Hybrid Spin and Anomalous Spin-Momentum Locking in Surface Elastic Waves.

Transverse spin of surface waves is a universal phenomenon which has recently attracted significant attention in optics and acoustics. It appears in gravity water waves, surface plasmon polaritons, surface acoustic waves, and exhibits remarkable intrinsic spin-momentum locking, which has found useful applications for efficient spin-direction couplers. Here we demonstrate, both theoretically and experimentally, that the transverse spin of surface elastic (Rayleigh) waves has an anomalous sign near the surface, opposite to that in the case of electromagnetic, sound, or water surface waves. This anomalous sign appears due to the hybrid (neither transverse nor longitudinal) nature of elastic surface waves. Furthermore, we show that this sign anomaly can be employed for the selective spin-controlled excitation of symmetric and antisymmetric Lamb modes propagating in opposite directions in an elastic plate. Our results pave the way for spin-controlled manipulation of elastic waves and can be important for a variety of areas, from phononic spin-based devices to seismic waves.

Ablation of AQP5 gene in mice leads to olfactory dysfunction caused by hyposecretion of Bowman's gland.

Smell detection depends on nasal airflow, which can make absorption of odors to the olfactory epithelium by diffusion through the mucus layer. The odors then act on the chemo-sensitive epithelium of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). Therefore, any pathological changes in the olfactory area, for instance, dry nose caused by Sjögren's Syndrome (SS) may interfere with olfactory function. SS is an autoimmune disease in which aquaporin (AQP) 5 autoantibodies have been detected in the serum. However, the expression of AQP5 in olfactory mucosa and its function in olfaction is still unknown. Based on the study of the expression characteristics of AQP5 protein in the nasal mucosa, the olfaction dysfunction in AQP5 knockout (KO) mice was found by olfactory behavior analysis, which was accompanied by reduced secretion volume of Bowman's gland by using in vitro secretion measure system, and the change of acid mucin in nasal mucus layer was identified. By excluding the possibility that olfactory disturbance was caused by changes in OSNs, the result indicated that AQP5 contributes to olfactory functions by regulating the volume and composition of OE mucus layer, which is the medium for the dissolution of odor molecules. Our results indicate that AQP5 can affect the olfactory functions by regulating the water supply of BGs and the mucus layer upper the OE that can explain the olfactory loss in the patients of SS, and AQP5 KO mice might be used as an ideal model to study the olfactory dysfunction.

Phosphatidylserine Lipid Nanoparticles Promote Systemic RNA Delivery to Secondary Lymphoid Organs.

Secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) are an important target for mRNA delivery in various applications. While the current delivery method relies on the drainage of nanoparticles to lymph nodes by intramuscular (IM) or subcutaneous (SC) injections, an efficient mRNA delivery carrier for SLOs-targeting delivery by systemic administration (IV) is highly desirable but yet to be available. In this study, we developed an efficient SLOs-targeting carrier using phosphatidylserine (PS), a well-known signaling molecule that promotes the endocytic activity of phagocytes and cellular entry of enveloped viruses. We adopted these biomimetic strategies and added PS into the standard four-component MC3-based LNP formulation (PS-LNP) to facilitate the cellular uptake of immune cells beyond the charge-driven targeting principle commonly used today. As a result, PS-LNP performed efficient protein expression in both lymph nodes and the spleen after IV administration. In vitro and in vivo characterizations on PS-LNP demonstrated a monocyte/macrophage-mediated SLOs-targeting delivery mechanism.

Production of fengycin from D-xylose through the expression and metabolic regulation of the Dahms pathway.

