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1.
Glia ; 71(2): 245-258, 2023 02.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36106533

RESUMEN

Fractalkine (FKN) is a membrane-bound chemokine that can be cleaved by proteases such as ADAM 10, ADAM 17, and cathepsin S to generate soluble fragments. Studies using different forms of the soluble FKN yield conflicting results in vivo. These observations prompted us to investigate the function and pharmacology of two commonly used isoforms of FKN, a human full-length soluble FKN (sFKN), and a human chemokine domain only FKN (cdFKN). Both are prevalent in the literature and are often assumed to be functionally equivalent. We observed that recombinant sFKN and cdFKN exhibit similar potencies in a cell-based cAMP assay, but binding affinity for CX3CR1 was modestly different. There was a 10-fold difference in potency between sFKN and cdFKN when assessing their ability to stimulate ß-arrestin recruitment. Interestingly, high concentrations of FKN, regardless of cleavage variant, were ineffective at reducing pro-inflammatory microglial activation and may induce a pro-inflammatory response. This effect was observed in mouse and rat primary microglial cells as well as microglial cell lines. The inflammatory response was exacerbated in aged microglia, which is known to exhibit age-related inflammatory phenotypes. We observed the same effects in Cx3cr1-/- primary microglia and therefore speculate that an alternative FKN receptor may exist. Collectively, these data provide greater insights into the function and pharmacology of these common FKN reagents, which may clarify conflicting reports and urge greater caution in the selection of FKN peptides for use in in vitro and in vivo studies and the interpretation of results obtained using these differing peptides.


Asunto(s)
Quimiocina CX3CL1 , Microglía , Ratones , Ratas , Humanos , Animales , Anciano , Quimiocina CX3CL1/metabolismo , Microglía/metabolismo , Proteolisis , Receptor 1 de Quimiocinas CX3C/genética , Receptor 1 de Quimiocinas CX3C/metabolismo , Línea Celular
2.
Cereb Cortex ; 32(22): 5108-5120, 2022 11 09.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35076713

RESUMEN

Mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and its putative prodromal stage, amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), involve the dysregulation of multiple candidate molecular pathways that drive selective cellular vulnerability in cognitive brain regions. However, the spatiotemporal overlap of markers for pathway dysregulation in different brain regions and cell types presents a challenge for pinpointing causal versus epiphenomenal changes characterizing disease progression. To approach this problem, we performed Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis and STRING interactome analysis of gene expression patterns quantified in frontal cortex samples (Brodmann area 10) from subjects who died with a clinical diagnosis of no cognitive impairment, aMCI, or mild/moderate AD. Frontal cortex was chosen due to the relatively protracted involvement of this region in AD, which might reveal pathways associated with disease onset. A co-expressed network correlating with clinical diagnosis was functionally associated with insulin signaling, with insulin (INS) being the most highly connected gene within the network. Co-expressed networks correlating with neuropathological diagnostic criteria (e.g., NIA-Reagan Likelihood of AD) were associated with platelet-endothelium-leucocyte cell adhesion pathways and hypoxia-oxidative stress. Dysregulation of these functional pathways may represent incipient alterations impacting disease progression and the clinical presentation of aMCI and AD.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedad de Alzheimer , Disfunción Cognitiva , Insulinas , Humanos , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/patología , Mapeo Encefálico , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Disfunción Cognitiva/patología , Encéfalo , Lóbulo Frontal , Progresión de la Enfermedad
3.
Alzheimers Dement ; 18(2): 360-376, 2022 02.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34223696

RESUMEN

The morphological plasticity of microglia has fascinated neuroscientists for 100 years. Attempts to classify functional phenotypes are hampered by similarities between endogenous brain microglia and peripheral myeloid cells that can enter the brain under pathological conditions. Recent advances in single-cell -omic methodologies have led to an explosion of data regarding gene expression in microglia. Herein, we review the diversity of microglial phenotypes in healthy brains, aging, and Alzheimer's disease (AD); identify knowledge gaps in the body of evidence; and suggest areas in which new knowledge would be useful. Data from human samples and mouse models are compared and contrasted. Understanding the molecular complexity of the microglial response repertoire will suggest new avenues for therapeutic treatments in AD.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedad de Alzheimer , Microglía , Envejecimiento/genética , Envejecimiento/patología , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/patología , Animales , Encéfalo/patología , Humanos , Ratones , Microglía/metabolismo , Fenotipo , Transcriptoma
4.
Alzheimers Dement ; 18(5): 1038-1046, 2022 05.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34874605

