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MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in the regulation of human cancers, including breast cancer (BC). In the current study, we examined the expression pattern of the miRNA miR-125a-5p in human BC tissues, tumorigenesis of BC progression. We found that miR-125a-5p was significantly downregulated in human BC tissues. Overexpression of miR-125a-5p in a xenograft mouse model indicated that miR-125a-5p may function as a tumour suppressor during carcinogenesis. To explore the molecular mechanism by which miR-125a-5p contributes to BC progression, we predicted the target genes of miR-125a-5p and identified BC susceptibility gene 1-associated protein 1 (BAP1) as a direct target. Finally, we demonstrated that BAP1 had opposing effects to those of miR-125a-5p on BC cells, suggesting that miR-125a-5p may inhibit cell proliferation and promote cell apoptosis by negatively regulating BAP1. Taken together, our findings provide the first clues regarding the role of miR-125a-5p as a tumour suppressor in BC via the inhibition of BAP1 translation.
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Neoplasias de la Mama/genética , Regulación hacia Abajo , Genes Supresores de Tumor , MicroARNs/genética , Proteínas Supresoras de Tumor/genética , Ubiquitina Tiolesterasa/genética , Animales , Apoptosis , Neoplasias de la Mama/metabolismo , Carcinogénesis/genética , Carcinogénesis/metabolismo , Proliferación Celular , Supervivencia Celular , Femenino , Silenciador del Gen , Humanos , Células MCF-7 , Ratones , Ratones Desnudos , MicroARNs/química , MicroARNs/metabolismo , Imitación Molecular , Terapia Molecular Dirigida , Transfección , Carga Tumoral , Proteínas Supresoras de Tumor/metabolismo , Ubiquitina Tiolesterasa/metabolismo , Ensayos Antitumor por Modelo de XenoinjertoRESUMEN
Ecological stoichiometry is an important approach to understand plant nutrient cycling and balance in the forest ecosystem. However, understanding of stoichiometric patterns through the leaf-litter-soil system of Mongolian pine among different stand origins is still scarce. Therefore, to reveal the variations in Mongolian pine carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) stoichiometry and stoichiometric homeostasis among different stand origins, we measured C, N, and P concentrations of leaves, litter, and soil, and analyzed the nutrient resorption efficiencies of leaves in differently aged plantations and natural forests from semi-arid and dry sub-humid regions. The results showed that (1) the stand origin had a significant effect on the C-N-P stoichiometry, and also significantly affected leaf N and P reabsorption efficiencies. Leaf N/P ratios indicated that Mongolian pine was co-limited by N and P in the NF, HB and HQ, and was mainly limited by P in MU. (2) With increasing stand age, C concentrations in the leaf-litter-soil system initially increased and then decreased, the N and P concentrations and reabsorption efficiencies in the leaf-litter-soil system were gradually increased. Overall, stand age had a significant effect on N concentrations, C/N and C/P ratios in the leaf-litter-soil system. (3) The C and N elements between the leaf-litter-soil system had a strong coupling relationship, and the P element between litter-soil had a strong coupling relationship. In addition, plantations exhibited greater N/P homeostasis than natural forests, and N/P exhibited greater homeostasis than N and P alone, which may be a nutrient utilization strategy for forests to alleviate N or P limitation. (4) Environmental factors have a significant influence on C-N-P stoichiometry in the leaf-litter-soil system, the most important soil properties and meteorological factors being soil water content and precipitation, respectively. These results will be essential to provide guidance for plantation restoration and management in desert regions.
