Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Mostrar: 20 | 50 | 100
Resultados 1 - 20 de 96
Filtrar
Más filtros

Banco de datos
Tipo del documento
Intervalo de año de publicación
1.
Cell ; 184(8): 1962-1963, 2021 04 15.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33861959

RESUMEN

In this issue of Cell, Tan et al. report the first injection of human stem cells into in vitro non-human primate blastocysts with significant survival of the human cells, raising new scientific possibilities but also important ethical issues.


Asunto(s)
Quimera , Embrión de Mamíferos , Animales , Blastocisto , Haplorrinos , Humanos , Células Madre
2.
Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet ; 25(1): 397-419, 2024 Aug.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38424474

RESUMEN

A decade ago, the US Supreme Court decided Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc., concluding that isolated genes were not patentable subject matter. Beyond being a mere patent dispute, the case was a political and cultural phenomenon, viewed as a harbinger for the health of the biotechnology industry. With a decade of perspective, though, Myriad's impact seems much narrower. The law surrounding patentable subject matter-while greatly transformed-only centered on Myriad in small part. The case had only a modest impact on patenting practices both in and outside the United States. And persistent efforts to legislatively overturn the decision have not borne fruit. The significance of Myriad thus remains, even a decade later, hidden by larger developments in science and law that have occurred since the case was decided.


Asunto(s)
Patentes como Asunto , Humanos , Estados Unidos , Pruebas Genéticas , Decisiones de la Corte Suprema
3.
Nat Rev Neurosci ; 22(10): 593-615, 2021 10.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34376834

RESUMEN

Human pluripotent stem cells have emerged as a promising in vitro model system for studying the brain. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional cell culture paradigms have provided valuable insights into the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders, but they remain limited in their capacity to model certain features of human neural development. Specifically, current models do not efficiently incorporate extracellular matrix-derived biochemical and biophysical cues, facilitate multicellular spatio-temporal patterning, or achieve advanced functional maturation. Engineered biomaterials have the capacity to create increasingly biomimetic neural microenvironments, yet further refinement is needed before these approaches are widely implemented. This Review therefore highlights how continued progression and increased integration of engineered biomaterials may be well poised to address intractable challenges in recapitulating human neural development.


Asunto(s)
Materiales Biocompatibles/administración & dosificación , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Encéfalo/crecimiento & desarrollo , Células-Madre Neurales/efectos de los fármacos , Neurogénesis/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Materiales Biocompatibles/metabolismo , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Diferenciación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Diferenciación Celular/fisiología , Matriz Extracelular/efectos de los fármacos , Matriz Extracelular/metabolismo , Humanos , Células-Madre Neurales/metabolismo , Neurogénesis/fisiología , Células Madre Pluripotentes/efectos de los fármacos , Células Madre Pluripotentes/metabolismo
4.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 119(4)2022 01 25.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35042809

RESUMEN

The Earth BioGenome Project (EBP) is an audacious endeavor to obtain whole-genome sequences of representatives from all eukaryotic species on Earth. In addition to the project's technical and organizational challenges, it also faces complicated ethical, legal, and social issues. This paper, from members of the EBP's Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues (ELSI) Committee, catalogs these ELSI concerns arising from EBP. These include legal issues, such as sample collection and permitting; the applicability of international treaties, such as the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Nagoya Protocol; intellectual property; sample accessioning; and biosecurity and ethical issues, such as sampling from the territories of Indigenous peoples and local communities, the protection of endangered species, and cross-border collections, among several others. We also comment on the intersection of digital sequence information and data rights. More broadly, this list of ethical, legal, and social issues for large-scale genomic sequencing projects may be useful in the consideration of ethical frameworks for future projects. While we do not-and cannot-provide simple, overarching solutions for all the issues raised here, we conclude our perspective by beginning to chart a path forward for EBP's work.


