Effect of care transfer model led by the hospital clinical pharmacist on reduction of hospital readmissions in the elderly.

Transfer of care is a critical point for patient safety and requires an optimal care transfer model in order to ensure safe pharmacotherapy transfer. Polypharmacy among elderly is associated with adverse health consequences such as hospital readmissions. Hospital readmissions represent priorities in health care research and are one of the measures for assessing patient safety. Medication-related problems among elderly are associated with polypharmacy. The aim of the study was to show the impact of a developed model of care transfer led by a hospital clinical pharmacist on the number of hospital readmissions in the 12-months period in the elderly. A randomized controlled study of patients aged 65 or more was conducted at Dubrava University Hospital, Community Health Centre Zagreb - East and community pharmacies in the City of Zagreb and Zagreb County, Croatia. An intervention group received specially designed care transfer led by the hospital clinical pharmacist. Model included high-intensity pharmacotherapy interventions delivered at admission, during hospital stay and discharge, transition to primary care and post-discharge and cooperation between all healthcare professionals. In all, 182 patients in the intervention and 171 in the control group were analysed. The total number of hospital readmissions and emergency readmissions, within one year from the hospital discharge, was lower in the intervention group than in the control group (41.7% vs. 58.3%, p=0.005; 40.8% vs. 59.2%, p=0.008). The model of the health care transfer applied in this research thus significantly reduced hospital readmissions in the 1-year period in elderly patients. Therefore, the hospital clinical pharmacists should design and coordinate the transfer between hospital and primary care.

Elastographic parameters of liver steatosis and fibrosis predict independently the risk of incident chronic kidney disease and acute myocardial infarction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

AIMS: The aim of this prospective study was to examine the relationship between controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) and liver stiffness measurements (LSM) with the risk of developing a composite endpoint inclusive of incident acute myocardial infarction (AMI), cerebrovascular insult (CVI) or chronic kidney disease (CKD) in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: This study included 238 T2DM outpatients without chronic liver diseases. RESULTS: The patient population was followed for a median period of 7.6 years. Kaplan-Meier survival analyses showed that there was a higher proportion of patients who developed the aforementioned composite outcome (P < 0.001 by the log-rank test), as well as CKD (P < 0.001) or AMI alone (P = 0.014) among those with elevated CAP values (≥238 dB/m) at baseline. Similarly, Kaplan-Meier survival analyses showed that there was a higher proportion of patients who developed the composite outcome (P < 0.001), as well as CKD (P < 0.001), or AMI alone (P < 0.001) among those with elevated LSM values (≥7.0/6.2 kPa). In multivariable regression analyses, the presence of elevated CAP (adjusted-hazard ratio 2.34, 95% CI 1.32-4.15) and elevated LSM (adjusted-hazard ratio 2.84, 95% CI 1.92-4.21), independently of each other, were associated with a higher risk of developing the composite outcome, as well as incident AMI or CKD alone after adjusting for traditional cardiovascular risk factors and diabetes-related variables. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that the elastographic parameters of liver steatosis and fibrosis independently predict the long-term risk of developing chronic vascular complications in T2DM patients.

Noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis with acoustic radiation force impulse imaging: increased liver and splenic stiffness in patients with liver fibrosis and cirrhosis.

PURPOSE: To evaluate acoustic radiation force impulse imaging (ARFI) of the liver and spleen as a new method for the noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis (LF). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three groups of 58 examinees were studied: (A) 20 healthy volunteers; (B) 18 patients with chronic viral hepatitis (CVH) B or C having liver fibrosis stages F 1 - 4 (assessed by liver biopsy; Ishak classification); and (C) 20 patients with liver cirrhosis (LC). All participants were examined using the Siemens ACUSON S 2000 Ultrasound Virtual Touch Tissue Quantification system. Ten measurements were performed on both liver lobes and three measurements on the spleen, and the obtained mean values (shear wave velocities [SWV] expressed in m/s) were compared between the groups. In 20 patients the splenic artery pulsatility index (SAPI) was also measured and correlated to the liver and splenic ARFI and histological stage of LF. RESULTS: Hepatic ARFI measurements demonstrated a significant correlation to LB results (Spearman's ρ = 0.766; ρ < 0.001) and SWV cut-off values of 1.3 (AUC 0.96) and 1.86 (AUC 0.99) could reliably differentiate between healthy (A) and non-cirrhotic CVH (B), as well as between non-cirrhotic CVH (B) and LC (C). Splenic SWV cut-off value of 2.73 (AUC 0.82) could differentiate between the patients with LC and non-cirrhotic CVH. A significant correlation was also observed between the SAPI and liver ARFI results (ρ = 0.56; p = 0.013). CONCLUSION: The hepatic and splenic SWV measured by ARFI increase with the LF stage, and the hepatic SWV correlate well with SAPI. This new technology enables simultaneous morphological, Doppler and elastometric examinations and might improve the accuracy of noninvasive liver fibrosis assessment.

Prospective evaluation of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by elastographic methods of liver steatosis and fibrosis; controlled attenuation parameter and liver stiffness measurements.

