Artificial Retina Based on Organic Heterojunction Transistors for Mobile Recognition.

The flicker frequency of incident light constitutes a critical determinant in biology. Nevertheless, the exploration of methods to simulate external light stimuli with varying frequencies and develop artificial retinal neurons capable of responsive behavior remains an open question. This study presents an artificial neuron comprising organic phototransistors. The triggering properties of neurons are modulated by optical input, enabling them to execute rudimentary synaptic functions, emulating the biological characteristics of retinal neurons. The artificial retinal neuron exhibits varying responses to incoming light frequencies, allowing it to replicate the persistent visual behavior of the human eye and facilitating image discrimination. Additionally, through seamless integration with circuitry, it can execute motion recognition on a machine cart, preventing collisions with high-speed obstacles. The artificial retinal neuron offers a cost-effective and energy-efficient route for future mobile robot processors.

Meta-analysis of cortical thickness reduction in adult schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND: Numerous neuroimaging studies using surface-based morphometry analyses have reported altered cortical thickness among patients with schizophrenia, but the results have been inconsistent. We sought to provide a whole-brain meta-analysis, which may help enhance the spatial accuracy of identification. METHODS: We conducted a meta-analysis of whole-brain studies that explored cortical thickness alteration among adult patients with schizophrenia, including first-episode patients with schizophrenia, and patients with chronic schizophrenia, compared with healthy controls by using the seed-based d mapping with permutation of subject images (SDM-PSI) software. RESULTS: A systematic literature search identified 25 studies (33 data sets) of cortical thickness, including 2008 patients with schizophrenia and 2004 healthy controls. Overall, patients with schizophrenia showed decreased cortical thickness in the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and bilateral insula extending to the superior temporal gyrus (STG). Subgroup meta-analysis reported that patients with chronic schizophrenia showed decreased cortical thickness in the right insula extending to the right IFG. There was no significant cortical thickness difference between first-episode patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. LIMITATIONS: The results of meta-regression analyses should be viewed cautiously since they were driven by a small number of studies or did not overlap with the between-group differences found in the primary analyses. CONCLUSION: The meta-analysis suggested robust cortical thickness reduction in the IFG, insula and STG among adult patients with schizophrenia, particularly in those with chronic schizophrenia. The results provide useful insights to understanding the underlying pathophysiology of schizophrenia.

Functional and structural brain abnormalities in substance use disorder: A multimodal meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies.

INTRODUCTION: Numerous neuroimaging studies of resting-state functional imaging and voxel-based morphometry (VBM) have revealed that patients with substance use disorder (SUD) may present brain abnormalities, but their results were inconsistent. This multimodal neuroimaging meta-analysis aimed to estimate common and specific alterations in SUD patients by combining information from all available studies of spontaneous functional activity and gray matter volume (GMV). METHODS: A whole-brain meta-analysis on resting-state functional imaging and VBM studies was conducted using the Seed-based d Mapping with Permutation of Subject Images (SDM-PSI) software, followed by multimodal overlapping to comprehensively investigate function and structure of the brain in SUD. RESULTS: In this meta-analysis, 39 independent studies with 47 datasets related to resting-state functional brain activity (1444 SUD patients; 1446 healthy controls [HCs]) were included, as well as 77 studies with 89 datasets for GMV (3457 SUD patients; 3774 HCs). Patients with SUD showed the decreased resting-state functional brain activity in the bilateral anterior cingulate cortex/medial prefrontal cortex (ACC/mPFC). For the VBM meta-analysis, patients with SUD showed the reduced GMV in the bilateral ACC/mPFC, insula, thalamus extending to striatum, and left sensorimotor cortex. CONCLUSIONS: This multimodal meta-analysis exhibited that SUD shows common impairment in both function and structure in the ACC/mPFC, suggesting that the deficits in functional and structural domains could be correlated together. In addition, a few regions exhibited only structural impairment in SUD, including the insula, thalamus, striatum, and sensorimotor areas.

Shared and specific patterns of dynamic functional connectivity variability of striato-cortical circuitry in unmedicated bipolar and major depressive disorders.

