded by collagen, expanded in injured ducts in parallel with extensive peribiliary gland hyperplasia, increased mucus production and elevated serum bilirubin levels. BA EHBD remnants similarly showed increased HA centered around ductular structures compared with age-appropriate controls. High molecular weight HA typical of the fetal/neonatal ducts caused increased cholangiocyte spheroid growth, whereas low molecular weight HA induced abnormal epithelial morphology; low molecular weight HA caused matrix swelling in a bile duct-on-a-chip device. CONCLUSION: The fetal/neonatal EHBD, including in human EHBD remnants from Kasai surgeries, demonstrated an injury response with prolonged high levels of HA typical of fetal wound healing. The expanded peri-luminal HA layer may swell and lead to elevated bilirubin levels and obstruction of the EHBD. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS: Biliary atresia is a pediatric cholangiopathy associated with high morbidity and mortality rates; although multiple etiologies have been proposed, the fetal response to bile duct damage is largely unknown. This study explores the fetal pathogenesis after extrahepatic bile duct damage, thereby opening a completely new avenue to study therapeutic targets in the context of biliary atresia.
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Conductos Biliares Extrahepáticos , Atresia Biliar , Humanos , Animales , Ratones , Ratas , Niño , Ovinos , Atresia Biliar/patología , Conductos Biliares Extrahepáticos/patología , Feto/patología , Cicatrización de Heridas , BilirrubinaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Although germ-free mice are an indispensable tool in studying the gut microbiome and its effects on host physiology, they are phenotypically different than their conventional counterparts. While antibiotic-mediated microbiota depletion in conventional mice leads to physiologic alterations that often mimic the germ-free state, the degree to which the effects of microbial colonization on the host are reversible is unclear. The gut microbiota produce abundant short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and previous studies have demonstrated a link between microbial-derived SCFAs and global hepatic histone acetylation in germ-free mice. APPROACH AND RESULTS: We demonstrate that global hepatic histone acetylation states measured by mass spectrometry remained largely unchanged despite loss of luminal and portal vein SCFAs after antibiotic-mediated microbiota depletion. In contrast to stable hepatic histone acetylation states, we see robust hepatic transcriptomic alterations after microbiota depletion. Additionally, neither dietary supplementation with supraphysiologic levels of SCFA nor the induction of hepatocyte proliferation in the absence of microbiota-derived SCFAs led to alterations in global hepatic histone acetylation. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that microbiota-dependent landscaping of the hepatic epigenome through global histone acetylation is static in nature, while the hepatic transcriptome is responsive to alterations in the gut microbiota.
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Ácidos Grasos Volátiles/metabolismo , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/fisiología , Histona Acetiltransferasas/metabolismo , Animales , Línea Celular , Masculino , Ratones Endogámicos C57BLRESUMEN
Transplant eligibility for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is determined by the imaging identification of tumor burden within the Milan criteria. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt(s) (TIPS) reduce portal hypertension but may impact HCC visualization. It was hypothesized that the presence of pretransplant TIPS would correlate with occult HCC and reduced survival. A single-center, retrospective, case control study was performed among liver transplant recipients with HCC (2000-2017). The primary endpoint was occult disease on explant pathology. Backward stepwise logistic regression was performed. The secondary endpoints disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were evaluated with Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression analysis. Of 640 patients, 40 had TIPS and more frequently exhibited occult disease (80.0% versus 43.1%; P < 0.001; odds ratio [OR], 4.16; P < 0.001). Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) similarly correlated with occult disease (OR, 1.97; P = 0.02). Explant tumor burden was equivalent between TIPS subgroups; accordingly, TIPS status was not independently associated with reduced DFS or OS. However, exceeding the Milan criteria was associated with reduced DFS (hazard ratio, 3.21; P = 0.001), and TIPS status in patients with a single suspected lesion (n = 316) independently correlated with explant tumor burdens beyond these criteria (OR, 13.47; P = 0.001). TIPS on pretransplant imaging are associated with occult HCC on explant pathology. Comparable occult disease findings in patients with PVT suggest that the mechanism may involve altered hepatic perfusion, obscuring imaging diagnosis. TIPS are not independently associated with reduced DFS or OS but are associated with exceeding the Milan criteria for patients with a single suspected lesion. The presence of TIPS may necessitate a higher index of suspicion for occult HCC.