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To illuminate the temporal variations in the structure and functional groups of the root-associated fungal community associated with Mongolian pine Pinus sylvestris var. mongholica plantations in the Mu Us Sandy Land, P. sylvestris var. mongholica plantations with different stand ages ï¼23, 33, and 44 aï¼ were targeted. The community compositions and main drivers of root-associated fungi at different months and stand ages were identified using the Illumina high-throughput sequencing method. The results indicated thatï¼ â There was a distinct temporal distribution in the root-associated fungal community, the sampling month had a significant effect on the diversity of root-associated fungi ï¼P<0.05ï¼, and the values were higher in May and July. The stand age had no significant effect on the diversity of root-associated fungi ï¼P>0.05ï¼ and decreased gradually with increasing stand age. â¡ The dominant phylum of the root-associated fungal community was Ascomycota. The relative abundance of fungal function groups was different within each month and stand age, and the dominant groups were saprotroph-symbiotroph, undefined saprotroph, and ectomycorrhizal fungi. The indicator genera of ectomycorrhizal fungi in May, July, and September were Melanoleuca, Amphinema, and Tricholoma, respectively. ⢠The temporal distribution of the root-associated fungal community was significantly affected by annual relative humidity, annual precipitation, soil porosity, ammonia nitrogen, annual sunshine duration, annual temperature, and soil water content ï¼P<0.05ï¼. Soil organic carbon content, soil porosity, annual precipitation, and annual relative humidity were the main factors that significantly affected the indicator genus of the root-associated fungal community. Our results demonstrated that the temporal distribution of the root-associated fungal community was shaped by climate and soil properties, whereas stand age contributed less. This improved information will provide a theoretical basis for the sustainable management of P. sylvestris var mongholica plantations.
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Pinus sylvestris , Raíces de Plantas , Pinus sylvestris/microbiología , Pinus sylvestris/crecimiento & desarrollo , Raíces de Plantas/microbiología , China , Microbiología del Suelo , Micorrizas/fisiología , Hongos/clasificación , Hongos/aislamiento & purificación , Clima Desértico , Micobioma , Ascomicetos , BiodiversidadRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to reveal the stoichiometric characteristics of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica in the Hulunbuir desert. We investigated the contents and stoichiometry of organic carbon, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus contents of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils across different stand ages (28, 37 and 46 a) of P. sylvestris var. mongolica plantations, with P. sylvestris var. mongolica natural forest as the control. We analyzed the correlation between soils properties and soil stoichiometry. The results showed that rhizosphere effect significantly affected soil N:P, and stand age significantly affected soil organic carbon content in P. sylvestris var. mongolica plantation. Soil organic carbon content in plantation was significantly lower than that in natural forest. Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen contents of plantations in both rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils firstly decreased and then increased with increasing stand age, while total phosphorus firstly increased and then decreased in rhizosphere soils, and firstly decreased and then increased in non-rhizosphere soils. There was significant positive correlations between C:N and C:P in rhizosphere soils but not in non-rhizosphere soils, suggesting that higher synergistic rhizosphere soil N and P limitation. The mean N:P values of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils were 4.98 and 8.40, respectively, indicating that the growth of P. sylvestris var. mongolica was restricted by soil N and the rhizosphere soils were more N-restricted. The C:N:P stoichiometry of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils were significantly influenced by soil properties, with available phosphorus being the most important driver. The growth of P. sylvestris var. mongolica was limited by N in the Hulunbuir desert, and root system played an obvious role in enriching and maintaining soil nutrients. It was recommended that soil nitrogen should be supplemented appropriately during the growth stage of P. sylvestris var. mongolica plantation, and phosphorus should be supplemented appropriately according to the synergistic nature of nitrogen and phosphorus limitation.