Asunto(s)
Especies en Peligro de Extinción/legislación & jurisprudencia , Ética en Investigación , Genómica , Animales , Bioaseguramiento/ética , Bioaseguramiento/legislación & jurisprudencia , Genómica/ética , Genómica/legislación & jurisprudencia , Humanos
5.
Annu Rev Genet ; 49: 161-82, 2015.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26442843

RESUMEN

The US Supreme Court's recent decision in Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc. declared, for the first time, that isolated human genes cannot be patented. Many have wondered how genes were ever the subjects of patents. The answer lies in a nuanced understanding of both legal and scientific history. Since the early twentieth century, "products of nature" were not eligible to be patented unless they were "isolated and purified" from their surrounding environment. As molecular biology advanced, and the capability to isolate genes both physically and by sequence came to fruition, researchers (and patent offices) began to apply patent-law logic to genes themselves. These patents, along with other biological patents, generated substantial social and political criticism. Myriad Genetics, a company with patents on BRCA1 and BRCA2, two genes critical to assessing early-onset breast and ovarian cancer risk, and with a particularly controversial business approach, became the antagonist in an ultimately successful campaign to overturn gene patents in court. Despite Myriad's defeat, some questions concerning the rights to monopolize genetic information remain. The history leading to that defeat may be relevant to these future issues.


Asunto(s)
Genes , Genética/legislación & jurisprudencia , Patentes como Asunto/historia , Animales , Animales Modificados Genéticamente , Proteína BRCA1/genética , Proteína BRCA2/genética , Biología/legislación & jurisprudencia , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente , Opinión Pública , Decisiones de la Corte Suprema , Estados Unidos
6.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 117(39): 24022-24031, 2020 09 29.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32817435

RESUMEN

The recently developed new genome-editing technologies, such as the CRISPR/Cas system, have opened the door for generating genetically modified nonhuman primate (NHP) models for basic neuroscience and brain disorders research. The complex circuit formation and experience-dependent refinement of the human brain are very difficult to model in vitro, and thus require use of in vivo whole-animal models. For many neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders, abnormal circuit formation and refinement might be at the center of their pathophysiology. Importantly, many of the critical circuits and regional cell populations implicated in higher human cognitive function and in many psychiatric disorders are not present in lower mammalian brains, while these analogous areas are replicated in NHP brains. Indeed, neuropsychiatric disorders represent a tremendous health and economic burden globally. The emerging field of genetically modified NHP models has the potential to transform our study of higher brain function and dramatically facilitate the development of effective treatment for human brain disorders. In this paper, we discuss the importance of developing such models, the infrastructure and training needed to maximize the impact of such models, and ethical standards required for using these models.


Asunto(s)
Experimentación Animal/ética , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Trastornos Mentales/genética , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso/genética , Primates/genética , Animales , Trastornos Mentales/fisiopatología , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso/fisiopatología , Neurociencias/ética , Neurociencias/métodos , Primates/fisiología
8.
Nature ; 540(7631): 51-59, 2016 12 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27905428

RESUMEN

Chimaeras are both monsters of the ancient imagination and a long-established research tool. Recent advances, particularly those dealing with the identification and generation of various kinds of stem cells, have broadened the repertoire and utility of mammalian interspecies chimaeras and carved out new paths towards understanding fundamental biology as well as potential clinical applications.


Asunto(s)
Quimera , Células Madre/citología , Animales , Evolución Biológica , Blastocisto/citología , Linaje de la Célula , Quimera/embriología , Evaluación Preclínica de Medicamentos , Humanos , Especificidad de la Especie , Investigación con Células Madre/ética , Investigación con Células Madre/legislación & jurisprudencia
9.
Am J Bioeth ; 21(1): 34-45, 2021 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33373556

RESUMEN

Human brain research is moving into a dilemma. The best way to understand how the human brain works is to study living human brains in living human beings, but ethical and legal standards make it difficult to do powerful research with actual human beings. So neuroscientists have developed four types of surrogates for living human brains in human bodies: genetically edited non-human animals, human/non-human brain chimeras, human neural organoids, and living ex vivo human brain tissues. These new and rapidly improving models offer the hope of understanding human brain function better. If we make our models "too good," they may themselves deserve some of the kinds of ethical and legal respect that have limited brain research in human beings. This article is an initial effort to outline that dilemma.


Asunto(s)
Encéfalo , Principios Morales , Animales , Comprensión , Humanos , Respeto
10.
13.
Nat Rev Genet ; 12(7): 511-5, 2011 06 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21629275

RESUMEN

In light of the meeting of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in March 2011 to discuss the regulation of clinical direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic tests, we have invited five experts to consider the best means of overseeing the ordering and interpretation of these tests. Should these tests be regulated? If so, who, if anyone, should communicate results to consumers?