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Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Trasplante de Hígado , Derivación Portosistémica Intrahepática Transyugular , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/cirugía , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Humanos , Cirrosis Hepática , Neoplasias Hepáticas/diagnóstico por imagen , Neoplasias Hepáticas/cirugía , Trasplante de Hígado/efectos adversos , Vena Porta/diagnóstico por imagen , Vena Porta/cirugía , Derivación Portosistémica Intrahepática Transyugular/efectos adversos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Advances in cancer treatment have improved survival; however, local recurrence and metastatic disease-the principal causes of cancer mortality-have limited the ability to achieve durable remissions. Local recurrences arise from latent tumor cells that survive therapy and are often not detectable by conventional clinical imaging techniques. Local recurrence after transarterial embolization (TAE) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) provides a compelling clinical correlate of this phenomenon. In response to TAE-induced ischemia, HCC cells adapt their growth program to effect a latent phenotype that precedes local recurrence. APPROACH AND RESULTS: In this study, we characterized and leveraged the metabolic reprogramming demonstrated by latent HCC cells in response to TAE-induced ischemia to enable their detection in vivo using dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) of 13 carbon-labeled substrates. Under TAE-induced ischemia, latent HCC cells demonstrated reduced metabolism and developed a dependence on glycolytic flux to lactate. Despite the hypometabolic state of these cells, DNP-MRSI of 1-13 C-pyruvate and its downstream metabolites, 1-13 C-lactate and 1-13 C-alanine, predicted histological viability. CONCLUSIONS: These studies provide a paradigm for imaging latent, treatment-refractory cancer cells, suggesting that DNP-MRSI provides a technology for this application.
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Carcinoma Hepatocelular/diagnóstico por imagen , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/terapia , Embolización Terapéutica , Neoplasias Hepáticas/diagnóstico por imagen , Neoplasias Hepáticas/terapia , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Animales , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/metabolismo , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Humanos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patología , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
Alcohol's impairment of both hepatic lipid metabolism and insulin resistance (IR) are key drivers of alcoholic steatosis, the initial stage of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Pharmacologic reduction of lipotoxic ceramide prevents alcoholic steatosis and glucose intolerance in mice, but potential off-target effects limit its strategic utility. Here, we employed a hepatic-specific acid ceramidase (ASAH) overexpression model to reduce hepatic ceramides in a Lieber-DeCarli model of experimental alcoholic steatosis. We examined effects of alcohol on hepatic lipid metabolism, body composition, energy homeostasis, and insulin sensitivity as measured by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Our results demonstrate that hepatic ceramide reduction ameliorates the effects of alcohol on hepatic lipid droplet (LD) accumulation by promoting VLDL secretion and lipophagy, the latter of which involves ceramide cross-talk between the lysosomal and LD compartments. We additionally demonstrate that hepatic ceramide reduction prevents alcohol's inhibition of hepatic insulin signaling. These effects on the liver are associated with a reduction in oxidative stress markers and are relevant to humans, as we observe peri- LD ASAH expression in human ALD. Together, our results suggest a potential role for hepatic ceramide inhibition in preventing ALD.
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Ceramidas/metabolismo , Etanol/efectos adversos , Hígado Graso/metabolismo , Resistencia a la Insulina , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/metabolismo , Animales , Composición Corporal , Homeostasis/efectos de los fármacos , Ratones , Especificidad de Órganos , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) is a rare inherited disorder of the heme biosynthesis pathway resulting in the accumulation of protoporphyrins in the blood, erythrocytes, and other tissues. Because of a gene mutation in the FECH gene, ferrochelatase, the enzyme involved in the final step of heme synthesis, is deficient in these patients. Although the major symptom of this disorder is photosensitivity, rarely, it can cause progressive liver disease requiring liver transplantation (LT). However, LT is not curative and only bone marrow transplantation (BMT) can correct the underlying enzymatic defect. Because liver disease results from accumulation of protoporphyrin in the liver, LT without hematopoietic stem cell transplantation leaves the new liver at risk for similar EPP-related damage. A handful of pediatric patients undergoing sequential LT and stem cell transplantation have been described in the literature; however, to date none has been described in detail in adults. We report a case of an adult male with EPP and liver failure who successfully underwent a sequential liver and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).
