Life-Threatening Hemoptysis in a Pediatric Referral Center.

OBJECTIVES: Hemoptysis is uncommon in children, even among the critically ill, with a paucity of epidemiological data to inform clinical decision-making. We describe hemoptysis-associated ICU admissions, including those who were critically ill at hemoptysis onset or who became critically ill as a result of hemoptysis, and identify predictors of mortality. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. Demographics, hemoptysis location, and management were collected. Pediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction-2 score within 24 hours of hemoptysis described illness severity. Primary outcome was inhospital mortality. SETTING: Quaternary pediatric referral center between July 1, 2010, and June 30, 2017. PATIENTS: Medical/surgical (PICU), cardiac ICU, and term neonatal ICU admissions with hemoptysis during or within 24 hours of ICU admission. INTERVENTIONS: No intervention. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: There were 326 hemoptysis-associated ICU admissions in 300 patients. Most common diagnoses were cardiac (46%), infection (15%), bronchiectasis (10%), and neoplasm (7%). Demographics, interventions, and outcomes differed by diagnostic category. Overall, 79 patients (26%) died inhospital and 109 (36%) had died during follow-up (survivor mean 2.8 ± 1.9 yr). Neoplasm, bronchiectasis, renal dysfunction, inhospital hemoptysis onset, and higher Pediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction-2 score were independent risk factors for inhospital mortality (p < 0.02). Pharmacotherapy (32%), blood products (29%), computerized tomography angiography (26%), bronchoscopy (44%), and cardiac catheterization (36%) were common. Targeted surgical interventions were rare. Of survivors, 15% were discharged with new respiratory support. Of the deaths, 93 (85%) occurred within 12 months of admission. For patients surviving 12 months, 5-year survival was 87% (95% CI, 78-92) and mortality risk remained only for those with neoplasm (log-rank p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: We observed high inhospital mortality from hemoptysis-associated ICU admissions. Mortality was independently associated with hemoptysis onset location, underlying diagnosis, and severity of critical illness at event. Additional mortality was observed in the 12-month posthospital discharge. Future directions include further characterization of this vulnerable population and management recommendations for life-threatening pediatric hemoptysis incorporating underlying disease pathophysiology.

Cardiovascular intensive care unit variables inform need for feeding tube utilization in infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: Feeding strategies in infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) following stage 1 palliation (S1P) include feeding tube utilization (FTU). Timely identification of infants who will fail oral feeding could mitigate morbidity in this vulnerable population. We aimed to develop a novel clinical risk prediction score for FTU. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of infants with HLHS admitted to the Boston Children's Hospital cardiovascular intensive care unit for S1P from 2009 to 2019. Infants discharged with feeding tubes were compared with those on full oral feeds. Variables from early (birth to surgery), mid (postsurgery to cardiovascular intensive care unit transfer), and late (inpatient transfer to discharge) hospitalization were analyzed in univariate and multivariable models. RESULTS: Of 180 infants, 66 (36.7%) discharged with a feeding tube. In univariate analyses, presence of a genetic disorder (early variable, odds ratio, 3.25; P = .014) and nearly all mid and late variables were associated with FTU. In the mid multivariable model, abnormal head imaging, ventilation duration, and vocal cord dysfunction were independent predictors of FTU (c-statistic 0.87). Addition of late variables minimally improved the model (c-statistic 0.91). A risk score (the HV2 score) for FTU was developed based on the mid multivariable model with high specificity (93%). CONCLUSIONS: Abnormal head imaging, duration of ventilation, and presence of vocal cord dysfunction were associated with FTU in infants with HLHS following S1P. The predictive HV2 risk score supports routine perioperative head imaging and vocal cord evaluation. Future application of the HV2 score may improve nutritional morbidity and hospital length of stay in this population.

A Monte Carlo Simulation Approach to Optimizing Capacity in a High-Volume Congenital Heart Pediatric Surgical Center.

Importance: Elective surgeries are primarily scheduled according to surgeon availability with less consideration of patients' postoperative cardiac intensive care unit (CICU) length of stay. Furthermore, the CICU census can exhibit a high rate of variation in which the CICU is operating at over-capacity, resulting in admission delays and cancellations; or under-capacity, resulting in underutilized labor and overhead expenditures. Objective: To identify strategies to reduce variation in CICU occupancy levels and avoid late patient surgery cancellation. Design: Monte Carlo simulation study of the daily and weekly CICU census at Boston Children's Hospital Heart Center. Data on all surgical admissions to and discharges from the CICU at Boston Children's Hospital between September 1, 2009 and November 2019 were included to obtain the distribution of length of stay for the simulation study. The available data allows us to model realistic length of stay samples that include short and extended lengths of stay. Main Outcomes: Annual number of patient surgical cancellations and change in average daily census. Results: We demonstrate that the models of strategic scheduling would result in up to 57% reduction in patient surgical cancellations, increase the historically low Monday census and decrease the historically higher late-mid-week (Wednesday and Thursday) censuses in our center. Conclusions and Relevance: Use of strategic scheduling may improve surgical capacity and reduce the number of annual cancellations. The reduction of peaks and valleys in the weekly census corresponds to a reduction of underutilization and overutilization of the system.

Palliative Care Referrals in Cardiac Disease.

OBJECTIVES: With evidence of benefits of pediatric palliative care (PPC) integration, we sought to characterize subspecialty PPC referral patterns and end of life (EOL) care in pediatric advanced heart disease (AHD). METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, we compared inpatient pediatric (<21 years) deaths due to AHD in 2 separate 3-year epochs: 2007-2009 (early) and 2015-2018 (late). Demographics, disease burden, medical interventions, mode of death, and hospital charges were evaluated for temporal changes and PPC influence. RESULTS: Of 3409 early-epoch admissions, there were 110 deaths; the late epoch had 99 deaths in 4032 admissions. In the early epoch, 45 patients (1.3% admissions, 17% deaths) were referred for PPC, compared with 146 late-epoch patients (3.6% admissions, 58% deaths). Most deaths (186 [89%]) occurred in the cardiac ICU after discontinuation of life-sustaining therapy (138 [66%]). Medical therapies included ventilation (189 [90%]), inotropes (184 [88%]), cardiopulmonary resuscitation (68 [33%]), or mechanical circulatory support (67 [32%]), with no temporal difference observed. PPC involvement was associated with decreased mechanical circulatory support, ventilation, inotropes, or cardiopulmonary resuscitation at EOL, and children were more likely to be awake and be receiving enteral feeds. PPC involvement increased advance care planning, with lower hospital charges on day of death and 7 days before (respective differences $5058 [P = .02] and $25 634 [P = .02]). CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric AHD deaths are associated with high medical intensity; however, children with PPC consultation experienced substantially less invasive interventions at EOL. Further study is warranted to explore these findings and how palliative care principles can be better integrated into care.