RESUMEN

COVID-19 causes lasting neurological symptoms in some survivors. Like other infections, COVID-19 may increase risk of cognitive impairment. This perspective highlights four knowledge gaps about COVID-19 that need to be filled to avoid this possible health issue. The first is the need to identify the COVID-19 symptoms, genetic polymorphisms and treatment decisions associated with risk of cognitive impairment. The second is the absence of model systems in which to test hypotheses relating infection to cognition. The third is the need for consortia for studying both existing and new longitudinal cohorts in which to monitor long term consequences of COVID-19 infection. A final knowledge gap discussed is the impact of the isolation and lack of social services brought about by quarantine/lockdowns on people living with dementia and their caregivers. Research into these areas may lead to interventions that reduce the overall risk of cognitive decline for COVID-19 survivors.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedad de Alzheimer , COVID-19 , Disfunción Cognitiva , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/epidemiología , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/genética , Cuidadores/psicología , Control de Enfermedades Transmisibles , Humanos
5.
Int J Mol Sci ; 23(8)2022 Apr 12.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35457070

RESUMEN

THC has been used as a promising treatment approach for neurological disorders, but the highly psychoactive effects have largely warned off many scientists from pursuing it further. We conducted an intranasal treatment using low-dose THC on 12-month-old APP/PS1 mice daily for 3 months to overcome any potential psychoactive response induced by the systemic delivery. Our results demonstrate that the THC nasal treatment at 0.002 and 0.02 mg/kg significantly slowed the memory decline compared to that in the vehicle-treated transgenic mouse control group. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that the Aß1-40 and 1-42 peptides decreased in the THC-treated groups. The Western blot data indicate that long-term low-dose THC intranasal administration promoted p-tau level reduction and mitochondrial function marker redistribution. The blood biochemical parameter data demonstrate some insignificant changes in cytokine, immunoglobulin, and immune cell profiles during intranasal THC treatment. Intranasal delivery is a non-invasive and convenient method that rapidly targets therapeutics to the brain, minimizing systemic exposure to avoid unwanted adverse effects. Our study provides new insights into the role of low-dose THC intranasal treatment as a pharmacological strategy to counteract alterations in Alzheimer's disease-related cognitive performance.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedad de Alzheimer , Precursor de Proteína beta-Amiloide , Administración Intranasal , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/tratamiento farmacológico , Péptidos beta-Amiloides , Precursor de Proteína beta-Amiloide/genética , Animales , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Dronabinol/farmacología , Dronabinol/uso terapéutico , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Transgénicos , Presenilina-1
6.
J Neurosci ; 35(44): 14842-60, 2015 Nov 04.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26538654

RESUMEN

Tau accumulation remains one of the closest correlates of neuronal loss in Alzheimer's disease. In addition, tau associates with several other neurodegenerative diseases, collectively known as tauopathies, in which clinical phenotypes manifest as cognitive impairment, behavioral disturbances, and motor impairment. Polyamines act as bivalent regulators of cellular function and are involved in numerous biological processes. The regulation of the polyamines system can become dysfunctional during disease states. Arginase 1 (Arg1) and nitric oxide synthases compete for l-arginine to produce either polyamines or nitric oxide, respectively. Herein, we show that overexpression of Arg1 using adeno-associated virus (AAV) in the CNS of rTg4510 tau transgenic mice significantly reduced phospho-tau species and tangle pathology. Sustained Arg1 overexpression decreased several kinases capable of phosphorylating tau, decreased inflammation, and modulated changes in the mammalian target of rapamycin and related proteins, suggesting activation of autophagy. Arg1 overexpression also mitigated hippocampal atrophy in tau transgenic mice. Conversely, conditional deletion of Arg1 in myeloid cells resulted in increased tau accumulation relative to Arg1-sufficient mice after transduction with a recombinant AAV-tau construct. These data suggest that Arg1 and the polyamine pathway may offer novel therapeutic targets for tauopathies.