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Trasplante de Células Madre Hematopoyéticas/métodos , Trasplante de Hígado/métodos , Protoporfiria Eritropoyética/terapia , Adulto , Humanos , Masculino , PronósticoRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To examine differences in outcome and response of cirrhotomimetic (CMM) hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) to a combination of bridging transcatheter arterial chemoembolization and orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) compared with non-CMM HCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients with pathologically proven CMM HCC who underwent bridging transcatheter arterial chemoembolization before OLT between 2007 and 2013 (n = 23) were retrospectively compared with a control group of patients with pathologically proven non-CMM HCC (n = 46). RESULTS: There were 29 tumors in the CMM HCC group and 64 tumors in the non-CMM group identified and treated. Objective response rate on MR imaging at 1 and 3 months after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for CMM HCC tumors (including patients with complete and partial response) was 93.1% and 86.4% compared with 85.2% and 93.2% for non-CMM tumors without statistically significant difference (P = .54 and P = .09, respectively). Pathologic study of liver explants showed complete tumor necrosis in 62.3% of non-CMM tumors (38/61) compared with 10.3% of CMM tumors (3/29) (P < .0001). Overall 2-year survival after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization and OLT was significantly lower for patients with CMM HCC compared with patients non-CMM HCC (65.2% vs 87%, P = .03). Patients with CMM HCC with extranodular tumor extension involving > 50% of liver parenchyma had worse survival with mean 2-year survival of 402 days ± 102 vs 656 days ± 39 for the remaining patients with CMM HCC (P = .02). CONCLUSIONS: Despite similar early imaging response rates, CMM HCC tumors had markedly lower rates of complete pathologic necrosis on liver explants and were associated with reduced survival after OLT compared with conventional HCCs.
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Carcinoma Hepatocelular/terapia , Quimioembolización Terapéutica/métodos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/terapia , Trasplante de Hígado , Adulto , Anciano , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patología , Terapia Combinada , Femenino , Humanos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Terapia Neoadyuvante , Estudios Retrospectivos , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Purpose To characterize hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells surviving ischemia with respect to cell cycle kinetics, chemosensitivity, and molecular dependencies that may be exploited to potentiate treatment with transarterial embolization (TAE). Materials and Methods Animal studies were performed according to institutionally approved protocols. The growth kinetics of HCC cells were studied in standard and ischemic conditions. Viability and cell cycle kinetics were measured by using flow cytometry. Cytotoxicity profiling was performed by using a colorimetric cell proliferation assay. Analyses of the Cancer Genome Atlas HCC RNA-sequencing data were performed by using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software. Activation of molecular mediators of autophagy was measured with Western blot analysis and fluorescence microscopy. In vivo TAE was performed in a rat model of HCC with (n = 5) and without (n = 5) the autophagy inhibitor Lys05. Statistical analyses were performed by using GraphPad software. Results HCC cells survived ischemia with an up to 43% increase in the fraction of quiescent cells as compared with cells grown in standard conditions (P < .004). Neither doxorubicin nor mitomycin C potentiated the cytotoxic effects of ischemia. Gene-set analysis revealed an increase in mRNA expression of the mediators of autophagy (eg, CDKN2A, PPP2R2C, and TRAF2) in HCC as compared with normal liver. Cells surviving ischemia were autophagy dependent. Combination therapy coupling autophagy inhibition and TAE in a rat model of HCC resulted in a 21% increase in tumor necrosis compared with TAE alone (P = .044). Conclusion Ischemia induces quiescence in surviving HCC cells, resulting in a dependence on autophagy, providing a potential therapeutic target for combination therapy with TAE. © RSNA, 2017 Online supplemental material is available for this article.