BACKGROUND: Accumulating studies have found structural and functional abnormalities of the striatum in bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). However, changes in intrinsic brain functional connectivity dynamics of striato-cortical circuitry have not been investigated in BD and MDD. This study aimed to investigate the shared and specific patterns of dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) variability of striato-cortical circuitry in BD and MDD. METHODS: Brain resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired from 128 patients with unmedicated BD II (current episode depressed), 140 patients with unmedicated MDD, and 132 healthy controls (HCs). Six pairs of striatum seed regions were selected: the ventral striatum inferior (VSi) and the ventral striatum superior (VSs), the dorsal-caudal putamen (DCP), the dorsal-rostral putamen (DRP), and the dorsal caudate and the ventral-rostral putamen (VRP). The sliding-window analysis was used to evaluate dFC for each seed. RESULTS: Both BD II and MDD exhibited increased dFC variability between the left DRP and the left supplementary motor area, and between the right VRP and the right inferior parietal lobule. The BD II had specific increased dFC variability between the right DCP and the left precentral gyrus compared with MDD and HCs. The MDD had increased dFC variability between the left VSi and the left medial prefrontal cortex compared with BD II and HCs. CONCLUSIONS: The patients with BD and MDD shared common dFC alteration in the dorsal striatal-sensorimotor and ventral striatal-cognitive circuitries. The patients with MDD had specific dFC alteration in the ventral striatal-affective circuitry.

Functional and structural brain differences in bipolar disorder: a multimodal meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies.

BACKGROUND: Numerous studies of resting-state functional imaging and voxel-based morphometry (VBM) have revealed differences in specific brain regions of patients with bipolar disorder (BD), but the results have been inconsistent. METHODS: A whole-brain voxel-wise meta-analysis was conducted on resting-state functional imaging and VBM studies that compared differences between patients with BD and healthy controls using Seed-based d Mapping with Permutation of Subject Images software. RESULTS: A systematic literature search identified 51 functional imaging studies (1842 BD and 2190 controls) and 83 VBM studies (2790 BD and 3690 controls). Overall, patients with BD displayed increased resting-state functional activity in the left middle frontal gyrus, right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) extending to the right insula, right superior frontal gyrus and bilateral striatum, as well as decreased resting-state functional activity in the left middle temporal gyrus extending to the left superior temporal gyrus and post-central gyrus, left cerebellum, and bilateral precuneus. The meta-analysis of VBM showed that patients with BD displayed decreased VBM in the right IFG extending to the right insula, temporal pole and superior temporal gyrus, left superior temporal gyrus extending to the left insula, temporal pole, and IFG, anterior cingulate cortex, left superior frontal gyrus (medial prefrontal cortex), left thalamus, and right fusiform gyrus. CONCLUSIONS: The multimodal meta-analyses suggested that BD showed similar patterns of aberrant brain activity and structure in the insula extending to the temporal cortex, fronto-striatal-thalamic, and default-mode network regions, which provide useful insights for understanding the underlying pathophysiology of BD.

Common and specific patterns of functional and structural brain alterations in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a multimodal voxel-based meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder have been linked to alterations in the functional activity and grey matter volume of some brain areas, reflected in impaired regional homogeneity and aberrant voxel-based morphometry. However, because of variable findings and methods used across studies, identifying patterns of brain alteration in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder has been difficult. METHODS: We conducted a meta-analysis of differences in regional homogeneity and voxel-based morphometry between patients and healthy controls for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder separately, using seed-based d mapping. RESULTS: We included 45 publications on regional homogeneity (26 in schizophrenia and 19 in bipolar disorder) and 190 publications on voxel-based morphometry (120 in schizophrenia and 70 in bipolar disorder). Patients with schizophrenia showed increased regional homogeneity in the frontal cortex and striatum and the supplementary motor area; they showed decreased regional homogeneity in the insula, primary sensory cortex (visual and auditory cortices) and sensorimotor cortex. Patients with bipolar disorder showed increased regional homogeneity in the frontal cortex and striatum; they showed decreased regional homogeneity in the insula. Patients with schizophrenia showed decreased grey matter volume in the superior temporal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, cingulate cortex and cerebellum. Patients with bipolar disorder showed decreased grey matter volume in the insula, cingulate cortex, frontal cortex and thalamus. Overlap analysis showed that patients with schizophrenia displayed decreased regional homogeneity and grey matter volume in the left insula and left superior temporal gyrus; patients with bipolar disorder displayed decreased regional homogeneity and grey matter volume in the left insula. LIMITATIONS: The small sample size for our subgroup analysis (unmedicated versus medicated patients and substantial heterogeneity in the results for some regions could limit the interpretability and generalizability of the results. CONCLUSION: Patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder shared a common pattern of regional functional and structural alterations in the insula and frontal cortex. Patients with schizophrenia showed more widespread functional and structural impairment, most prominently in the primary sensory motor areas.