D-Xylose is a key component of lignocellulosic biomass and the second-most abundant carbohydrate on the planet. As one of the most powerful cyclo-lipopeptide antibiotics, fengycin displays strong wide-spectrum antifungal and antiviral, as well as potential anti-cancer activity. Pyruvate is a key metabolite linking the biosynthesis of fatty acids and amino acids, the precursors for fengycin. In this study, the genes encoding the Dahms xylose-utilization pathway were integrated into the amyE site of Bacillus subtilis 168, and based on the metabolic characteristics of the Dahms pathway, the acetate kinase (ackA) and lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) genes were knocked out. Then, the metabolic control module II was designed to convert glycolaldehyde, another intermediate of the Dahms pathway, in addition to pathways for the conversion of acetaldehyde into malic acid and oxaloacetic acid, resulting in strain BSU03. In the presence of module II, the content of acetic and lactic acid decreased significantly, and the xylose uptake efficiency increased. At the same time, the yield of fengycin increased by 87% compared to the original strain. Additionally, the underlying factors for the increase of fengycin titer were revealed through metabonomic analysis. This study therefore demonstrates that this regulation approach can not only optimize the intracellular fluxes for the Dahms pathway, but is also conducive to the synthesis of secondary metabolites similar to fengycin. KEY POINTS: • The expression and effect of the Dahms pathway on the synthesis of fengycin in Bacillus subtilis 168. • The expression of regulatory module II can promote the metabolic rate of the Dahms pathway and increase the synthesis of the fengycin.

Neurons and Astrocytes in Ventrolateral Periaqueductal Gray Contribute to Restraint Water Immersion Stress-Induced Gastric Mucosal Damage via the ERK1/2 Signaling Pathway.

BACKGROUND: The restraint water immersion stress (RWIS) model includes both psychological and physical stimulation, which may lead to gastrointestinal disorders and cause gastric mucosal damage. The ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (VLPAG) contributes to gastrointestinal function, but whether it is involved in RWIS-induced gastric mucosal damage has not yet been reported. METHODS: The expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein, neuronal c-Fos, and phosphorylated extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 in the VLPAG after RWIS was assessed using western blotting and immunocytochemical staining methods. Lateral ventricle injection of astrocytic toxin L-a-aminoadipate and treatment with extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 signaling pathway inhibitor PD98059 were further used to study protein expression and distribution in the VLPAG after RWIS. RESULTS: The expression of c-Fos, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and phosphorylated extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 in the VLPAG significantly increased following RWIS and peaked at 1 hour after RWIS. Lateral ventricle injection of the astrocytic toxin L-a-aminoadipate significantly alleviated gastric mucosal injury and decreased the activation of neurons and astrocytes. Treatment with the ERK1/2 signaling pathway inhibitor PD98059 obviously suppressed gastric mucosal damage as well as the RWIS-induced activation of neurons and astrocytes in the VLPAG. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggested that activation of VLPAG neurons and astrocytes induced by RWIS through the ERK1/2 signaling pathway may play a critical role in RWIS-induced gastric mucosa damage.

Microalgal Oil from Schizochytrium sp. Prevents HFD-Induced Abdominal Fat Accumulation in Mice.

OBJECTIVE: Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially eicosapentaenoic acids (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are proved to be effective in obesity reduction. Microalgal oil (MO) is an important alternative source of n-3 PUFAs that effectively alleviates obesity. The aim of the present study was to explore the anti-obesity effects of microalgal oil from Schizochytrium sp. (SMO) and to compare the effects of 2 SMOs (SMO1 and SMO2) with different levels of purity of n-3 PUFAs on high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity in male C57BL/6J mice. METHODS: Mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: (1) regular chow (RC); (2) HFD; (3) HFD + fish oil (FO); (4) HFD + SMO1; and (5) HFD + SMO2. Body weight and food intake were weekly monitored. After 16 weeks of treatment, a glucose tolerance test (GTT) and an insulin tolerance test (ITT) were performed. Serum lipid profile, morphological changes in the liver and epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT), and the mRNA expression of lipid metabolism-related genes were also examined. RESULTS: SMO treatment significantly decreased HFD-induced abdominal fat accumulation, lowered the levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein, as did the positive control treated with FO. Morphological examination revealed a remarkable reduction in lipid droplet formation in the liver tissue and the particle size of eWAT. An alleviation of inflammation infiltration in eWAT caused by a high-fat diet was also observed. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis examination confirmed that microalgal oil inhibited the gene expression of fatty acid synthase, sterol responsive element-binding protein-1c, and acetyl-CoA carboxylase but promoted that of hormone-sensitive lipase and lipoprotein lipase, carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1, and uncoupling proteins in the liver and eWAT. Moreover, similar anti-obesity effects were obtained with the same dosage but different purity of n-3 PUFAs. CONCLUSIONS: As an alternative n-3 PUFAs resource, dietary intake of SMO might be beneficial to prevent HFD-induced abdominal fat accumulation.