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Carbono , Nitrógeno , Fósforo , Pinus sylvestris , Rizosfera , Suelo , Fósforo/análisis , Nitrógeno/análisis , Suelo/química , Carbono/análisis , Pinus sylvestris/crecimiento & desarrollo , Bosques , China , Raíces de Plantas/metabolismo , Raíces de Plantas/química , Raíces de Plantas/crecimiento & desarrolloRESUMEN
To illuminate the ecological functions of root-associated fungi (RAF) and their interactions with host plants, we revealed the root-associated fungal diversity and community compositions of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica involving natural forests and plantations (half-mature, nearly mature, and mature forests) in the Hulunbuir Desert, Horqin Desert, and Mu Us Desert and investigated the environmental driving factors (climatic condition and soil property). The results indicated that: 1 the diversity of RAF in the natural forests was significantly lower than that in plantations (P<0.05), and the values were highest in the Mu Us Desert. There was a distinct geographical distribution in the RAF community, but the influence of stand age was not significant (P>0.05). 2 The relative abundance of ectomycorrhizal fungi (50.49%) in natural forests was higher than that in plantations, such as Acephala, Mycena, and Suillus. The indicator genera were diverse involving the natural forests (Acephala) and plantations in the Hulunbuir Desert (Sarcodon), Horqin Desert (Russula and Calostoma), and Mu Us Desert (Geopora, Mallocybe, and Tomentella). 3 The indicator genera were mainly affected by available nitrogen content, available phosphorus content, and stand age, and few indicator genera were related to soil water content, pH, and total nitrogen content. A total of 43.25% of the variation in the RAF community was accounted for by both geographic location and environmental factors. Overall, geographic location and environmental factors shaped the spatial variation in the RAF structure and function of P. sylvestris natural forests and plantations in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid desertified regions; there were no significant temporal variations in RAF across stand ages, but the nonuniformity in fungal distribution with stand ageing cannot be ignored. The large population of symbiotic fungi in natural forests was conducive to the healthy growth of hosts; the ratio of symbiotic, saprophytic, and pathotrophic fungi varied in different plantations, and the increase in the proportion of saprophytic and pathotrophic fungi may have negative effects on the growth and health of plantations. This improved information will provide a theoretical basis for the management of P. sylvestris plantations.
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Micorrizas , Pinus sylvestris , Pinus , China , Suelo/química , Nitrógeno/análisisRESUMEN
Soil microbial biofilms (SMBs) are a biological community of soil bacteria and their accumulative extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), which are the initial status and the most important components of biological soil crusts. SMBs, as the most common mode of soil bacterium survival, not only greatly contribute to the survival of free-living cells, but also stick to soil particles and roots, performing a variety of important ecological functions. Based on the structure and composition analysis of SMBs, we gave a summary of eco-physiological functions of SMBs involving soil quality and plant health. SMBs have higher metabolic activity than free-living cells. It promotes EPS secretion and organic turnover, which is important for soil fertility, pollutant decomposition, and aggregate formation. SMBs help improve plant nutrient utilization and stress resistance through the synergy of microorganisms, promotion of plant growth, promoting substance secretion and immobilization of EPS. In the future, it will be critical to uncover the micro-mechanisms underlying SMBs' eco-physiological functions and to screen functional soil bacterium strains.
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Microbiología del Suelo , Suelo , Bacterias , Biopelículas , Raíces de Plantas/microbiología , PlantasRESUMEN
Root-associated fungi (RAF) are an important factor affecting the host's growth, and their contribution to Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantation decline is substantial. Therefore, we selected three age groups of P. sylvestris plantations (26, 33, and 43 years), in the Mu Us Desert, to characterize the community structure and functional groups of RAF, identified by Illumina high-throughput sequencing and FUNGuild platform, respectively. The effects of soil properties and enzyme activities on fungal diversity and functional groups were also examined. The results indicated that (a) 805 operational taxonomic units of RAF associated with P. sylvestris belonged to six phyla and 163 genera. Diversity and richness were not significantly different in the three age groups, but community composition showed significant differences. Ascomycota and Basidiomycota dominated the fungal community, while Rhizopogon dominated in each plot. (b) The proportion of pathotrophs decreased with increasing age, while that of symbiotrophs increased sharply, which were mainly represented by ectomycorrhizal fungi. (c) Stand age and soil enzyme activity had a greater influence on fungal community composition than did soil properties, whereas environmental variables were not significantly correlated with fungal diversity and richness. Dynamics of fungal community composition and functional groups with the aging plantations reflected the growth state of P. sylvestris and were related to plantation degradation.