Asunto(s)
Arginasa/biosíntesis , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Regulación Enzimológica de la Expresión Génica , Tauopatías/enzimología , Tauopatías/patología , Proteínas tau/metabolismo , Animales , Arginasa/genética , Células HeLa , Hipocampo/enzimología , Hipocampo/patología , Humanos , Ratones , Ratones Transgénicos , Tauopatías/genética , Proteínas tau/genética
7.
J Neuroinflammation ; 11: 152, 2014 Sep 03.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25183004

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Abnormal tau hyperphosphorylation and its accumulation into intra-neuronal neurofibrillary tangles are linked to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease and similar tauopathies. One strategy to reduce accumulation is through immunization, but the most immunogenic tau epitopes have so far remained unknown. To fill this gap, we immunized mice with recombinant tau to build a map of the most immunogenic tau epitopes. METHODS: Non-transgenic and rTg4510 tau transgenic mice aged 5 months were immunized with either human wild-type tau (Wt, 4R0N) or P301L tau (4R0N). Each protein was formulated in Quil A adjuvant. Sera and splenocytes of vaccinated mice were collected to assess the humoral and cellular immune responses to tau. We employed a peptide array assay to identify the most effective epitopes. Brain histology was utilized to measure the effects of vaccination on tau pathology and inflammation. RESULTS: Humoral immune responses following immunization demonstrated robust antibody titers (up to 1:80,000 endpoint titers) to each tau species in both mice models. The number of IFN-γ producing T cells and their proliferation were also increased in splenocytes from immunized mice, indicating an increased cellular immune response, and tau levels and neuroinflammation were both reduced. We identified five immunogenic motifs within either the N-terminal (9-15 and 21-27 amino acids), proline rich (168-174 and 220-228 amino acids), or the C-terminal regions (427-438 amino acids) of the wild-type and P301L tau protein sequence. CONCLUSIONS: Our study identifies five previously unknown immunogenic motifs of wild-type and mutated (P301L) tau protein. Immunization with both proteins resulted in reduced tau pathology and neuroinflammation in a tau transgenic model, supporting the efficacy of tau immunotherapy in tauopathy.


Asunto(s)
Mapeo Epitopo , Epítopos/inmunología , Tauopatías/inmunología , Tauopatías/terapia , Vacunación/métodos , Proteínas tau/inmunología , Adyuvantes Inmunológicos/uso terapéutico , Animales , Anticuerpos/sangre , Proliferación Celular , Citocinas/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Encefalitis/etiología , Encefalitis/inmunología , Encefalitis/terapia , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Proteína Ácida Fibrilar de la Glía/metabolismo , Humanos , Ratones , Ratones Transgénicos , Mutación/genética , Saponinas de Quillaja , Saponinas/uso terapéutico , Linfocitos T/efectos de los fármacos , Tauopatías/complicaciones , Tauopatías/patología , Proteínas tau/genética
8.
Alzheimers Dement (N Y) ; 10(2): e12470, 2024.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38689599

RESUMEN

INTRODUCTION: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease in which extracellular aggregates of the amyloid beta (Aß) peptide precede widespread intracellular inclusions of the microtubule-associated protein tau. The autosomal dominant form of AD requires mutations that increase production or aggregation of the Aß peptide. This has led to the hypothesis that amyloid deposition initiates downstream responses that lead to the hyperphosphorylation and aggregation of tau. METHODS: Here we use a novel approach, somatic gene transfer via intravenous adeno-associated virus (AAV), to further explore the effects of pre-existing amyloid deposits on tauopathy. APP+PS1 mice, which develop amyloid deposits at 3 to 6 months of age, and non-transgenic littermates were injected at 8 months of age intravenously with AAV-PHP.eB encoding P301L human tau. Tissue was collected at 13 months and tauopathy was assessed. RESULTS: Total human tau expression was observed to be relatively uniform throughout the brain, reflecting the vascular route of AAV administration. Phospho-tau deposition was not equal across brain regions and significantly increased in APP+PS1 mice compared to non-transgenic controls. Interestingly, the rank order of phospho-tau deposition of affected brain regions in both genotypes paralleled the rank order of amyloid plaque deposits in APP+PS1 mice. We also observed significantly increased MAPT RNA expression in APP+PS1 mice compared to non-transgenic despite equal AAV transduction efficiency between groups. DISCUSSION: This model has advantages over prior approaches with widespread uniform human tau expression throughout the brain and the ability to specify the stage of amyloidosis when the tau pathology is initiated. These data add further support to the amyloid cascade hypothesis and suggest RNA metabolism as a potential mechanism for amyloid-induced tauopathy.