Structural and functional brain alterations in anorexia nervosa:A multimodal meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies.

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a complex psychiatric disorder with poorly understood etiology. Numerous voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and resting-state functional imaging studies have provided strong evidence of abnormal brain structure and intrinsic and functional activities in AN, but with inconsistent conclusions. Herein, a whole-brain meta-analysis was conducted on VBM (660 patients with AN, and 740 controls) and resting-state functional imaging (425 patients with AN, and 461 controls) studies that measured differences in the gray matter volume (GMV) and intrinsic functional activity between patients with AN and healthy controls (HCs). Overall, patients with AN displayed decreased GMV in the bilateral median cingulate cortex (extending to the bilateral anterior and posterior cingulate cortex), and left middle occipital gyrus (extending to the left inferior parietal lobe). In resting-state functional imaging studies, patients with AN displayed decreased resting-state functional activity in the bilateral anterior cingulate cortex and bilateral median cingulate cortex, and increased resting-state functional activity in the right parahippocampal gyrus. This multimodal meta-analysis identified reductions of gray matter and functional activity in the anterior and median cingulate in patients with AN, which contributes to further understanding of the pathophysiology of AN.

Inflammation is correlated with abnormal functional connectivity in unmedicated bipolar depression: an independent component analysis study of resting-state fMRI.

BACKGROUND: Inflammation might play a role in bipolar disorder (BD), but it remains unclear the relationship between inflammation and brain structural and functional abnormalities in patients with BD. In this study, we focused on the alterations of functional connectivity (FC), peripheral pro-inflammatory cytokines and their correlations to investigate the role of inflammation in FC in BD depression. METHODS: In this study, 42 unmedicated patients with BD II depression and 62 healthy controls (HCs) were enrolled. Resting-state-functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed in all participants and independent component analysis was used. Serum levels of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Interleukin-8 (IL-8) were measured in all participants. Correlation between FC values and IL-6 and IL-8 levels in BD was calculated. RESULTS: Compared with the HCs, BD II patients showed decreased FC in the left orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) implicating the limbic network and the right precentral gyrus implicating the somatomotor network. BD II showed increased IL-6 (p = 0.039), IL-8 (p = 0.002) levels. Moreover, abnormal FC in the right precentral gyrus were inversely correlated with the IL-8 (r = -0.458, p = 0.004) levels in BD II. No significant correlation was found between FC in the left OFC and cytokines levels. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings that serum IL-8 levels are associated with impaired FC in the right precentral gyrus in BD II patients suggest that inflammation might play a crucial role in brain functional abnormalities in BD.

Inflammation is associated with decreased functional connectivity of insula in unmedicated bipolar disorder.

BACKGROUND: Systemic inflammation and immune dysregulation have been considered as risk factors in the pathophysiology of mood disorders including bipolar disorder (BD). Previous neuroimaging studies have demonstrated metabolic, structural and functional abnormalities in the insula in BD, proposed that the insula played an important role in BD. We herein aimed to explore neural mechanisms underlying inflammation-induced in the insular subregions functional connectivity (FC) in patients with BD. METHODS: Brain resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data were acquired from 41 patients with unmedicated BD II (current episode depressed), 68 healthy controls (HCs). Three pairs of insular seed regions were selected: the bilateral anterior insula (AI), the bilateral middle insula (MI) and the bilateral posterior insula (PI), and calculated the whole-brain FC for each subregion. Additionally, the serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in patients and HCs, including IL-6 and TNF-α, were detected. Then the partial correlation coefficients between the abnormal insular subregions FC values and pro-inflammatory cytokines levels in patients with BD II depression were calculated. RESULTS: The BD II depression group exhibited decreased FC between the right PI and the left postcentral gyrus, and increased FC between the left AI and the bilateral insula (extended to the right putamen) when compared with the HC group. Moreover, the patients with BD II depression showed higher IL-6 and TNF-α levels than HCs, and IL-6 level was negatively correlated with FC of the right PI to the left postcentral gyrus. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrated that abnormal FC between the bilateral insula, and between the insula and sensorimotor areas in BD. Moreover, disrupted FC between the insula and sensorimotor areas was associated with elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine levels of IL-6 in BD.

