Gallbladder Retrieval From Epigastric Versus Umbilical Port in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: A PRISMA-Compliant Meta-Analysis.

Purpose. To date, no evidence supports the retrieval of the gallbladder through a specific trocar site, and this choice is left to surgeons' preference. The aim of this meta-analysis was to investigate the influence of the trocar site used to extract the gallbladder on postoperative outcomes. Methods. According to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a literature search of PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE databases was performed. Terms used were: ("gallbladder" OR "cholecystectomy") AND "umbilical" AND ("epigastric" OR "subxiphoid"). Randomized trials comparing the gallbladder retrieval from different trocar sites were considered for further analysis. Results. Literature search revealed 145 articles, of which 7 matched inclusion criteria and reported adequate data about postoperative pain, operative time, port-site infections, and hernias. A total of 876 patients were included, and the gallbladder was extracted through epigastric or umbilical trocar site in 441 and in 435 patients, respectively. A statistically significant difference among groups was noted in terms of postoperative pain at 1, 6, 12, and 24 hours in favor of the umbilical trocar site (P < .001). No significant differences were noted in postoperative hernia and infection rate, nor in terms of operative time. Conclusions. This meta-analysis shows a statistically significant reduction in terms of postoperative pain at 1, 6, 12, and 24 hours after surgery when the gallbladder is extracted through the umbilical port. Retrieval time, infections, and hernias rate implicate no contraindication for the choice of a specific trocar site to extract specimens. Despite limitations of this study, the umbilical trocar should be favored as the first choice to retrieve the gallbladder.

Surgical Residents' Proficiency and Turnover May Affect the Overall Efficiency in an Emergency Department.

BACKGROUND: Within Emergency Department (ED), problem responsiveness and organizational capacity are extremely important for providing acute care. The "July effect" has been described as the period when junior doctors start new turnovers, possibly reflecting on hospital and ED efficiency. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of residents' turnover on ED efficiency at a Swiss teaching hospital. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated patients presenting with surgical needs to ED from June 2014 to January 2019. Data regarding gender, age, length of stay (LOS), resident doctors and level of urgency were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: We identified 27,767 surgical admissions treated by 92 residents. The LOS analysis within residents' period in the ED showed a progressive reduction over time, with 80% of proficiency achieved after 98 patients. The mean LOS was 257.3 and 237.6 min during and after the learning curve (p < 0.0001), although no difference was noted in triage level 1 patients (p = 0.813). By replacing 40-70% of residents (January and July), the LOS raised from 243.1 to 259.7 min (absolute difference 16.6 min, p < 0.001), but if only 10-20% of residents newly started, no difference was detected (p = 0.071). CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that surgical residents' turnover within the ED could affect the overall efficiency. The training period for new resident physicians was a caseload of 98 patients, respectively, 3 weeks of work. The impact of trainees' turnover was only relevant if more than 40% of the resident team is replaced at one time and only less urgent cases were affected.

Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy Versus Roux-Y-Gastric Bypass for Morbid Obesity-3-Year Outcomes of the Prospective Randomized Swiss Multicenter Bypass Or Sleeve Study (SM-BOSS).

OBJECTIVE: Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is performed almost as often in Europe as laparoscopic Roux-Y-Gastric Bypass (LRYGB). We present the 3-year interim results of the 5-year prospective, randomized trial comparing the 2 procedures (Swiss Multicentre Bypass Or Sleeve Study; SM-BOSS). METHODS: Initially, 217 patients (LSG, n = 107; LRYGB, n = 110) were randomized to receive either LSG or LRYGB at 4 bariatric centers in Switzerland. Mean body mass index of all patients was 44 ±â€Š11 kg/m, mean age was 43 ±â€Š5.3 years, and 72% of patients were female. Minimal follow-up was 3 years with a rate of 97%. Both groups were compared for weight loss, comorbidities, quality of life, and complications. RESULTS: Excessive body mass index loss was similar between LSG and LRYGB at each time point (1 year: 72.3 ±â€Š21.9% vs. 76.6 ±â€Š20.9%, P = 0.139; 2 years: 74.7 ±â€Š29.8% vs. 77.7 ±â€Š30%, P = 0.513; 3 years: 70.9 ±â€Š23.8% vs. 73.8 ±â€Š23.3%, P = 0.316). At this interim 3-year time point, comorbidities were significantly reduced and comparable after both procedures except for gastro-esophageal reflux disease and dyslipidemia, which were more successfully treated by LRYGB. Quality of life increased significantly in both groups after 1, 2, and 3 years postsurgery. There was no statistically significant difference in number of complications treated by reoperation (LSG, n = 9; LRYGB, n = 16, P = 0.15) or number of complications treated conservatively. CONCLUSIONS: In this trial, LSG and LRYGB are equally efficient regarding weight loss, quality of life, and complications up to 3 years postsurgery. Improvement of comorbidities is similar except for gastro-esophageal reflux disease and dyslipidemia that appear to be more successfully treated by LRYGB.