9.
J Neuroinflammation ; 10: 86, 2013 Jul 17.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23866683

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: The chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) is a monocyte chemoattractant protein that mediates macrophage recruitment and migration during peripheral and central nervous system (CNS) inflammation. METHODS: To determine the impact of CCL2 in inflammation in vivo and to elucidate the CCL2-induced polarization of activated brain microglia, we delivered CCL2 into the brains of wild-type mice via recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (rAAV-9) driven by the chicken ß-actin promoter. We measured microglial activation using histological and chemical measurement and recruitment of monocytes using histology and flow cytometry. RESULTS: The overexpression of CCL2 in the CNS induced significant activation of brain resident microglia. CD45 and major histocompatibility complex class II immunoreactivity significantly increased at the sites of CCL2 administration. Histological characterization of the microglial phenotype revealed the elevation of "classically activated" microglial markers, such as calgranulin B and IL-1ß, as well as markers associated with "alternative activation" of microglia, including YM1 and arginase 1. The protein expression profile in the hippocampus demonstrated markedly increased levels of IL-6, GM-CSF and eotaxin (CCL-11) in response to CCL2, but no changes in the levels of other cytokines, including TNF-α and IFN-γ. Moreover, real-time PCR analysis confirmed increases in mRNA levels of gene transcripts associated with neuroinflammation following CCL2 overexpression. Finally, we investigated the chemotactic properties of CCL2 in vivo by performing adoptive transfer of bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) isolated from donor mice that ubiquitously expressed green fluorescent protein. Flow cytometry and histological analyses indicated that BMDCs extravasated into brain parenchyma and colabeled with microglial markers. CONCLUSION: Taken together, our results suggest that CCL2 strongly activates resident microglia in the brain. Both pro- and anti-inflammatory activation of microglia were prominent, with no bias toward the M1 or M2 phenotype in the activated cells. As expected, CCL2 overexpression actively recruited circulating monocytes into the CNS. Thus, CCL2 expression in mouse brain induces microglial activation and represents an efficient method for recruitment of peripheral macrophages.


Asunto(s)
Química Encefálica/fisiología , Quimiocina CCL2/fisiología , Activación de Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Microglía/efectos de los fármacos , Traslado Adoptivo , Animales , Células de la Médula Ósea/efectos de los fármacos , Movimiento Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Quimiocina CCL2/biosíntesis , Citocinas/biosíntesis , Dependovirus/genética , Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Técnicas de Transferencia de Gen , Vectores Genéticos , Proteínas Fluorescentes Verdes , Humanos , Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por Computador , Inmunohistoquímica , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Transgénicos , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos
10.
Neurodegener Dis ; 11(4): 165-81, 2013.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22796753

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: We aimed to investigate the influence of oligomeric forms of ß-amyloid (Aß) and the influence of the duration of exposure on the development of tau phosphorylation. METHODS: Aß oligomers were injected intracranially either acutely into 5-month-old rTg4510 mice and tissue was collected 3 days later, or chronically into 3-month-old mice and tissue was collected 2 months later. Several forms of phosphorylated tau (p-tau), GSK3 (glycogen synthase kinase-3) and microglial and astrocyte activation were measured. RESULTS: Acute injections of Aß oligomers had no effect on p-tau epitopes but did result in elevation of phosphorylated/activated GSK3 (pGSK3). Chronic infusion of Aß oligomers into the right hippocampus resulted in 3- to 4-fold elevations in several p-tau isoforms with no changes in total tau levels. A significant elevation in pGSK3 accompanied these changes. Microglial staining with CD68 paralleled the increase in tau phosphorylation, however, CD45 staining was unaffected by Aß. Control experiments revealed that the infusion of Aß from the minipumps was largely complete by 10 days after implantation. Thus, the elevation in p-tau 2 months after implantation implies that the changes are quite persistent. CONCLUSION: Soluble Aß(1-42) oligomers have long-lasting effects on tau phosphorylation in the rTg4510 model, possibly due to elevations in GSK3. These data suggest that even brief elevations in Aß production, may have enduring impact on the risk for tauopathy.