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Autofagia , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/irrigación sanguínea , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patología , Puntos de Control del Ciclo Celular , Neoplasias Hepáticas Experimentales/irrigación sanguínea , Neoplasias Hepáticas Experimentales/patología , Animales , Línea Celular Tumoral , Supervivencia Celular , Embolización Terapéutica , Ratas , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To test the hypotheses that (i) heavier rats demonstrate improved survival with diminished fibrosis in a diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced model of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and (ii) transarterial embolization via femoral artery access decreases procedure times versus carotid access. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred thirty-eight male Wistar rats ingested 0.01% DEN in water ad libitum for 12 weeks. T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging was used for tumor surveillance. Rats underwent selective embolization of ≥ 5 mm tumors via carotid or femoral artery catheterization under fluoroscopic guidance. Rats were retrospectively categorized into 3 groups by initial weight (< 300, 300-400, > 400 g) for analyses of survival, tumor latency, and fibrosis. Access site was compared relative to procedural success, mortality, and time. RESULTS: No significant differences in tumor latency were related to weight group (P = .310). Rats weighing < 300 g had shorter survival than both heavier groups (mean, 88 vs 108 d; P < .0001), and more severe fibrosis (< 300 g median, 4.0; 300-400 g median, 1.5; > 400 g median, 1.0; P = .015). No significant difference was found in periprocedural mortality based on access site; however, procedure times were shorter via femoral approach (mean, 71 ± 23 vs 127 ± 24 min; P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: Greater initial body weight resulted in improved survival without prolonged tumor latency for rats with DEN-induced HCCs and was associated with less severe fibrosis. A femoral approach for embolization resulted in decreased procedure time. These modifications provide a translational animal model of HCC and transarterial embolization that may be suited for short-term survival studies.
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Peso Corporal , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/terapia , Embolización Terapéutica/métodos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/terapia , Animales , Dietilnitrosamina , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Fibrosis , Fluoroscopía , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Estudios Retrospectivos , Tasa de SupervivenciaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to present the clinical and radiographic findings of esophageal lichen planus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A search of computerized medical records identified 15 patients with pathologic findings of esophageal lichen planus on endoscopic biopsy specimens. Three other patients had presumed esophageal lichen planus, although no biopsy specimens were obtained. Twelve of these 18 patients (67%) had double-contrast esophagography performed at our institution; for eight of the 12 patients (67%), the studies revealed abnormalities in the esophagus. These eight patients constituted our study group. The barium esophagrams and medical records of these eight patients were reviewed to determine the clinical, radiographic, and endoscopic findings of esophageal lichen planus as well as the treatment and patient outcome. RESULTS: All eight patients were women (median age, 66.5 years), and all eight presented with dysphagia (mean duration, 3.2 years). Four patients had previous lichen planus that involved the skin (n = 1), the oral cavity (n = 2), or both (n = 1), and one patient later had lichen planus that involved the vagina. Five patients had a small-caliber esophagus with diffuse esophageal narrowing. The remaining three patients had segmental strictures in the cervical (n = 1), upper thoracic (n = 1), and distal thoracic (n = 1) esophagus. CONCLUSION: Esophageal lichen planus typically occurs in older women with longstanding dysphagia and often develops in the absence of extraesophageal disease. Barium esophagrams may reveal a small-caliber esophagus or, less commonly, segmental esophageal strictures. Greater awareness of the radiographic findings of esophageal lichen planus hopefully will lead to earlier diagnosis and better management of this condition.