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Heat storage (Q) is an important component of the near-surface energy balance, and has been increasingly considered in recent energy balance studies. Studies have revealed that the hysteresis of heat storage was always been ignored, which leaded to the underestimation of heat storage proportion in energy balance. So, for further understanding the role of hysteresis effect in forestry heat storage, an observation experiment of heat storage in forestry of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv forestry - a common species in northern China - was conducted. Heat storage in the atmosphere beneath canopy, in the canopy biomass, and in the soil above a soil heat-flow plate were monitored continuously, to determine the distribution of stored heat, and solar radiation was simultaneously monitored to verify the hysteresis of heat storage versus radiation. Seasonal variations were separately analyzed to further clarify phenological effect on hysteresis. Correlation relationship was tested of lag time and underestimated energy versus climatic factors and physiological characteristics, for clarifying the reasons that resulting in hysteresis differences under different experimental day. The main results were as follows: (1) Hysteresis exists in heat storage and the lag time was 3.79â¯h in our study area; (2) The evaluation of hysteresis is crucial to avoid an underestimation of heat storage. Correction of lag time increases the heat storage proportion in R from 3.78% to 8.48%; (3) Increasing of air temperature and humility daily differences will enhance the underestimated energy. High radiation condition will weak the underestimation on heat storage and short the lag time. Soil moisture and leaf area index were not effect energy hysteresis significantly in sandy vegetation. Climatic factors were the main reason that resulting in the differences of hysteresis. This study helps to improve understanding energy transmitting in canopy and offering a new view in solving surface energy imbalance.
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Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Agricultura Forestal , Bosques , Calor , China , Pinus sylvestris , SueloRESUMEN
To reveal the allocation pattern and stoichiometric characteristics of N and P in Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantation, we selected three P. sylvestris plantation with different stand ages (middle-aged, near-mature, mature) in the Hulunbuir, Horqin, and Mu Us sandy land as objects, and analyzed the contents of nitrogen, phosphorus and the N:P stoichiometry ratios in the leaf, litter, and soil. The results showed that the contents of N, P and N/P ratios in leaf, litter and soil varied in the range of 0.17-49.02, 0.11-3.01 g·kg-1 and 0.51-19.74, respectively, with the order of leaf>litter>soil. The content of N and N:P ratio were significantly different between leaf, litter and soil; the P content in leaf was significantly higher than that in litter and soil. The different areas and stand ages affected N, P content and N/P stoichiometry ratio, but the interaction of area and stand age had no significant effect on N/P stoichiometry ratio. The N, P contents in leaf, litter and soil increased with stand age, and were highest in the mature forest. The contents of N, P and N/P ratios were significantly positively correlated among the leaf, litter and soil. In the Hulunbuir and Horqin sandy land, the N/P ratros of leaf were between 14.53 to 15.57, which indicated that the P. sylvestris var. mongolica plantations was restricted by both N and P availability. In Mu Us sand land, the N:P ratios of leaf were between 18.56 to 19.71, which indicated P limitation. The stand age had no significant influence on soil N and P limitation. To improve the productivity of P. sylvestris var. mongolica plantations, we could appropriately add N or P fertilization in the plantation tending management based on local conditions. Our findings could contribute to a further understanding of the mechanism of interactions and constraints between N and P in the leaf-litter-soil system of P. sylvestris var. mongolica plantations, and provide a scientific guidance for the management.
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Pinus sylvestris , China , Nitrógeno , Fósforo , Hojas de la Planta , SueloRESUMEN
Since the establishment of blown sand physics, surface roughness has been widely used in current research to indicate the ability of a surface to resist wind erosion and to evaluate the windproof effect of protective measures. However, since the calculation of surface roughness can result in different values and its applicability is poor, there are disadvantages to its use. Therefore, it is proposed that the boundary layer displacement thickness should be used rather than roughness as an indicator to solve such problems. To analyze the new indicator's accuracy and applicability when evaluating the effect of protective measures, a wind tunnel simulation experiment on a typical mechanical protection measure commonly used for sand control in China was conducted. Indicators of roughness and boundary layer displacement thickness were compared in evaluating the windproof performance of a Salix psammophila sand barrier of differing heights, side lengths, and porosities. The wind speed acceleration rate and effective protection area, which can directly reflect the protective effect of a sand barrier, were analyzed as evaluation criteria. The results show that roughness can only reflect the influence of height on the windbreak effect of sand barriers, whereas the boundary layer displacement thickness accurately showed the influence of height, side length, and porosity on the windproof effect of the sand barriers. Compared with roughness, the boundary layer displacement thickness was more strongly correlated with the effective protection area. Therefore, the boundary layer displacement thickness, rather than roughness, should be used as a new indicator when evaluating the windproof effect of protective measures.