Molecular Stereocomplexation for Enhancing the Stability of Nanoparticles Encapsulated in Polymeric Micelles for Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

A generalizable approach for improving the stability of polylactide-based (PLA-based) micelles for encapsulating nanoparticles (NPs) is demonstrated, using stereocomplexation between a pair of poly (ethylene glycol)-b-poly(d-lactide)/poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(l-lactide) block copolymer blends. Three different superparamagnetic ferrite-based NPs with distinct nanostructures are first prepared by the high-temperature pyrolysis method, including spherical MnFe2O4, cubic MnFe2O4, and core-shell MnFe2O4@Fe3O4. The diameters of these NPs are approximately 7-10 nm as revealed by transmission electron microscopy. These hydrophobic NPs can be encapsulated within self-assembled, stereocomplexed PLA (sc-PLA) micelles. All sc-PLA micelle systems loaded with three different NPs exhibit enhanced stability at elevated temperatures (20-60 °C) and with extended storage time (∼96 h) compared with analogous samples without stereocomplex formation, confirmed by dynamic light scattering measurements. The magnetic NP-loaded micelles with mean diameters of approximately 150 nm show both biocompatibility and superparamagnetic property. Under a 1.5 T magnetic field, cubic MnFe2O4 (c-MnFe2O4)-loaded micelles exhibit an excellent negative contrast enhancement of MR signals (373 mM-1·s-1), while core-shell MnFe2O4@Fe3O4-loaded micelles show a slightly lower signal for MR imaging (275 mM-1·s-1). These results suggest the potential of using sc-PLA-based polymer micelles as universal carriers for magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents with improved stability for different applications such as cancer diagnosis.

Abnormalities of intrinsic regional brain activity in first-episode and chronic schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of resting-state functional MRI

Background: Resting-state functional MRI (fMRI) studies have provided much evidence for abnormal intrinsic brain activity in schizophrenia, but results have been inconsistent. Methods: We conducted a meta-analysis of whole-brain, resting-state fMRI studies that explored differences in amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) between people with schizophrenia (including first episode and chronic) and healthy controls. Results: A systematic literature search identified 24 studies comparing a total of 1249 people with schizophrenia and 1179 healthy controls. Overall, patients with schizophrenia displayed decreased ALFF in the bilateral postcentral gyrus, bilateral precuneus, left inferior parietal gyri and right occipital lobe, and increased ALFF in the right putamen, right inferior frontal gyrus, left inferior temporal gyrus and right anterior cingulate cortex. In the subgroup analysis, patients with first-episode schizophrenia demonstrated decreased ALFF in the bilateral inferior parietal gyri, right precuneus and left medial prefrontal cortex, and increased ALFF in the bilateral putamen and bilateral occipital gyrus. Patients with chronic schizophrenia showed decreased ALFF in the bilateral postcentral gyrus, left precuneus and right occipital gyrus, and increased ALFF in the bilateral inferior frontal gyri, bilateral superior frontal gyrus, left amygdala, left inferior temporal gyrus, right anterior cingulate cortex and left insula. Limitations: The small sample size of our subgroup analysis, predominantly Asian samples, processing steps and publication bias could have limited the accuracy of the results. Conclusion: Our comprehensive meta-analysis suggests that findings of aberrant regional intrinsic brain activity during the initial stages of schizophrenia, and much more widespread damage with the progression of disease, may contribute to our understanding of the progressive pathophysiology of schizophrenia.

Characteristics of temporal dynamics of intrinsic brain activity in unmedicated bipolar disorder with suicidality.