Asunto(s)
Péptidos beta-Amiloides/toxicidad , Hipocampo/efectos de los fármacos , Microglía/efectos de los fármacos , Fragmentos de Péptidos/toxicidad , Tauopatías/patología , Proteínas tau/metabolismo , Animales , Antígenos CD/metabolismo , Antígenos de Diferenciación Mielomonocítica/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Glucógeno Sintasa Quinasa 3/metabolismo , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Hipocampo/patología , Antígenos Comunes de Leucocito/metabolismo , Ratones , Ratones Transgénicos , Microglía/metabolismo , Neuronas/metabolismo , Fosforilación/efectos de los fármacos , Tauopatías/metabolismo
11.
Radiat Oncol ; 18(1): 10, 2023 Jan 13.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36639774

RESUMEN

The limitation of cancer radiotherapy does not derive from an inability to ablate tumor, but rather to do so without excessively damaging critical tissues and organs and adversely affecting patient's quality of life. Although cellular senescence is a normal consequence of aging, there is increasing evidence showing that the radiation-induced senescence in both tumor and adjacent normal tissues contributes to tumor recurrence, metastasis, and resistance to therapy, while chronic senescent cells in the normal tissue and organ are a source of many late damaging effects. In this review, we discuss how to identify cellular senescence using various bio-markers and the role of the so-called senescence-associated secretory phenotype characteristics on the pathogenesis of the radiation-induced late effects. We also discuss therapeutic options to eliminate cellular senescence using either senolytics and/or senostatics. Finally, a discussion of cellular reprogramming is presented, another promising avenue to improve the therapeutic gain of radiotherapy.


Asunto(s)
Neoplasias , Traumatismos por Radiación , Humanos , Calidad de Vida , Senescencia Celular , Neoplasias/patología
12.
Clin Geriatr Med ; 39(1): 109-122, 2023 02.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36404024

RESUMEN

Aging, familial gene mutations, and genetic, environmental, and modifiable lifestyle risk factors predispose individuals to cognitive impairment or dementia by influencing the efficacy of multiple, often interdependent cellular and molecular homeostatic pathways mediating neuronal, glial, and vascular integrity and, ultimately, cognitive status. This review summarizes data from foundational and recent breakthrough studies to highlight common and differential vascular and nonvascular pathogenic mechanisms underlying the progression of Alzheimer disease, vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia, and dementia with Lewy bodies.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedad de Alzheimer , Disfunción Cognitiva , Humanos , Disfunción Cognitiva/etiología , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/etiología , Envejecimiento , Factores de Riesgo
13.
Neurobiol Aging ; 124: 39-50, 2023 04.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36739619

RESUMEN

Animal models of tauopathy help in understanding the role of mutations in tau pathobiology. Here, we used adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors to administer three tau genetic variants (tauwild-type, tauP301L, and tauR406W) intracranially into 12-month-old C57BL/6Nia mice and collected tissue at 16 months. Vectors designed to express green fluorescent protein controlled for surgical procedures and exogenous protein expression by AAV. The tau genetic variants produced considerably different phenotypes. Tauwild-type and tauP301L caused memory impairments. The tauP301L caused increased amounts of aggregated tau, measured both neurochemically and histologically. Tauwild-type produced elevated levels of soluble tau and phosphorylated tau by ELISA and increased staining for phosphorylated forms of tau histologically. However, only the tauwild-type caused localized atrophy of brain tissue at the sites near the injection. The tauR406W had low protein expression and produced no atrophy or memory impairments. This supports the potential use of AAV expressing tauwild-type in aged mice to examine events leading to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease pathology.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedad de Alzheimer , Tauopatías , Ratones , Animales , Proteínas tau/genética , Proteínas tau/metabolismo , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Tauopatías/metabolismo , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/genética , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/terapia , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Hipocampo/patología , Trastornos de la Memoria/patología , Ratones Transgénicos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad
14.
J Alzheimers Dis ; 93(1): 365-378, 2023.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36970910