Early results of the Swiss Multicentre Bypass or Sleeve Study (SM-BOSS): a prospective randomized trial comparing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.

OBJECTIVE: Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) has been proposed as an effective alternative to the current standard procedure, laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB). Prospective data comparing both procedures are rare. Therefore, we performed a randomized clinical trial assessing the effectiveness and safety of these 2 operative techniques. METHODS: Two hundred seventeen patients were randomized at 4 bariatric centers in Switzerland. One hundred seven patients underwent LSG using a 35-F bougie with suturing of the stapler line, and 110 patients underwent LRYGB with a 150-cm antecolic alimentary and a 50-cm biliopancreatic limb. The mean body mass index of all patients was 44 ± 11.1 kg/m, the mean age was 43 ± 5.3 years, and 72% were female. RESULTS: The 2 groups were similar in terms of body mass index, age, sex, comorbidities, and eating behavior. The mean operative time was less for LSG than for LRYGB (87 ± 52.3 minutes vs 108 ± 42.3 minutes; P = 0.003). The conversion rate was 0.9% in both groups. Complications (<30 days) occurred more often in LRYGB than in LSG (17.2% vs 8.4%; P = 0.067). However, the difference in severe complications did not reach statistical significance (4.5% for LRYGB vs 1% for LSG; P = 0.21). Excessive body mass index loss 1 year after the operation was similar between the 2 groups (72.3% ± 22% for LSG and 76.6% ± 21% for LRYGB; P = 0.2). Except for gastroesophageal reflux disease, which showed a higher resolution rate after LRYGB, the comorbidities and quality of life were significantly improved after both procedures. CONCLUSIONS: LSG was associated with shorter operation time and a trend toward fewer complications than with LRYGB. Both procedures were almost equally efficient regarding weight loss, improvement of comorbidities, and quality of life 1 year after surgery. Long-term follow-up data are needed to confirm these facts.

Bilateral total extraperitoneal inguinal hernia repair (TEP) has outcomes similar to those for unilateral TEP: population-based analysis of prospective data of 6,505 patients.

BACKGROUND: Whether bilateral total extraperitoneal (TEP) inguinal hernia repair is associated with worse outcomes than unilateral TEP continues to be a matter of debate. This study aimed to compare different outcomes of large cohorts of patients undergoing bilateral versus unilateral TEP. METHODS: Based on prospective data of the Swiss Association of Laparoscopic and Thoracoscopic Surgery (SALTS), all patients undergoing elective unilateral or bilateral TEP from 1995 to 2006 were included in the study. The outcomes compared included conversion rates; intraoperative, surgical, and general postoperative complications; duration of operation; and length of hospital stay (LOS). Unadjusted and risk-adjusted multivariable analyses were performed. RESULTS: Data for 6,505 patients undergoing unilateral (n = 3,457) and bilateral (n = 3,048) TEP were prospectively collected. The average age and the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score were similar in the two groups. The patients undergoing bilateral TEP repair had a slightly increased rate of intraoperative complications (bilateral, 3.1% vs. unilateral, 1.9%) and surgical postoperative complications (bilateral, 3.2% vs. unilateral, 2.3%). The operation time was longer for bilateral TEP repair (86 vs. 67 min). No significant differences in postoperative LOS, general postoperative complications, or conversion rates were found. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first population-based analysis in the literature to compare different outcomes in a prospective cohort of more than 6,500 patients undergoing bilateral versus unilateral TEP. Although the rates for intraoperative and surgical postoperative complications were slightly higher for the patients undergoing bilateral TEP repair, the absolute differences were small and of minor clinical relevance. Bilateral TEP repair is associated with a minimal increase in operating time and similar LOS, general postoperative complications, and conversion rates. Therefore, for patients with bilateral inguinal hernia, a simultaneous endoscopic approach represents an excellent therapeutic option.