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Enfermedades del Esófago/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedades del Esófago/patología , Liquen Plano/diagnóstico por imagen , Liquen Plano/patología , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X/métodos , Anciano , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Esófago/diagnóstico por imagen , Esófago/patología , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
Cancer somatic genetic evolution is a direct contributor to heterogeneity at the clonal and molecular level in colorectal adenocarcinoma (COAD). We sought to determine the extent to which genetic evolution may be detected in COAD in routinely obtained single clinical specimens and establish clinical significance with regard to clinicopathologic and outcome data. One hundred and twenty three cases of routinely collected mismatch repair proficient COAD were sequenced on the Illumina Truseq Amplicon assay. Measures of intratumoral heterogeneity and the preferential timing of mutational events were assessed and compared to clinicopathologic data. Survival subanalysis was performed on 55 patients. Patient age (p = 0.013) and specimen percent tumor (p = 0.033) was associated with clonal diversity, and biopsy (p = 0.044) and metastasis (p = 0.044) returned fewer mutations per case. APC and TP53 mutations preferentially occurred early while alterations in FBXW7, FLT3, SMAD4, GNAS and PTEN preferentially occurred as late events. Temporal heterogeneity was evident in KRAS and PIK3CA mutations. Hierarchical clustering revealed a TP53 mutant subtype and a MAPK-PIK3CA subtype with differing patterns of late mutational events. Survival subanalysis showed a decreased median progression free survival for the MAPK-PIK3CA subtype (8 months vs. 13 months; univariate logrank p = 0.0380, cox model p= 0.018). Neoadjuvant therapy associated mutations were found for ERBB2 (p = 0.0481) and FBXW7 (p = 0.015). Our data indicate novel molecular subtypes of mismatch repair proficient COAD display differing patterns of genetic evolution which correlate with clinical outcomes. Furthermore, we report treatment acquired and/or selected mutations in ERBB2 and FBXW7.
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Adenocarcinoma/genética , Adenocarcinoma/patología , Neoplasias Colorrectales/genética , Neoplasias Colorrectales/patología , Reparación de la Incompatibilidad de ADN , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Análisis por Conglomerados , Evolución Molecular , Proteínas F-Box/genética , Proteína 7 que Contiene Repeticiones F-Box-WD , Femenino , Frecuencia de los Genes , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Mutación , Clasificación del Tumor , Estadificación de Neoplasias , Pronóstico , Receptor ErbB-2/genética , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligasas/genéticaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Early invasive carcinoma may be encountered in association with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) of the pancreas. The natural history of these early invasive lesions is unknown. METHODS: Pancreatic surgical databases from 4 high-volume centers were queried for IPMNs, with invasive components measuring 20âmm or less. All cases were reviewed by GI gastrointestinal pathologists, and pathologic features were analyzed to identify predictors of recurrence and survival. RESULTS: A total of 70 small IPMN-associated invasive carcinomas (≤20-mm invasion) were identified, comprising 25% of resected IPMN-associated carcinomas (n = 280). Most of these small invasive cancers were multifocal (66%), less than 10âmm in size (73%), and arose in the setting of a main duct IPMN (96%). The most common adenocarcinoma subtypes were tubular (57%) and colloid (29%). Lymph node metastases were present in 19% of cases and 23% were T3 lesions. The overall recurrence rate was 24% (n = 17), and the median time to recurrence was 16 months (range: 4-132 months). Median and 5-year survival rates were 99 months and 59%. Recurrence patterns of invasive disease were local in 35%, distant in 47%, and both in 18%. Lymphatic spread and T3 stage were predictive of recurrence (univariate, P = 0.006), whereas tubular carcinoma type was the most predictive of poor overall survival (multivariate hazard ratio = 3.7, P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: This study represents the largest multi-institutional experience of resected small IPMN-associated carcinoma. Although these malignancies may frequently be cured with resection, recurrence risk is significant. Lymphatic spread, increased T stage, and tubular type carcinoma were associated with the poorest outcome.