Activation of RAS/ERK alone is insufficient to inhibit RXRα function and deplete retinoic acid in hepatocytes.

Activation of RAS/ERK signaling pathway, depletion of retinoid, and phosphorylation of retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRα) are frequent events found in liver tumors and thought to play important roles in hepatic tumorigenesis. However, the relationships among them still remained to be elucidated. By exploring the transgenic mouse model of hepatic tumorigenesis induced by liver-specific expression of H-ras12V oncogene, the activation of RAS/ERK, the mRNA expression levels of retinoid metabolism-related genes, the contents of retinoid metabolites, and phosphorylation of RXRα were determined. RAS/ERK signaling pathway was gradually and significantly activated in hepatic tumor adjacent normal liver tissues (P) and hepatic tumor tissues (T) of H-ras12V transgenic mice compared with normal liver tissues (Wt) of wild type mice. On the contrary, the mRNA expression levels of retinoid metabolism-related genes were significantly reduced in P and T compared with Wt. Interestingly, the retinoid metabolites 9-cis-retinoic acid (9cRA) and all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA), the well known ligands for nuclear transcription factor RXR and retinoic acid receptor (RAR), were significantly decreased only in T compared with Wt and P, although the oxidized polar metabolite of atRA, 4-keto-all-trans-retinoic-acid (4-keto-RA) was significantly decreased in both P and T compared with Wt. To our surprise, the functions of RXRα were significantly blocked only in T compared with Wt and P. Namely, the total protein levels of RXRα were significantly reduced and the phosphorylation levels of RXRα were significantly increased only in T compared with Wt and P. Treatment of H-ras12V transgenic mice at 5-week-old or 5-month-old with atRA had no effect on the prevention of tumorigenesis or cure of developed nodules in liver. These events imply that the depletion of 9cRA and atRA and the inhibition of RXRα function in hepatic tumors involve more complex mechanisms besides the activation of RAS/ERK pathway.

The pathological changes in the spinal cord after dural tear with and without autologous fascia repair.

PURPOSE: Dural tear is one of the common complications of spinal surgery leading to cerebrospinal fluid leakage followed by serial secondary symptoms. However, little is known about pathological changes of the spinal cord after dural tear. In the present study, we aimed to study the pathological changes in the spinal cord after dural tear with and without autologous fascia repair. METHODS: Sixty Sprague-Dawley rats were used for dural tear and autologous fascia graft repair models. Three days and 1 week after surgery, the pathological changes in the spinal cord were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, Western blot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and spinal somatosensory evoked potentials test. RESULTS: Neuroinflammation was found in the parenchyma of the spinal cord characterized by gliosis, increased expression of inflammatory factors and infiltration of exogenesis immunocells in the rats without repair, which impaired the sensory conduction function of the spinal cord at the early stage of injury. Repairing with autologous fascia could attenuate neuroinflammation and help to maintain normal sensory conduction function of the spinal cord. CONCLUSION: Dural tear could cause a series of inflammatory reactions in the spinal cord and further impair its sensory conduction function at the early stage of injury. Repairing with autologous fascia was a necessary and effective way to prevent the neuroinflammation and to maintain the normal function of the spinal cord.

Multifunctional honeysuckle extract/attapulgite/chitosan composite films containing natural carbon dots for intelligent food packaging.