TAPP or TEP? Population-based analysis of prospective data on 4,552 patients undergoing endoscopic inguinal hernia repair.

BACKGROUND: Whether total extraperitoneal inguinal hernia repair (TEP) is associated with worse outcomes than transabdominal preperitoneal inguinal hernia repair (TAPP) continues to be a matter of debate. The objective of this large cohort study is to compare outcomes between patients undergoing TEP or TAPP. METHODS: Based on prospective data of the Swiss association of laparoscopic and thoracoscopic surgery, all patients undergoing unilateral TEP or TAPP between 1995 and 2006 were included. The following outcomes were compared: conversion rates, intraoperative and postoperative complications, duration of operation. RESULTS: Data on 4,552 patients undergoing TEP (n=3,457) and TAPP (n=1,095) were collected prospectively. Average age and American Society of Anesthesiologists score were similar in the two groups. Patients undergoing TEP had a significantly higher rate of intraoperative complications (TEP 1.9% vs. TAPP 0.9%, p=0.029) and surgical postoperative complications (TEP: 2.3% vs. TAPP: 0.8%, p=0.003). The postoperative length of stay was longer for patients undergoing TAPP (2.9 vs. 2.3 days, p=0.002), whereas the duration of the operation was longer for TEP (66.6 vs. 59.0 min, p<0.001) and the conversion rate was higher (TEP 1.0% vs. TAPP 0.2%, p=0.011). CONCLUSIONS: This study is one of the first population-based analyses comparing TEP and TAPP in a prospective cohort of more than 4,500 patients. Intraoperative and surgical postoperative complications were significantly higher in patients undergoing TEP. TEP is also associated with longer operating times and higher conversion rates. Therefore, on a population-based level, the TAPP technique appears to be superior to the TEP repair in patients undergoing unilateral inguinal hernia repair.

Preoperative smoking cessation program in patients undergoing intermediate to high-risk surgery: a randomized, single-blinded, controlled, superiority trial.

BACKGROUND: At present, effectively implementing smoking cessation programs in the health care system constitutes a major challenge. A unique opportunity to initiate smoking cessation focuses on smokers scheduled for surgery. These patients are not only highly motivated to quit smoking but also likely to benefit from a reduction in postoperative complications which may translate into a decrease of costs. Nevertheless, surgical patients are not routinely informed about the benefits of preoperative smoking cessation. Potential reasons for this missed opportunity may be the lack of time and training of surgeons and anaesthesiologists. We therefore aim to analyse the impact of a preoperative high-intensity smoking cessation intervention on surgical complications up to a 90-day postoperative period in patients of various surgical disciplines. The hypothesis is that a preoperative smoking cessation program improves outcomes in smokers undergoing intermediate to high-risk surgery. METHODS: The present study is a single-centre, randomized trial with two parallel groups of smokers scheduled for surgery comparing surgery alone and surgery with preoperative smoking cessation. We plan to randomize 251 patients. The primary objective is to compare complications between patients with an institutional multifaceted smoking cessation intervention starting 4 weeks before surgery compared to patients in the advice-only group (control group) within a 90-day postoperative period. The primary endpoint is the Comprehensive Complication Index (CCI®) within 90 days of surgery. Secondary outcomes include the length of hospital stay, cost of care, quality of life, smoking abstinence, and reduction in nicotine consumption. DISCUSSION: The hypothesis is that a preoperative smoking cessation program improves outcomes in smokers undergoing surgery. TRIAL REGISTRATION: BASEC #2021-02004; ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT05192837 . Registered on January 14, 2022.

[Intra-abdominal inflammation and perforation]. / Abdominalschmerzen durch Entzündungen und Hohlorganperforationen.

Abdominal pain combined with fever and elevated white blood count as well as c-reactive protein are the main features of any intra-abdominal inflammation or perforation. Since these pathologies are commonly encountered, it is of crucial importance for the primary care doctor as well as the specialist to have basic knowledge about clinical symptoms, diagnostic testing and treatment options in patients with intra-abdominal inflammation or perforation. The following article provides a short summary of the most frequent causes of abdominal pain due to inflammation or perforation.

Robotic-Assisted Versus Laparoscopic Revisional Bariatric Surgery: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis on Perioperative Outcomes.