BACKGROUND: Bipolar disorder is associated with a high risk of suicide. Routine neuroimaging examination exhibited that bipolar disorder with suicidality was associated with brain structural and functional changes. However, the alterations of brain dynamics have still remained elusive. PURPOSE: To investigate the alterations of brain dynamics in unmedicated bipolar disorder II depression with suicidality and predict the severity of suicidality. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective study included 106 bipolar disorder II participants (20 with suicidal attempt, 35 with suicidal ideation, 51 without suicidal ideation) and 50 healthy controls who underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging between February 2016 and December 2017. We first used sliding window analysis to evaluate the dynamic amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations. Then, we predicted the severity of suicidality using a multivariate regression model. RESULTS: One-way analysis of covariance revealed that the dynamic amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations in the right temporal pole, inferior temporal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus and the bilateral precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex was significantly different among the four groups. Post hoc pairwise comparisons revealed that dynamic amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations was remarkably decreased in the bilateral precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex in the three bipolar disorder II groups compared with that in healthy controls group. Increased dynamic amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations was found in the right superior temporal gyrus and inferior temporal gyrus in the suicidal attempt group compared with that in the other groups, and in the right temporal pole in the suicidal attempt group compared with that in the suicidal ideation and healthy controls groups. Importantly, these temporal variabilities could be used to predict the severity of suicidality (r = 0.330, p = 0.036), whereas static amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations couldn't (r = -0.050, p = 0.532). CONCLUSION: Our findings indicated that alterations of temporal variability in the precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex are such a common feature of bipolar disorder patients. Besides, the severity of suicidality could be predicted by the dynamic amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations abnormalities rather than static amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations abnormalities, which is the first evidence of dynamic brain alterations in bipolar disorder patients with suicidality. The proposed predictive model may be advantageous for clinical applications.

Liver acquisition with acceleration volume acquisition gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance combined with T2 sequences in the diagnosis of local recurrence of rectal cancer.

To investigate the efficacy of liver acquisition with acceleration volume acquisition (LAVA) gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) sequences and to assess its added accuracy in diagnosing local recurrence (LR) of rectal cancer with conventional T2-weighted fast spin echo (FSE) sequences. Pelvic MRI, including T2-weighted FSE sequences, gadolinium-enhanced sequences of LAVA and T1-weighted FSE with fat suppression, was performed on 225 patients with postoperative rectal cancer. Two readers evaluated the presence of LR according to "T2" (T2 sequences only), "T2 + LAVA-Gad" (LAVA and T2 imaging), and "T2 + T1-fs-Gad" (T1 fat suppression-enhanced sequence with T2 images). To evaluate diagnostic efficiency, imaging quality with LAVA and T1-fs-Gad by subjective scores and the signal intensity (SI) ratio. In the result, the SI ratio of LAVA was significantly higher than that of T1-fs-Gad (p = 0.0001). The diagnostic efficiency of "T2 + LAVA-Gad" was better than that of "T2 + T1-fs-Gad" (p = 0.0016 for Reader 1, p = 0.0001 for Reader 2) and T2 imaging only (p = 0.0001 for Reader 1; p = 0.0001 for Reader 2). Therefore, LAVA gadolinium-enhanced MR increases the accuracy of diagnosis of LR from rectal cancer and could replace conventional T1 gadolinium-enhanced sequences in the postoperative pelvic follow-up of rectal cancer.

Intravoxel Incoherent Motion Diffusion-weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging combined with Texture Analysis in Predicting the Histological Grades of Rectal Adenocarcinoma.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the predictive value of 3.0T MRI Intravoxel Incoherent motion diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (IVIM-DWI) combined with texture analysis (TA) in the histological grade of rectal adenocarcinoma. METHODS: Seventy-one patients with rectal adenocarcinoma confirmed by pathology after surgical resection were collected retrospectively. According to pathology, they were divided into a poorly differentiated group (n=23) and a moderately differentiated group (n=48). The IVIM-DWI parameters and TA characteristics of the two groups were compared, and a prediction model was constructed by multivariate logistic regression analysis. ROC curves were plotted for each individual and combined parameter. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences in D and D* values between the two groups (P < 0.05). The three texture parameters SmallAreaEmphasis, Median, and Maximum had statistically significant differences between groups (P = 0.01, 0.004, 0.009, respectively). The logistic regression prediction model showed that D*, the median, and the maximum value were significant independent predictors, and the AUC of the regression prediction model was 0.860, which was significantly higher than other single parameters. CONCLUSION: 3.0T MRI IVIM-DWI parameters combined with TA can provide valuable information for predicting the histological grades of rectal adenocarcinoma one week before the operation.

Investigating the intention of purchasing private pension scheme based on an integrated FBM-UTAUT model: The case of China.