In order to fulfill people's requirements for food quality and safety, it is a promising strategy to develop intelligent biodegradable food packaging materials. Herein, honeysuckle extracts/attapulgite/chitosan composite films containing natural carbon dots were fabricated for intelligent food packaging. Different characterization techniques were employed to study the obtained composite films, while the physicochemical properties, optical properties, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of composite films were determined. The obtained composite films presented good mechanical, antibacterial and antioxidant properties, and the antibacterial ratios of composite films against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were 99.27 ± 0.18 % and 98.85 ± 0.65 %, respectively. When the added amount of honeysuckle extracts/attapulgite nanocomposites was 4.76 %, the tensile strength and elongation at break of composite films reached 24.9 ± 2.35 MPa and 64.8 ± 2.11 %, respectively, which were obviously higher than that of pure chitosan film. Furthermore, the composite films exhibited excellent UV shielding and blue fluorescence properties, as well as pH-sensitivity due to the presence of caffeoquinic acid-based natural carbon dots derived from honeysuckle extract. Therefore, the composite films indicated a potential application for intelligent food packaging.

Nonpathogenic Pseudomonas syringae derivatives and its metabolites trigger the plant "cry for help" response to assemble disease suppressing and growth promoting rhizomicrobiome.

Plants are capable of assembling beneficial rhizomicrobiomes through a "cry for help" mechanism upon pathogen infestation; however, it remains unknown whether we can use nonpathogenic strains to induce plants to assemble a rhizomicrobiome against pathogen invasion. Here, we used a series of derivatives of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 to elicit different levels of the immune response to Arabidopsis and revealed that two nonpathogenic DC3000 derivatives induced the beneficial soil-borne legacy, demonstrating a similar "cry for help" triggering effect as the wild-type DC3000. In addition, an increase in the abundance of Devosia in the rhizosphere induced by the decreased root exudation of myristic acid was confirmed to be responsible for growth promotion and disease suppression of the soil-borne legacy. Furthermore, the "cry for help" response could be induced by heat-killed DC3000 and flg22 and blocked by an effector triggered immunity (ETI) -eliciting derivative of DC3000. In conclusion, we demonstrate the potential of nonpathogenic bacteria and bacterial elicitors to promote the generation of disease-suppressive soils.

Extracellular vesicles incorporating retrovirus-like capsids for the enhanced packaging and systemic delivery of mRNA into neurons.

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) restricts the systemic delivery of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) into diseased neurons. Although leucocyte-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) can cross the BBB at inflammatory sites, it is difficult to efficiently load long mRNAs into the EVs and to enhance their neuronal uptake. Here we show that the packaging of mRNA into leucocyte-derived EVs and the endocytosis of the EVs by neurons can be enhanced by engineering leucocytes to produce EVs that incorporate retrovirus-like mRNA-packaging capsids. We transfected immortalized and primary bone-marrow-derived leucocytes with DNA or RNA encoding the capsid-forming activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated (Arc) protein as well as capsid-stabilizing Arc 5'-untranslated-region RNA elements. These engineered EVs inherit endothelial adhesion molecules from donor leukocytes, recruit endogenous enveloping proteins to their surface, cross the BBB, and enter the neurons in neuro-inflammatory sites. Produced from self-derived donor leukocytes, the EVs are immunologically inert, and enhanced the neuronal uptake of the packaged mRNA in a mouse model of low-grade chronic neuro-inflammation.

Melatonin reduced colon inflammation but had no effect on energy metabolism in ageing Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus).

In photoperiod-sensitive wild animals, the secretion of melatonin (MT) is modulated by external photoperiod, and MT affects inflammation and the ageing process. The beneficial effects of MT in delaying the progress of ageing have been reported in laboratory mice and rats. However, little is known about MT in wild mammals. In the current study, we investigated energy metabolism, microbial community structure and colon homeostasis in ageing Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) through exogenous supplementation of MT to test the hypothesis that MT has beneficial effects on gut homeostasis in ageing gerbils. Exogenous MT supplementation had no effect on energy metabolism in Mongolian gerbils but reduced the levels of circulating tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), immune globulin G (IgG) and corticosterone (CORT). The increase in the level of inflammation in ageing animals was related to changes in the structure and diversity of the gut microbiota. At the genus level, the relative abundance of Prevotella, Treponema, Corynebacterium, and Sphingomonas was increased in ageing animals and decreased significantly by the treatment of MT. Christensenella and Lactobacillus were attenuated in ageing animals, and tended to be enhanced by MT treatment. Functions related to glycosphingolipid biosynthesis-ganglio series and lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis (metabolisms of cofactors, vitamins and glycan) were increased in ageing animals and decreased significantly by the treatment of MT. Our data suggest that a supplement of MT could improve colon homeostasis through changing the composition of gut microbiota and reducing inflammation in ageing gerbils.