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Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/métodos , Salix/crecimiento & desarrollo , Dióxido de Silicio/análisis , Viento , Movimientos del Aire , ChinaRESUMEN
Due to their simple layout and adaptability to various environments, straw checkerboards are widely used to control windblown sand in China. To fully understand the wind proofing and sand-fixing benefits of different board specifications, and to determine the restorative effects of straw checkerboard, we tested different sizes of checkerboard, determined their performance as a windbreak and in trapping shifting sand, and constructed models based on wind tunnel tests, enabling the wind speed flow field to be analysed. We also sampled the soil in areas where straw checkerboards had been established for several years and analysed the trends in soil physical and chemical properties over time. We found that all sizes of straw checkerboard effectively reduced the wind speed near the surface and formed a protected area, with the best protective effect achieved for a one-meter board. All sizes of straw checkerboard effectively intercepted windblown sand to form surface accumulation, with the one-meter board again showing the best performance. The use of a straw checkerboard also effectively improved the physical and chemical properties of soil and promoted ecological restoration. These results indicate that straw checkerboards are a low-cost engineering measure that could play an important role in desertification control and the ecological restoration of sandy land ecosystems.
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Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Restauración y Remediación Ambiental/instrumentación , Viento , China , Ecosistema , Dióxido de Silicio , Suelo/químicaRESUMEN
Plant temperature (Tp) is an important indicator of plant health. To determine the dynamics of plant temperature and self-cooling ability of the plant, we measured Tp in Artemisia ordosica in July, in the Mu Us Desert of Northwest China. Related factors were also monitored to investigate their effects on Tp, including environmental factors, such as air temperature (Ta), relative humidity, wind speed; and physiological factors, such as leaf water potential, sap flow, and water content. The results indicate that: 1) Tp generally changes in conjunction with Ta mainly, and varies with height and among the plant organs. Tp in the young branches is most constant, while it is the most sensitive in the leaves. 2) Correlations between Tp and environmental factors show that Tp is affected mainly by Ta. 3) The self-cooling ability of the plant was effective by midday, with Tp being lower than Ta. 4) Increasing sap flow and leaf water potential showed that transpiration formed part of the mechanism that supported self-cooling. Increased in water conductance and specific heat at midday may be additional factors that contribute to plant cooling ability. Therefore, our results confirmed plant self-cooling ability. The response to high temperatures is regulated by both transpiration speed and an increase in stem water conductance. This study provides quantitative data for plant management in terms of temperature control. Moreover, our findings will assist species selection with taking plant temperature as an index.
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Artemisia/fisiología , Transpiración de Plantas/fisiología , Artemisia/metabolismo , Clima Desértico , Ambiente , Humedad , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Hojas de la Planta/fisiología , Tallos de la Planta/metabolismo , Tallos de la Planta/fisiología , Temperatura , Agua/metabolismo , VientoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Biological soil crusts are common components of desert ecosystem; they cover ground surface and interact with topsoil that contribute to desertification control and degraded land restoration in arid and semiarid regions. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: To distinguish the changes in topsoil affected by biological soil crusts, we compared topsoil properties across three types of successional biological soil crusts (algae, lichens, and mosses crust), as well as the referenced sandland in the Mu Us Desert, Northern China. Relationships between fractal dimensions of soil particle size distribution and selected soil properties were discussed as well. The results indicated that biological soil crusts had significant positive effects on soil physical structure (P<0.05); and soil organic carbon and nutrients showed an upward trend across the successional stages of biological soil crusts. Fractal dimensions ranged from 2.1477 to 2.3032, and significantly linear correlated with selected soil properties (R(2)â=â0.494â¼0.955, P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Biological soil crusts cause an important increase in soil fertility, and are beneficial to sand fixation, although the process is rather slow. Fractal dimension proves to be a sensitive and useful index for quantifying changes in soil properties that additionally implies desertification. This study will be essential to provide a firm basis for future policy-making on optimal solutions regarding desertification control and assessment, as well as degraded ecosystem restoration in arid and semiarid regions.