The newly established private pension scheme in China has received great attention as it would be an important supplement to China's social safety net and corporate annuity amid an aging population. It provides a way of helping to address the challenge of ensuring adequate retirement income, and the scheme is expected to grow significantly in the coming years. This study investigates factors affecting the intention of purchasing the private pension scheme using a conceptual model based on the integration of Fogg Behavioral Model (FBM) and Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model. The questionnaire-based data from a sample of 462 respondents had been analyzed. Both exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used to assess validity. The hypothesized relationships in the integrated FBM-UTAUT model were tested using structural equation modeling. The research findings indicate that anticipation, social influence, effort expectancy, performance expectancy, side benefits and facilitating conditions have significant positive impacts on intention to purchase. According to the exploratory factor analysis, the integrated FBM-UTAUT model can explain more than 70% of the total variance. Meanwhile, effort expectancy can be affected by time effort, thought effort and physical effort collectively, while performance expectancy can be affected by risk and trust. It is revealed that the integrated FBM-UTAUT model can be effective in explaining purchase intentions in a private pension scheme context, and this study is expected to offer helpful advice on the design of pension products and the reform of pension policies.

Brain functional alterations in patients with anorexia nervosa: A meta-analysis of task-based functional MRI studies.

The goal of this study was to discern the neural activation patterns associated with anorexia nervosa (AN) in response to tasks related to body-, food-, emotional-, cognitive-, and reward- processing. A meta-analysis was performed on task-based fMRI studies, revealing that patients with AN showed increased activity in the left superior temporal gyrus and bilaterally in the ACC during a reward-related task. During cognitive-related tasks, patients with AN also showed increased activity in the left superior parietal gyrus, right middle temporal gyrus, but decreased activity in the MCC. Additionally, patients with AN showed increased activity bilaterally in the cerebellum, MCC, and decreased activity bilaterally in the bilateral precuneus/PCC, right middle temporal gyrus, left ACC when they viewed food images. During emotion-related tasks, patients with AN showed increased activity in the left cerebellum, but decreased activity bilaterally in the striatum, right mPFC, and right superior parietal gyrus. Patients with AN also showed increased activity in the right striatum and decreased activity in the right inferior temporal gyrus and bilaterally in the mPFC during body-related tasks. The present meta-analysis provides a comprehensive overview of the patterns of brain activity evoked by task stimuli, thereby augmenting the current comprehension of the pathophysiology in AN.

Mesenteric creeping fat index defined by CT enterography is associated with early postoperative recurrence in patients with Crohn's disease.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the value of mesenteric creeping fat index (MCFI) defined by computed-tomography enterography (CTE) in patients with Crohn's Disease (CD) for predicting early postoperative recurrence. METHODS: A total of 110 patients with CD who underwent CTE and I-stage intestinal resection surgery from December 2013 to December 2018 were enrolled. Two radiologists independently assessed CTE parameters, including MCFI, with scores ranging from 1 to 8; bowel-wall thickening, with a scale of 1 to 3; mural hyperenhancement, mural stratification, submucosal fat deposition, mesenteric fibrofatty proliferation, mesenteric hypervascularity, mesenteric fat stranding, with a scale of 0 to 2; abscess/fistula, enlarged mesenteric lymph node, abdominal and pelvic effusion, with a scale of 0 to 1. Imaging findings associated with early recurrence were assessed using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Within one year follow-up, early postoperative recurrence occurred in 56.4 % (62/110) patients with CD. In univariate analysis, MCFI, bowel-wall thickening, mesenteric hypervascularity, mesenteric fat stranding, abscess/fistula and mesenteric lymphadenopathy were associated with early postoperative recurrence. Among all variables, MCFI (score ≥ 4) contributes the optimal AUC (0.838 [0.758-0.919]), specificity (89.6 %), positive predictive value (90.7 %), accuracy (83.6 %), and risk ratio (OR = 32.42 [10.69-98.33], p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, only MCFI was an independent predictor of early postoperative recurrence (OR = 25.71 [7.65-86.35], p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: CTE features are useful in predicting early postoperative recurrence in patients with CD, MCFI may be a valuable tool for clinical monitoring and follow-up.

Functional and structural brain abnormalities in posttraumatic stress disorder: A multimodal meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies.