Blocking glutamate-mediated signalling inhibits human melanoma growth and migration.

Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter that has been shown to regulate the proliferation, migration and survival of neuronal progenitors in the central nervous system through its action on metabotropic and ionotropic glutamate receptors (GluRs). Antagonists of ionotropic GluRs have been shown to cause a rapid and reversible change in melanocyte dendritic morphology, which is associated with the disorganization of actin and tubulin microfilaments in the cytoskeleton. Intracellular expression of microtubule-associated protein (MAP) 2a affects the assembly, stabilization and bundling of microtubules in melanoma cells; stimulates the development of dendrites; and suppresses melanoma cell migration and invasion. In this study, we investigated the relationship between glutamate-mediated signalling and microtubules, cell dendritic morphology and melanoma cell motility. We found that metabotropic GluR1 and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists increased dendritic branching and inhibited the motility, migration and proliferation of melanoma cells. We also demonstrated that the invasion and motility of melanoma cells are significantly inhibited by the combination of increased expression of MAP2a and either metabotropic GluR1 or N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists. Moreover, the blockade of glutamate receptors inhibited melanoma growth in vivo. Collectively, these results demonstrate the importance of glutamate signalling in human melanoma and suggest that the blockade of glutamate receptors is a promising novel therapy for treating melanoma.

Endogenous glucocorticoid increases the basal level of Treg-Th17 balance under early phase of stress.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the changes of Treg-Th17 balance influenced by corticosterone, major effect hormone of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis under running stress. METHODS: A total of 25 corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) wildtype (CRH+/+) and knockout (CRH-/-) mice were adopt and divided into 4 groups as follows: CRH+/+ ctrl, CRH+/+ stress, CRH-/- ctrl and CRH-/- stress. All mice in stress groups were under 2 h running. After 1 h, blood plasma in all groups was collected and the expression of corticosterone and IL-17A was detected by ELISA. Meanwhile, unicell suspensions of peripheral lymph node and spleen in each group were prepared too and stained by PE-CD4 and FITC-CD25, then the changes of Treg (CD4+CD25+) in different groups were checked by flow cytometry; all data were statistically analyzed by the software of WinMDI 2.9, SPSS 11.5, Origin 7.5 and Matlab 2-D and 3-D plot function. RESULTS: The levels of corticosterone were significantly higher in stress groups than that in corresponding control groups (P less than 0.05), especially in CRH+/+ stress group (P less than 0.01). However, the changes of Tregs were not obvious between stress groups and control groups with respective genotypes (P less than 0.05). Compared with that in CRH+/+ control group, the ratio of Treg and the expression of IL-17A in CRH-/- stress group were significantly higher than those in control group (P less than 0.05). Combined with the expression levels of corticosterone, Treg and Th17, our study suggests that endogenous glucocorticoid with basal level may cause the changes in Treg-Th17 balance. Moreover, as the corticosterone level increases, the expression of Treg and Th17 appears to manifest antagonistic fluctuant status with a rising tendency in general. CONCLUSION: Endogenous glucocorticoid under early stage of stress may increase the function of T lymphocyte immunity to some extent.

Empirical Study on the Relationship Between Vacation Schedule and Seafarers' Fatigue in Chinese Seafarer Population.