This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the role of robotic-assisted surgery in patients undergoing revisional bariatric surgery (RBS). According to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a literature search of PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Google Scholar was performed: (("sleeve"AND "gastr*")OR "bariatric"OR "gastric bypass")AND("robot*"OR "DaVinci"OR "Da Vinci")AND("revision*"OR "conversion*"). In this review, six studies with 29,890 patients were included (2459 in the robotic group). No difference in postoperative complications (RR 1.070, 95%CI 0.930-1.231, p = 0.950), conversions to open surgery (RR 1.339, 95%CI 0.736-2.438, p = 0.339), length of stay (SMD - 0.041, 95%CI - 0.420-0.337, p = 0.831) or operative time (RR 0.219, 95%CI - 0.539-0.977, p = 0.571) was found. This systematic review and meta-analysis showed no significant advantage of robotic-assisted RBS; on the other hand, it showed a non-inferior efficacy compared to standard laparoscopy.

[Can Uncomplicated Adult Appendicitis Also Be Treated Conservatively?] / Kann die unkomplizierte Appendizitis des Erwachsenen auch konservativ behandelt werden?

Can Uncomplicated Adult Appendicitis Also Be Treated Conservatively? Abstract. For more than a century, appendectomy has been the first-line treatment for acute appendicitis. Despite modern imaging, it is not an easy disease to diagnose and is one of the most common emergency procedures worldwide. Conservative therapy for uncomplicated adult appendicitis is increasingly becoming the focus of discussion. Due to current data, a recommendation for conservative therapy of uncomplicated adult appendicitis can not be given. For the time being it should be reserved for a selected patient group.

Simplified dual time point FDG-PET/computed tomography for determining dignity of pancreatic lesions.

BACKGROUND: Predicting the dignity of pancreatic lesions is still a diagnostic challenge. The differentiation between benign changes in chronic pancreatitis from pancreatic cancer remains difficult. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether early dual time point kinetics of pancreatic lesions in 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) may be helpful to differentiate pancreatic lesions. METHODS: We prospectively analyzed 64 patients (pancreatic cancer n = 45 and chronic pancreatitis n = 19) scheduled for dual time point FDG-PET/computed tomography scan for pancreatic lesions from 2005 to 2014. Studies were performed 60 and 90 minutes after application of F-FDG. Histological samples were collected for all patients, either by resection or by biopsy. Semiquantitative analysis was performed using the minimum, the maximum, and the average standardized uptake value (SUV) from the two different sets of images. To increase sensitivity and specificity, a formula addressing the weighting of standardized uptake values was created. RESULTS: With a sensitivity of 82.6%, specificity of 77.8%, accuracy of 79.7%, positive predictive value of 90.5%, and negative predictive value of 63.6% SUVmax@time1 > 3.45 was the most reliable single quantitative parameter for malignancy of the pancreatic lesions. Weighting of standardized uptake values produced a formula that showed an even better profile. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with suspicious pancreatic lesions, the simplified dual time point FDG-PET/computed tomography may represent a valuable diagnostic tool in characterizing pancreatic lesions.

Spontaneous Diaphragmatic Rupture after Coughing: Report of a Case and Review of the Literature.

Spontaneous diaphragmatic rupture (SDR) is a very rare surgical emergency. A possible explanation for SDR might be a sudden increase of intra-abdominal pressure due to intense coughing, physical exercise, vomiting, or delivery. A 66-year-old male patient presented with recurrent coughing, dyspnoea, and intermittent fever. Although initial CT scan was inconspicuous, a follow-up CT scan revealed SDR of the left hemidiaphragm with herniation of the left colonic flexure, stomach, and parts of the greater omentum. Emergency laparotomy confirmed SDR. The ruptured anterior-lateral part of the diaphragm was closed, and additionally, a composite mesh was applied to reinforce the suture line. A right-sided hemicolectomy with primary anastomosis had to be performed. SDR is a rarity and can cause exceptional clinical features that may lead to inaccurate diagnosis and therapeutic delay. Therefore, of paramount importance, medical practitioners need to be aware of this important differential diagnosis for spontaneous dyspnoea or tachypnea.