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Advanced age is the greatest risk factor for the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This implies that some aspect of the aged milieu is possibly accelerating the development of AD related pathologies. OBJECTIVE: We hypothesized that intracranially injected with AAV9 tauP301L may cause a greater degree of pathology in old versus young mice. METHODS: Animals were injected with viral vectors overexpressing the mutant tauP301L or control protein (green fluorescent protein, GFP) into the brains of mature, middle-aged, and old C57BL/6Nia mice. The tauopathy phenotype was monitored four months after injection using behavioral, histological, and neurochemical measures. RESULTS: Phosphorylated-tau immunostaining (AT8) or Gallyas staining of aggregated tau increased with age, but other measures of tau accumulation were not significantly affected. Overall, AAV-tau injected mice had impaired radial arm water maze performance, increased microglial activation, and showed evidence of hippocampal atrophy. Aging impaired open field and rotarod performance in both AAV-tau and control mice. The efficiency of viral transduction and gene expression were the same at all animal ages. CONCLUSION: We conclude that tauP301L over expression results in a tauopathy phenotype with memory impairment and accumulation of aggregated tau. However, the effects of aging on this phenotype are modest and not detected by some markers of tau accumulation, similar to prior work on this topic. Thus, although age does influence the development of tauopathy, it is likely that other factors, such as ability to compensate for tau pathology, are more responsible for the increased risk of AD with advanced age.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedad de Alzheimer , Tauopatías , Ratones , Animales , Proteínas tau/genética , Proteínas tau/metabolismo , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Tauopatías/patología , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/patología , Encéfalo/patología , Proteínas Fluorescentes Verdes/metabolismo , Ratones Transgénicos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad
15.
Geroscience ; 44(1): 173-194, 2022 02.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34410588

RESUMEN

C-terminal cleaved tau at D421 (∆D421-tau) accumulates in the brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. However, it is unclear how tau truncation, an understudied tau post-translational modification, contributes to AD pathology and progression. Utilizing an adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene delivery-based approach, we overexpressed full-length tau (FL-tau) and ∆D421-tau in 4- and 12-month-old mice for 4 months to study the neuropathological impact of accumulation in young adult (8-month) and middle-aged (16-month) mice. Overall, we show that independent of the tau species, age was an important factor facilitating tau phosphorylation, oligomer formation, and deposition into silver-positive tangles. However, mice overexpressing ∆D421-tau exhibited a distinct phosphorylation profile to those overexpressing FL-tau and increased tau oligomerization in the middle-age group. Importantly, overexpression of ∆D421-tau, but not FL-tau in middle-aged mice, resulted in pronounced cognitive impairments and hippocampal long-term potentiation deficits. While both FL-tau and ∆D421-tau induced neuronal loss in mice with age, ∆D421-tau led to significant neuronal loss in the CA3 area of the hippocampus and medial entorhinal cortex compared to FL-tau. Based on our data, we conclude that age increases the susceptibility to neuronal degeneration associated with ΔD421-tau accumulation. Our findings suggest that ΔD421-tau accumulation contributes to synaptic plasticity and cognitive deficits, thus representing a potential target for tau-associated pathologies.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedad de Alzheimer , Disfunción Cognitiva , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/genética , Animales , Cognición , Disfunción Cognitiva/patología , Humanos , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Plasticidad Neuronal
16.
J Neurosci ; 30(29): 9651-8, 2010 Jul 21.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20660248