Background: Fatigue is an important factor for the safety of ships. In order to alleviate fatigue of the seafarers, the STCW Convention (International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping for Seafarers) has made many regulations on the working time of seafarers. At present, if a crew member takes only one day off at home before returning to work on the ship, the working time on the ship must be re-calculated again. If the time spent at home is not sufficient to allow the crew to recover, the regulations of only stipulating the working time, not stipulating the home vacation time, cannot guarantee the crew's fatigue been well controlled. The aim of present study is to explore the relationship between vacation schedule and fatigue of the seafarers. Methods: In present study, a simplified stress scale developed by the Ministry of Labor of Japan has been used as a measurement tool. The method of stratified sampling was adopted. Data collection mainly came from domestic ocean-going seafarers (n = 165). Analysis was conducted using the Cross (chi-square) analysis and hierarchical multiple regression analysis methods. Results: We found that there was no difference between crew members of different positions in terms of average vacation time and on-board service time (p > 0.05). The length of last vacation time and this service time for seafarers of different positions showed obvious differences (p < 0.01). The rank has a significant effect on the length of the last vacation (χ2 = 101.560, p = 0.000 < 0.01) and the length of this service time (χ2 = 75.624, p = 0.000 < 0.01). Also, the results showed that there was a significant negative correlation between the duration of vacation and overall fatigue (t = -7.160, p = 0.000 < 0.01), while there was a significant positive correlation between the length of service time on board and overall fatigue (t = 3.474, p = 0.001 < 0.01). Conclusion: The results indicated that a reasonable vacation schedule was crucial for the relief of the seafarers' fatigue, and also played a positive role in the state of working on the ship again.

A TaqMan Probe-Based Multiplex Real-Time PCR for Simultaneous Detection of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Subtypes G1 and G2, and Porcine Rotavirus Groups A and C.

Porcine viral diarrhea diseases affect the swine industry, resulting in significant economic losses. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) genotypes G1 and G2, and groups A and C of the porcine rotavirus, are major etiological agents of severe gastroenteritis and profuse diarrhea, particularly among piglets, with mortality rates of up to 100%. Based on the high prevalence rate and frequent co-infection of PEDV, RVA, and RVC, close monitoring is necessary to avoid greater economic losses. We have developed a multiplex TaqMan probe-based real-time PCR for the rapid simultaneous detection and differentiation of PEDV subtypes G1 and G2, RVA, and RVC. This test is highly sensitive, as the detection limits were 20 and 100 copies/µL for the G1 and G2 subtypes of PEDV, respectively, and 50 copies/µL for RVA and RVC, respectively. Eighty-eight swine clinical samples were used to evaluate this new test. The results were 100% in concordance with the standard methods. Since reassortment between porcine and human rotaviruses has been reported, this multiplex test not only provides a basis for the management of swine diarrheal viruses, but also has the potential to impact public health as well.

Hyperinsulinemia-induced microglial mitochondrial dynamic and metabolic alterations lead to neuroinflammation in vivo and in vitro.

Numerous studies have demonstrated that type 2 diabetes (T2D) is closely linked to the occurrence of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms for this association are still unknown. Insulin resistance (IR) hallmarked by hyperinsulinemia, as the earliest and longest-lasting pathological change in T2D, might play an important role in AD. Since hyperinsulinemia has an independent contribution to related disease progressions by promoting inflammation in the peripheral system, we hypothesized that hyperinsulinemia might have an effect on microglia which plays a crucial role in neuroinflammation of AD. In the present study, we fed 4-week-old male C57BL/6 mice with a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks to establish IR model, and the mice treated with standard diet (SD) were used as control. HFD led to obesity in mice with obvious glucose and lipid metabolism disorder, the higher insulin levels in both plasma and cerebrospinal fluid, and aberrant insulin signaling pathway in the whole brain. Meanwhile, IR mice appeared impairments of spatial learning and memory accompanied by neuroinflammation which was characterized by activated microglia and upregulated expression of pro-inflammatory factors in different brain regions. To clarify whether insulin contributes to microglial activation, we treated primary cultured microglia and BV2 cell lines with insulin in vitro to mimic hyperinsulinemia. We found that hyperinsulinemia not only increased microglial proliferation and promoted M1 polarization by enhancing the production of pro-inflammatory factors, but also impaired membrane translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) serving as the insulin-responding glucose transporter in the processes of glucose up-taking, reduced ATP production and increased mitochondrial fission. Our study provides new perspectives and evidence for the mechanism underlying the association between T2D and AD.

Loss of RBMS1 promotes anti-tumor immunity through enabling PD-L1 checkpoint blockade in triple-negative breast cancer.