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass lead to equal changes in body composition and energy metabolism 17 months postoperatively: a prospective randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: Weight loss is the sum of fat and lean mass loss. The aim of this study was to examine whether there are differences between 2 surgical procedures, laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) and laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB), in terms of their effect on body composition and energy metabolism. In addition, the predictive value of preoperative body composition and energy metabolism on postoperative outcome was evaluated. SETTING: All procedures were performed by the same surgeon (RP) at the St. Claraspital Basel in Switzerland. Calorimetry and DEXA were carried out at the same institution (Interdisciplinary Center of Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases, St. Claraspital Basel). METHODS: Forty-two morbidly obese, mainly female (85%), nondiabetic and diabetic (50%) patients (body mass index [BMI]: 43.9 kg/m(2)±1.3) before and 17±5.6 months after LSG (n = 23) and LRYGB (n = 19) were examined. Body composition was analyzed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and resting energy expenditure (REE); fat and carbohydrate oxidation was determined by indirect calorimetry. RESULTS: Follow-up was 100%. Excessive BMI loss (EBMIL) was 64.4% in the LSG group and 76.4% in the LRYGB group (P<.046). In both groups total fat and muscle mass decreased significantly compared with baseline (P<.001) and the percentage of muscle mass per kilogram of weight increased postoperatively (results not significant). REE decreased (P<.001) and REE per kilogram of weight increased significantly (P<.003) compared with baseline. Carbohydrate oxidation remained stable in both groups, and fat oxidation decreased significantly (P<.001) compared with baseline. In diabetic patients compared with nondiabetic patients there were no statistically significant differences in REE, substrate oxidation, or reduction in truncal fat. Postoperatively, lean mass was higher in diabetic patients (P = .037). Preoperative indirect calorimetry and DEXA results were of no predictive value for outcome. CONCLUSION: Changes in REE and body composition were equal after both procedures in a bariatric population mainly consisting of women. No predictors for amount of weight loss could be found.

Molecular absorbent recirculating system for the treatment of acute liver failure in surgical patients.

The Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System (MARS) represents an attractive artificial liver support system for the treatment of liver insufficiency. However, neither indications for MARS treatment (i.e., after extended liver resection) nor criteria for discontinuation of therapy have been evaluated. Therefore, we analyzed the clinical data of all our surgical patients who received MARS treatment for acute liver failure (n = 7). The aim of the study was to identify prognostic indicators for survival. Four of 174 patients resected for hepatic malignancy at our institution received a total of 13 MARS treatments. Two additional patients were successfully bridged to orthotopic liver transplantation with seven MARS treatments and one patient was MARS supported after liver transplantation of a steatotic graft with three MARS treatments. Five of the seven patients survived and were dismissed an average of 31 days, ranging from 17 to 47 days, after the final MARS treatment. No technical complications or adverse effects were observed during the MARS treatments. Important prognostic factors for hepatic recovery and survival were indocyanin green plasma disappearance rates greater than 5%/min and an increase in clotting factor V levels after each MARS treatment. We conclude that MARS therapy can be an effective treatment of postoperative liver insufficiency in the surgical hepatobiliary unit.

Magnetic resonance imaging provides accurate and precise volume determination of the regenerating mouse liver.

Direct and repetitive noninvasive determination of the time course and the strain-specific hepatic regenerative capacity after partial hepatectomy can extend our knowledge about the basic mechanisms of liver regeneration and repair. The aim of this study was to develop a magnetic resonance (MR)-based volumetric procedure to measure the hepatic volume in the regenerating mouse liver. In Balb-C mice (n = 14), varying amounts of liver tissue were resected and MR imaging was performed 24 hours later in a 1.5 Tesla Magnet Unit. Three dimensional (3D) T1- (volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination [VIBE] sequence) and T2-weighted images were acquired with continuous 1-mm thin slices. Animals with and without intravenous administration of paramagnetic contrast agents were compared. Immediately after MR examination, mice were euthanized and livers were weighted. The liver volume was determined on MR images using Cavalieri's method and linear regression analysis was performed from the data obtained. Correlation coefficients between the liver volume measured by MR and the liver weight were 0.98 (T1) and 0.94 (T2) in the group without paramagnetic contrast injection and 0.70 (T1) and 0.96 (T2) after paramagnetic contrast application. We conclude that MR-based liver volumetry allows precise liver volume measurement during hepatic regeneration after partial hepatectomy in mice and can be a valuable tool with regard to experimental hepatology.

Five-year results of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy.