Asunto(s)
Participación de la Comunidad/tendencias , Pruebas Genéticas/tendencias , Técnicas de Laboratorio Clínico/tendencias , Comercio/métodos , Comercio/tendencias , Comunicación , Pruebas Genéticas/legislación & jurisprudencia , Pruebas Genéticas/métodos , Humanos , Relaciones Médico-Paciente , Estados Unidos , United States Food and Drug Administration/legislación & jurisprudencia , United States Food and Drug Administration/tendencias
14.
Am J Bioeth ; 22(11): 4-7, 2022 11.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36332033
17.
Am J Bioeth ; 15(12): 11-7, 2015.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26632355

RESUMEN

This essay focuses on possible nonhuman applications of CRISPR/Cas9 that are likely to be widely overlooked because they are unexpected and, in some cases, perhaps even "frivolous." We look at five uses for "CRISPR Critters": wild de-extinction, domestic de-extinction, personal whim, art, and novel forms of disease prevention. We then discuss the current regulatory framework and its possible limitations in those contexts. We end with questions about some deeper issues raised by the increased human control over life on earth offered by genome editing.


Asunto(s)
Repeticiones Palindrómicas Cortas Agrupadas y Regularmente Espaciadas , Especies en Peligro de Extinción , Extinción Biológica , Alimentos Modificados Genéticamente , Ingeniería Genética/ética , Investigación Genética/ética , Medicina en las Artes , Prevención Primaria , Animales , Animales Modificados Genéticamente , Discusiones Bioéticas/legislación & jurisprudencia , California , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. , Repeticiones Palindrómicas Cortas Agrupadas y Regularmente Espaciadas/genética , Especies en Peligro de Extinción/legislación & jurisprudencia , Ingeniería Genética/legislación & jurisprudencia , Investigación Genética/legislación & jurisprudencia , Genoma Humano/genética , Mutación de Línea Germinal , Humanos , Legislación como Asunto/normas , Legislación como Asunto/tendencias , Medicina en la Literatura , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente , Prevención Primaria/métodos , Prevención Primaria/tendencias , Salud Pública/ética , Terminología como Asunto , Estados Unidos , United States Environmental Protection Agency , United States Food and Drug Administration
19.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 107(21): 9849-54, 2010 May 25.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20457911

RESUMEN

A wealth of neuroscientific evidence indicates that our brains respond differently to previously encountered than to novel stimuli. There has been an upswell of interest in the prospect that functional MRI (fMRI), when coupled with multivariate data analysis techniques, might allow the presence or absence of individual memories to be detected from brain activity patterns. This could have profound implications for forensic investigations and legal proceedings, and thus the merits and limitations of such an approach are in critical need of empirical evaluation. We conducted two experiments to investigate whether neural signatures of recognition memory can be reliably decoded from fMRI data. In Exp. 1, participants were scanned while making explicit recognition judgments for studied and novel faces. Multivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA) revealed a robust ability to classify whether a given face was subjectively experienced as old or new, as well as whether recognition was accompanied by recollection, strong familiarity, or weak familiarity. Moreover, a participant's subjective mnemonic experiences could be reliably decoded even when the classifier was trained on the brain data from other individuals. In contrast, the ability to classify a face's objective old/new status, when holding subjective status constant, was severely limited. This important boundary condition was further evidenced in Exp. 2, which demonstrated that mnemonic decoding is poor when memory is indirectly (implicitly) probed. Thus, although subjective memory states can be decoded quite accurately under controlled experimental conditions, fMRI has uncertain utility for objectively detecting an individual's past experiences.


Asunto(s)
Encéfalo/fisiología , Recuerdo Mental , Reconocimiento en Psicología , Conducta , Mapeo Encefálico , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética
20.
Science ; 381(6659): 738, 2023 08 18.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37590344

RESUMEN

Environmental health research is being undermined by genomic medicine, argues a philosopher.

SELECCIÓN DE REFERENCIAS
DETALLE DE LA BÚSQUEDA