RESUMEN

A major question for gene therapy in brain concerns methods to administer therapeutic genes in a uniform manner over major portions of the brain. A second question in neuroimmunology concerns the extent to which monocytes migrate to the CNS in degenerative disorders. Here we show that CD11b+ cells (largely monocytes) isolated from the bone marrow of GFP (green fluorescent protein)-expressing donors spontaneously home to compacted amyloid plaques in the brain. Injections of these cells as a single pulse show a rapid clearance from circulation (90 min half-life) and tissue residence half-lives of approximately 3 d. The uptake into brain was minimal in nontransgenic mice. In transgenic mice containing amyloid deposits, uptake was dramatically increased and associated with a corresponding decrease in monocyte uptake into peripheral organs compared to nontransgenic littermates. Twice weekly infusions of the CD11b+ bone marrow cells transfected with a genetically engineered form of the protease neprilysin completely arrest amyloid deposition in an aggressively depositing transgenic model. Exploiting the natural homing properties of peripherally derived blood cells to deliver therapeutic genes has the advantages of access to the entire CNS, expression largely restricted to sites of injury, low risk of immune reactivity, and fading of expression if adverse reactions are encountered. These observations support the feasibility of testing autologous monocytes for application of therapeutic genes in human CNS disease. Moreover, these data support the results from bone marrow grafts that circulating CD11b+ cells can enter the CNS without requiring the use of lethal irradiation.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedad de Alzheimer/patología , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/terapia , Amiloide/química , Antígeno CD11b/administración & dosificación , Terapia Genética/métodos , Monocitos/trasplante , ATPasas Asociadas con Actividades Celulares Diversas , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/enzimología , Animales , Biomarcadores/análisis , Encéfalo/enzimología , Células Cultivadas , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Técnicas de Transferencia de Gen , Proteínas Fluorescentes Verdes/análisis , Inyecciones Intravenosas , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Transgénicos , Microscopía Confocal , Monocitos/citología , Neprilisina/metabolismo , Complejo de la Endopetidasa Proteasomal/metabolismo
17.
J Neuroinflammation ; 8: 115, 2011 Sep 09.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21906275

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Anti-Aß immunotherapy is a promising approach to the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) currently in clinical trials. There is extensive evidence, both in mice and humans that a significant adverse event is the occurrence of microhemorrhages. Also, vasogenic edema was reported in phase 2 of a passive immunization clinical trial. In order to overcome these vascular adverse effects it is critical that we understand the mechanism(s) by which they occur. METHODS: We have examined the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) protein degradation system in two previously published anti-Aß immunotherapy studies. The first was a passive immunization study in which we examined 22 month old APPSw mice that had received anti-Aß antibodies for 1, 2 or 3 months. The second is an active vaccination study in which we examined 16 month old APPSw/NOS2-/- mice treated with Aß vaccination for 4 months. RESULTS: There is a significant activation of the MMP2 and MMP9 proteinase degradation systems by anti-Aß immunotherapy, regardless of whether this is delivered through active vaccination or passive immunization. We have characterized this activation by gene expression, protein expression and zymography assessment of MMP activity. CONCLUSIONS: Since the MMP2 and MMP9 systems are heavily implicated in the pathophysiology of intracerbral hemorrhage, these data may provide a potential mechanism of microhemorrhage due to immunotherapy. Increased activity of the MMP system, therefore, is likely to be a major factor in increased microhemorrhage occurrence.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedad de Alzheimer , Péptidos beta-Amiloides/uso terapéutico , Hemorragia Cerebral , Inmunoterapia/métodos , Metaloproteinasa 2 de la Matriz/metabolismo , Metaloproteinasa 9 de la Matriz/metabolismo , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/inmunología , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/patología , Péptidos beta-Amiloides/efectos adversos , Péptidos beta-Amiloides/inmunología , Animales , Hemorragia Cerebral/inducido químicamente , Hemorragia Cerebral/inmunología , Circulación Cerebrovascular , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Activación Enzimática , Humanos , Ratones , Ratones Transgénicos , Microcirculación , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo II/genética , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo II/metabolismo
18.
Front Neurol ; 12: 685802, 2021.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34512509

RESUMEN

Widespread transduction of the CNS with a single, non-invasive systemic injection of adeno-associated virus is now possible due to the creation of blood-brain barrier-permeable capsids. However, as these capsids are mutants of AAV9, they do not have specific neuronal tropism. Therefore, it is necessary to use genetic tools to restrict expression of the transgene to neuronal tissues. Here we compare the strength and specificity of two neuron-specific promoters, human synapsin 1 and mouse calmodulin/calcium dependent kinase II, to the ubiquitous CAG promoter. Administration of a high titer of virus is necessary for widespread CNS transduction. We observed the neuron-specific promoters drive comparable overall expression in the brain to the CAG promoter. Furthermore, the neuron-specific promoters confer significantly less transgene expression in peripheral tissues compared with the CAG promoter. Future experiments will utilize these delivery platforms to over-express the Alzheimer-associated pathological proteins amyloid-beta and tau to create mouse models without transgenesis.