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is gaining popularity, but studies reporting long-term results are still rare. The objective of this study was to present the 5-year outcome concerning weight loss, modification of co-morbidities, and late complications. METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of a prospective cohort with a minimal follow-up of 5 years. A total of 68 patients underwent LSG either as primary bariatric procedure (n = 41) or as redo operation after failed laparoscopic gastric banding (n = 27) between August 2004 and December 2007. At the time of LSG, the mean body mass index (BMI) was 43.0 ± 8.0 kg/m(2), the mean age 43.1 ± 10.1 years, and 78% were female. The follow-up rate was 100% at 1 year postoperatively, 97% after 2 years, and 91% after 5 years; the mean follow-up time was 5.9 ± 0.8 years. RESULTS: The average excessive BMI loss was 61.5% ± 23.4% after 1 year, 61.1% ± 23.4% after 2 years, and 57.4% ± 24.7% after 5 years. Co-morbidities improved considerably; a remission of type 2 diabetes could be reached at 85%. The following complications were observed: 1 leak (1.5%), 2 incisional hernias (2.9%), and new-onset gastroesophageal reflux in 11 patients (16.2%). Reoperation due to insufficient weight loss was necessary in 8 patients (11.8%). CONCLUSIONS: LSG was effective 5.9 years postoperatively with an excessive BMI loss of almost 60% and a considerable improvement or even remission of co-morbidities.

Drain-site hernia containing the vermiform appendix: report of a case.

The herniated vermiform appendix has been described as content of every hernia orifice in the right lower quadrant. While the femoral and inguinal herniated vermiform appendix is frequent enough to result in an own designation, port-site or even drain-site hernias are less frequently described. We report the case of a 62-year-old woman who presented with right lower quadrant pain seven years after Roux-en-Y Cystojejunostomy for a pancreatic cyst. CT scan showed herniation of the vermiform appendix through a former drain-site. A diagnostic laparoscopy with appendectomy and direct closure of the abdominal wall defect combined with mesh reinforcement was performed. Despite the decreasing use of intraperitoneal drains over the recent years, a multitude of patients had intraperitoneal drainage in former times. These patients face nowadays the risk of drain-site hernias with sometimes even unexpected structures inside.

Metabolic and hormonal changes after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy: a randomized, prospective trial.

BACKGROUND: The mechanisms of amelioration of glycemic control early after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) or laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) are not fully understood. METHODS: In this prospective, randomized 1-year trial, outcomes of LRYGB and LSG patients were compared, focusing on possibly responsible mechanisms. Twelve patients were randomized to LRYGB and 11 to LSG. These non-diabetic patients were investigated before and 1 week, 3 months, and 12 months after surgery. A standard test meal was given after an overnight fast, and blood samples were collected before, during, and after food intake for hormone profiles (cholecystokinin (CCK), ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY)). RESULTS: In both groups, body weight and BMI decreased markedly and comparably leading to an identical improvement of abnormal glycemic control (HOMA index). Post-surgery, patients had markedly increased postprandial plasma GLP-1 and PYY levels (p < 0.05) with ensuing improvement in glucose homeostasis. At 12 months, LRYGB ghrelin levels approached preoperative values. The postprandial, physiologic fluctuation returned, however, while LSG ghrelin levels were still markedly attenuated. One year postoperatively, CCK concentrations after test meals increased less in the LRYGB group than they did in the LSG group, with the latter showing significantly higher maximal CCK concentrations (p < 0.012 vs. LRYGB). CONCLUSIONS: Bypassing the foregut is not the only mechanism responsible for improved glucose homeostasis. The balance between foregut (ghrelin, CCK) and hindgut (GLP-1, PYY) hormones is a key to understanding the underlying mechanisms.

Abdominal magnetic resonance imaging in small rodents using a clinical 1.5 T MR scanner.

Because of superior soft-tissue contrast compared to other imaging techniques, non-invasive abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is ideal for monitoring organ regeneration, tissue repair, cancer stage, and treatment effects in a wide variety of experimental animal models. Currently, sophisticated MR protocols, including technically demanding procedures for motion artefact compensation, achieve an MRI resolution limit of < 100 microm under ideal conditions. However, such a high spatial resolution is not required for most experimental rodent studies. This article describes both a detailed imaging protocol for MR data acquisition in a ubiquitously and commercially available 1.5 T MR unit and 3-dimensional volumetry of organs, tissue components, or tumors. Future developments in MR technology will allow in vivo investigation of physiological and pathological processes at the cellular and even the molecular levels. Experimental MRI is crucial for non-invasive monitoring of a broad range of biological processes and will further our general understanding of physiology and disease.