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Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/cirugía , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia , Pancreatectomía , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/cirugía , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/mortalidad , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/patología , Femenino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Clasificación del Tumor , Invasividad Neoplásica , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia/mortalidad , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia/patología , Estadificación de Neoplasias , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/mortalidad , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patología , Modelos de Riesgos Proporcionales , Estudios Retrospectivos , Tasa de Supervivencia , Carga TumoralRESUMEN
PURPOSE: The objectives of our study were to assess the accuracy of hepatorenal index (HRI) in detection and grading of hepatic steatosis and to evaluate various factors that can affect the HRI measurement. METHODS: Forty-five patients, who had undergone an abdominal sonographic examination within 30 days of liver biopsy, were enrolled. The HRI was calculated as the ratio of the mean brightness levels of the liver and renal parenchymas. The effect of the measurement technique on the HRI was evaluated by using various sizes, depths, and locations of the regions of interest (ROIs) in the liver. The measurements were obtained by two observers. The HRI was compared with the subjective grading of steatosis. RESULTS: The optimal HRI cutoff to detect steatosis was 2.01, yielding a sensitivity of 62.5% and specificity of 95.2%. Subjective grading had a sensitivity of 87.5% and specificity of 62.5%. HRIs of the hepatic steatosis group were statistically different from the no-steatosis group (p < 0.05). However, there was no statistically significant difference between mild steatosis and no-steatosis groups (p value = 0.72). There was a strong correlation between different HRIs based on variable placements of ROIs, except when the ROIs were positioned randomly. Interclass correlation coefficient for measurements performed by two observers was 0.74 (confidence interval: 0.58-0.86). CONCLUSIONS: The HRI is an effective tool for detecting hepatic steatosis. It provides similar accuracy for different methods of ROI placement (except for random placement) and has good interobserver agreement. It, however, is unable to effectively differentiate between absent and mild steatosis. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 44:580-586, 2016.
Asunto(s)
Hígado Graso/diagnóstico por imagen , Hígado Graso/patología , Ultrasonografía/métodos , Adulto , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Riñón/diagnóstico por imagen , Riñón/patología , Hígado/diagnóstico por imagen , Hígado/patología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Little is known about whether the 2006 Sendai guidelines or 2012 Fukuoka guidelines are being used to determine the level of risk posed by suspected pancreatic mucinous cystic neoplasms (PCNs). We evaluated whether the guidelines accurately predicted which patients with suspected PCNs, which was based on cross-sectional imaging findings, would be found to have advanced neoplasia in surgery. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study of data collected from 194 patients with cystic lesions of the pancreas, which were assessed by cross-sectional imaging analyses, who underwent surgery for suspected PCNs at the Hospital at the University of Pennsylvania from 2000 through 2008. Imaging data were used to classify patients according to the Sendai guidelines as high risk or low risk and according to the Fukuoka guidelines as high risk, worrisome, or low risk. Pathology analyses of samples collected during surgery were used as the reference. A logistic regression model was created to identify factors associated with advanced neoplasia. The Sendai and Fukuoka guideline criteria were analyzed by univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: Advanced neoplasias were found in 36 patients (18.5%; 22 invasive cancers and 14 high-grade dysplasias). The median size of cysts was 33 mm. All patients found to have invasive cancers were accurately assigned to the Sendai guidelines high risk or Fukuoka guidelines high risk groups. However, 3 patients in the Sendai guidelines low risk and 2 patients in the Fukuoka guidelines low risk groups were found to have high-grade dysplasia. The Sendai guidelines identified patients with advanced neoplasia with 91.7% sensitivity, 21.5% specificity, 21% positive predictive value, and 91.9% negative predictive value. A designation of Fukuoka guidelines high risk identified patients with advanced neoplasia with 55.6% sensitivity, 73% specificity, 32% positive predictive value, and 87.9% negative predictive value. Overall, there was no statistically significant difference between the guidelines in predicting which patients had advanced neoplasia. On multivariate analysis, the presence of a mural nodule (odds ratio [OR], 2.88; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.33-6.27; P = .008), dilated main pancreatic duct >10 mm (OR, 7.44; 95% CI, 2.36-23.52; P = .001), or enhancing solid component (OR, 2.92; 95% CI, 1.16-7.64; P = .02) were associated with detection of advanced neoplasia in pancreatic cysts. CONCLUSION: On the basis of a retrospective analysis, the Sendai and Fukuoka guidelines accurately determine which patients with pancreatic cysts have advanced neoplasia. The guidelines accurately recommended surgical resection for all patients found to have invasive cancer, although some patients with high-grade dysplasia were missed. The updated Fukuoka guidelines are not superior to the Sendai guidelines in identifying neoplasias. Cyst size was not associated with advanced neoplasia.