AIMS: To examine the temporal changes of both controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) and liver stiffness measurements (LSM), assessed by Fibroscan, in a large sample of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). METHODS: In this prospective, observational study, we consecutively enrolled 507 adult individuals with Fibroscan-defined NAFLD who were followed for a mean period of 21.2 ±â€¯11.7 months. RESULTS: During the follow-up period, 84 patients (16.5%) had a progression of CAP of at least 20% with a median time of 39.93 months, while 201 (39.6%) patients had a progression of LSM of at least 20% with median time of 30.46 months. There were significant differences in the proportion of LSM progression across body mass index (BMI) categories, with obese patients having the highest risk of progression over the follow-up (hazard ratio 1.66; 95%CI 1.23-2.25). Multivariable regression analysis showed that BMI and serum creatinine levels were the strongest predictors for CAP progression in the whole population, while HOMA-estimated insulin resistance was an independent predictor of LSM progression over time in the subgroup of obese patients. CONCLUSION: This prospective study shows for the first time that the progression risk of both liver steatosis and fibrosis, detected non-invasively by Fibroscan, is relevant and shares essentially the same metabolic risk factors that are associated with NAFLD progression detected by other invasive methods.

Duplex ultrasonography in diagnosis of spigelian hernia with incarcerated jejunal loop.

Spigelian hernia is a very rare anterior abdominal wall hernia with uncharacteristic symptoms and challenging diagnosis. The case of a 76-year-old male patient with colicky pain and vomiting lasting for 24 hours before admission to the hospital is presented. Physical examination of the patient revealed abdominal tenderness and a round-shaped tumefaction of 3 cm in size, located in the left lower abdominal quadrant. X-ray examination of the abdomen, obtained in left lateral position of the patient, showed small bowel ileus with distended jejunal loops. The abdominal ultrasound examination, followed by duplex ultrasonography, revealed a spigelian hernia with ischemic changes of strangulated bowel segment indicating incarceration of the herniated jejunal loop. Preoperative findings were confirmed by intraoperative diagnosis of spigelian hernia and incarcerated jejunal loop with ischemic changes and deserosation, followed by resection of the bowel segment involved and plastic surgical reconstruction of anterior abdominal wall. This case report highlights the role of duplex ultrasonography in the evaluation of circulatory status of potentially incarcerated bowel segment within hernial sac.

Common bile duct wall thickening due to intramural varices diagnosed by colour Doppler ultrasound.

Cases of common bile duct (CBD) wall thickening due to varicose dilation of intramural veins consequential to portal vein thrombosis (PVT) are rare and present a considerable differential diagnostic problem, as they can mimic cholangiocarcinoma. In such cases, colour Doppler ultrasound (CD US) is a very valuable diagnostic method. There are only a few reports in literature on CD US findings of collateral circulation in a thickened CBD wall following PVT. A patient with obstructive jaundice, a tumour of the pancreatic head, CBD wall thickening, and pre-existing PVT is presented. CD US demonstrated collateral circulation of the thrombosed portal vein in the thickened wall of the common bile duct, thus ruling out a mass in the CBD. Obstructive jaundice seldom occurs with choledocal varices. In this patient, the bile duct obstruction was due to the carcinoma of the pancreatic head.

Peptic ulcer disease in dyspeptic patients with ischemic heart disease: search and treat?

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors for peptic ulcer disease (PUD) in dyspeptic patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD), and to assess whether the healing of PUD before coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) could reduce the need for urgent postoperative endoscopy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A series of 894 patients referred to Dubrava University Hospital in Zagreb for elective CABG during the period from May 1998 until April 2001 was prospectively analysed. Dyspepsia was assessed by a questionnaire, PUD by upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, and H. pylori status by histology/Giemsa staining and the rapid urease test. The need for urgent postoperative endoscopy (hematemesis and/or melena, sudden onset of anemia or unexplained epigastric pain) was compared between the prospective study group of 894 patients and a series of 463 patients referred for CABG to Dubrava University Hospital during the period from January 1997 until April 1998. RESULTS: Gastroduodenal dyspepsia predominated in 184 (20.6 %) patients, 142 (77.2 %) of them with Helicobacter (H.) pylori infection and 69 (37.5 %) with verified PUD. Univariate analysis indicated the increased risk of multiple PUD to be related to a previous diagnosis of PUD (OR 3.61, 95 % CI 1.32 - 9.82), H. pylori infection (OR 18.86, 95 % CI 2.31 - 153.98), use of aspirin (OR 5.70; 95 % CI 1.80 - 18.03) and left coronary artery occlusions (3.10, 95 % CI 1.00 - 9.59). Multivariate analysis pointed to H. pylori infection (OR 16.30, 95 % CI 1.57 - 168.53) and left coronary artery occlusions (OR 4.84, 95 % CI 1.05 - 22.30) as independent risk factors for multiple PUD. The OR for urgent postoperative endoscopy due to a major gastrointestinal event was 9.9 (95 % CI 2.2 - 45.1) and the OR for active peptic ulcer with stigmata of recent bleeding was 6.9 (95 % CI 1.4 - 33.1) in the group of patients with IHD who were not submitted to evaluation for dyspepsia prior to elective heart surgery. CONCLUSIONS: In areas with a high prevalence of H. pylori infection, endoscopy and a "search and treat" strategy for IHD patients with dyspepsia before elective cardiac surgery should significantly reduce the need for urgent postoperative endoscopy due to major gastrointestinal events.