Immunotherapy has been widely utilized in multiple tumors, however, its efficacy in the treatment of triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) is still being challenged. Meanwhile, functions and mechanisms of RNA binding proteins in regulating immunotherapy for TNBC remain largely elusive. Here we reported that the RNA binding protein RBMS1 is prevalent among immune-cold TNBC. Through a systematic shRNA-mediated screen, we found depletion of RBMS1 significantly reduced the level of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) in TNBC. Clinically, RBMS1 was increased in breast cancer and its level was positively correlated to that of PD-L1. RBMS1 ablation stimulated cytotoxic T cell mediated anti-tumor immunity. Mechanistically, RBMS1 regulated the mRNA stability of B4GALT1, a newly identified glycosyltransferase of PD-L1. Depletion of RBMS1 destabilized the mRNA of B4GALT1, inhibited the glycosylation of PD-L1 and promoted the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of PD-L1. Importantly, combination of RBMS1 depletion with CTLA4 immune checkpoint blockade or CAR-T treatment enhanced anti-tumor T-cell immunity both in vitro and in vivo. Together, our findings provided a new immunotherapeutic strategy against TNBC by targeting the immunosuppressive RBMS1.

Increasing the Ascomycin Yield by Relieving the Inhibition of Acetyl/Propionyl-CoA Carboxylase by the Signal Transduction Protein GlnB.

Ascomycin (FK520) is a multifunctional antibiotic produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus var. ascomyceticus. In this study, we demonstrated that the inactivation of GlnB, a signal transduction protein belonging to the PII family, can increase the production of ascomycin by strengthening the supply of the precursors malonyl-CoA and methylmalonyl-CoA, which are produced by acetyl-CoA carboxylase and propionyl-CoA carboxylase, respectively. Bioinformatics analysis showed that Streptomyces hygroscopicus var. ascomyceticus contains two PII family signal transduction proteins, GlnB and GlnK. Protein co-precipitation experiments demonstrated that GlnB protein could bind to the α subunit of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and this binding could be disassociated by a sufficient concentration of 2-oxoglutarate. Coupled enzyme activity assays further revealed that the interaction between GlnB protein and the α subunit inhibited both the activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and propionyl-CoA carboxylase, and this inhibition could be relieved by 2-oxoglutarate in a concentration-dependent manner. Because GlnK protein can act redundantly to maintain metabolic homeostasis under the control of the global nitrogen regulator GlnR, the deletion of GlnB protein enhanced the supply of malonyl-CoA and methylmalonyl-CoA by restoring the activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and propionyl-CoA carboxylase, thereby improving the production of ascomycin to 390 ± 10 mg/L. On this basis, the co-overexpression of the ß and ε subunits of propionyl-CoA carboxylase further increased the ascomycin yield to 550 ± 20 mg/L, which was 1.9-fold higher than that of the parent strain FS35 (287 ± 9 mg/L). Taken together, this study provides a novel strategy to increase the production of ascomycin, providing a reference for improving the yield of other antibiotics.

Influence of HFD-induced precocious puberty on neurodevelopment in mice.

BACKGROUND: Precocious puberty is frequently associated with obesity, which will lead to long-term effects, especially on growth and reproduction. However, the effect of precocious puberty on children's neurodevelopment is still unknown. OBJECTIVES: Here we evaluated the effect of High fat diet (HFD)-induced precocious puberty on neurodevelopment and behaviors of animals. METHODS: Ovaries sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) using standard techniques. Behavioral tests included elevated plus maze (EPM), open field exploration, Y-Maze, marble burying test, and novelty- suppressed feeding. The expression of genes related to puberty and neural development was detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. RESULTS: Our results showed HFD-induced precocious puberty increased the risk-taking behavior and decreased memory of mice. The content of Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and Arginine vasopressin (AVP) in hypothalamus were higher in HFD group than control group. Although the recovery of normal diet will gradually restore the body fat and other physiological index of mice, the anxiety increases in adult mice, and the memory is also damaged. CONCLUSIONS: These findings describe the sensitivity of mice brain to HFD-induced precocious puberty and the irrecoverability of neural damage caused by precocious puberty. Therefore, avoiding HFD in childhood is important to prevent precocious puberty and neurodevelopmental impairment in mice.