19.
Front Immunol ; 12: 628156, 2021.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34046031

RESUMEN

Brain myeloid cells, include infiltrating macrophages and resident microglia, play an essential role in responding to and inducing neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) implicate many AD casual and risk genes enriched in brain myeloid cells. Coordinated arginine metabolism through arginase 1 (Arg1) is critical for brain myeloid cells to perform biological functions, whereas dysregulated arginine metabolism disrupts them. Altered arginine metabolism is proposed as a new biomarker pathway for AD. We previously reported Arg1 deficiency in myeloid biased cells using lysozyme M (LysM) promoter-driven deletion worsened amyloidosis-related neuropathology and behavioral impairment. However, it remains unclear how Arg1 deficiency in these cells impacts the whole brain to promote amyloidosis. Herein, we aim to determine how Arg1 deficiency driven by LysM restriction during amyloidosis affects fundamental neurodegenerative pathways at the transcriptome level. By applying several bioinformatic tools and analyses, we found that amyloid-ß (Aß) stimulated transcriptomic signatures in autophagy-related pathways and myeloid cells' inflammatory response. At the same time, myeloid Arg1 deficiency during amyloidosis promoted gene signatures of lipid metabolism, myelination, and migration of myeloid cells. Focusing on Aß associated glial transcriptomic signatures, we found myeloid Arg1 deficiency up-regulated glial gene transcripts that positively correlated with Aß plaque burden. We also observed that Aß preferentially activated disease-associated microglial signatures to increase phagocytic response, whereas myeloid Arg1 deficiency selectively promoted homeostatic microglial signature that is non-phagocytic. These transcriptomic findings suggest a critical role for proper Arg1 function during normal and pathological challenges associated with amyloidosis. Furthermore, understanding pathways that govern Arg1 metabolism may provide new therapeutic opportunities to rebalance immune function and improve microglia/macrophage fitness.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedad de Alzheimer/enzimología , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/genética , Péptidos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Arginasa/metabolismo , Encéfalo/enzimología , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Microglía/enzimología , Células Mieloides/enzimología , Degeneración Nerviosa , Transcriptoma , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/patología , Precursor de Proteína beta-Amiloide/genética , Animales , Arginasa/genética , Encéfalo/patología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Femenino , Redes Reguladoras de Genes , Haploinsuficiencia , Humanos , Masculino , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Transgénicos , Microglía/patología , Mutación , Células Mieloides/patología
20.
J Neurosci ; 29(15): 4964-71, 2009 Apr 15.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19369565

RESUMEN

In amyloid precursor protein (APP) models of amyloid deposition, the amount of amyloid deposits increase with mouse age. At a first approximation, the extent of amyloid accumulation may either reflect small excesses of production over clearance that accumulate over time or, alternatively, indicate a steady-state equilibrium at that age, reflecting the instantaneous excess of production over clearance, which increases as the organism ages. To discriminate between these options, we reversibly suppressed amyloid deposition in Tg2576 mice with the anti-Abeta antibody 2H6, starting at 8 months, just before the first histological deposits can be discerned. Six months later, we stopped the suppression and monitored the progression of amyloid accumulation in control APP mice and suppressed APP mice over the next 3 months. The accumulation hypothesis would predict that the rate of amyloid from 14 to 17 months would be similar in the suppressed and control mice, while the equilibrium hypothesis would predict that the increase would be faster in the suppressed group, possibly catching up completely with the control mice. The results strongly support the accumulation hypothesis, with no evidence of the suppressed mice catching up with the control mice as predicted by equilibrium models. If anything, there was a slower rate of increase in the suppressed APP mice than the control mice, suggesting that a slow seeding mechanism likely precedes a rapid fibrillogenesis in determining the extent of amyloid deposition.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedad de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/patología , Precursor de Proteína beta-Amiloide/metabolismo , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/prevención & control , Precursor de Proteína beta-Amiloide/antagonistas & inhibidores , Precursor de Proteína beta-Amiloide/inmunología , Animales , Anticuerpos/administración & dosificación , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/patología , Proteínas de Drosophila/administración & dosificación , Ratones , Ratones Transgénicos , Placa Amiloide/metabolismo , Placa Amiloide/patología , Factores de Tiempo
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