BACKGROUND: Numerous resting-state functional and structural studies have revealed that many brain regions are involved in the pathogenesis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but their findings have been inconsistent. Moreover, there has no study explored the functional and structural alterations across languages in PTSD. METHODS: A meta-analysis of whole-brain on the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) and voxel-based morphometry (VBM) studies that explored alterations in the spontaneous functional brain activity and grey matter volume (GMV) in PTSD patients across languages by using the Seed-based d Mapping with Permutation of Subject Images (SDM-PSI) software. RESULTS: A total of 15 studies (19 datasets) comprising 577 PTSD patients and 499 HCs for ALFF, and 27 studies (31 datasets) comprising 539 PTSD patients and 693 HCs for VBM were included. Overall, PTSD patients across languages displayed decreased ALFF in the in the left amygdala. For VBM meta-analysis, PTSD patients across languages displayed reduced GMV in the bilateral anterior cingulate cortex/medial prefrontal cortex (ACC/mPFC), striatum, insula, superior temporal gyrus, left postcentral gyrus, and occipital gyrus. CONCLUSIONS: The multimodal meta-analysis suggest that PTSD patients showed similar pattern of aberrant resting-state functional brain activity and structure mainly in the amygdala, suggesting that structural deficits might underlie alterations in function. In addition, some regions exhibited only structural abnormalities in PTSD, including the ACC/mPFC, striatum, insula, primary visual, auditory and sensorimotor cortices. Moreover, consistent alterations in PTSD patients across languages may draw attention to the disparity in multi-cultural considerations in psychiatric research and further understanding the neurophysiopathology of PTSD.

Shared and specific characteristics of regional cerebral blood flow and functional connectivity in unmedicated bipolar and major depressive disorders.

BACKGROUND: Identifying brain similarities and differences between bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) can help us better understand their pathophysiological mechanisms and develop more effective treatments. However, the features of whole-brain regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) and intrinsic functional connectivity (FC) underlying BD and MDD have not been directly compared. METHODS: Eighty-eight unmedicated BD II depression patients, 95 unmedicated MDD patients, and 96 healthy controls (HCs) underwent three-dimensional arterial spin labeling (3D ASL) and resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI). The functional properties of whole brain CBF and seed-based resting-state FC further performed based on those regions with changed CBF were analyzed between the three groups. RESULTS: The patients with BD and MDD showed commonly increased CBF in the left posterior lobe of the cerebellum and the left middle temporal gyrus (MTG) compared with HCs. The CBF of the left MTG was positively associated with 24-items Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores in MDD patients. Decreased FC between the left posterior lobe of the cerebellum and the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) was observed only in patients with BD compared with HCs. CONCLUSION: Patients with BD and those with MDD shared common features of CBF in the posterior lobe of the cerebellum and the MTG. The altered posterior lobe of the cerebellum-IFG FC can be considered as a potential biomarker for the differentiation of patients with BD from those with MDD.

Association between resting-state functional connectivity of amygdala subregions and peripheral pro-inflammation cytokines levels in bipolar disorder.

The pathophysiological mechanisms of bipolar disorder (BD) are not completely known, and systemic inflammation and immune dysregulation are considered as risk factors. Previous neuroimaging studies have proved metabolic, structural and functional abnormalities of the amygdala in BD, suggesting the vital role of amygdala in BD patients. This study aimed to test the underlying neural mechanism of inflammation-induced functional connectivity (FC) in the amygdala subregions of BD patients. Resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) was used to delineate the amygdala FC from two pairs of amygdala seed regions (the bilateral lateral and medial amygdala) in 51 unmedicated BD patients and 69 healthy controls (HCs). The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were measured in the serum. The correlation between abnormal levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and FC values were calculated in BD patients. The BD group exhibited decreased FC between the right medial amygdala and bilateral medial frontal cortex (MFC), and decreased FC between the left medial amygdala and the left temporal pole (TP), right orbital inferior frontal gyrus compared with HCs. The BD patients had higher levels of TNF-α than HCs. Correlation analysis showed negative correlation between the TNF-α level and abnormal FC of the right medial amygdala-bilateral MFC; and negative correlation between TNF-α levels and abnormal FC of the left medial amygdala-left TP in BD group. These findings suggest that dysfunctional and immune dysregulation between the amygdala and the frontotemporal circuitry might play a critical role in the pathogenesis of BD.