Tribal Odisha Eye Disease Study (TOES # 2) Rayagada school screening program: efficacy of multistage screening of school teachers in detection of impaired vision and other ocular anomalies.

PURPOSE: To describe program planning and effectiveness of multistage school eye screening and assess accuracy of teachers in vision screening and detection of other ocular anomalies in Rayagada District School Sight Program, Odisha, India. METHODS: This multistage screening of students included as follows: stage I: screening for vision and other ocular anomalies by school teachers in the school; stage II: photorefraction, subjective correction and other ocular anomaly confirmation by optometrists in the school; stage III: comprehensive ophthalmologist examination in secondary eye center; and stage IV: pediatric ophthalmologist examination in tertiary eye center. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of teachers for vision screening and other ocular anomaly detection were calculated vis-à-vis optometrist (gold standard). RESULTS: In the study, 216 teachers examined 153,107 (95.7% of enrolled) students aged 5-15 years. Teachers referred 8,363 (5.4% of examined) students and 5,990 (71.6% of referred) were examined in stage II. After prescribing spectacles to 443, optometrists referred 883 students to stage III. The sensitivity (80.51%) and PPV (93.05%) of teachers for vision screening were high, but specificity (53.29%) and NPV (26.02%) were low. The specificity and NPV, in general, were higher in ocular anomaly detection but varied from disease to disease. CONCLUSION: Multistage school screening is rapid and comprehensive in a resource-limited community. Regular training and periodic reinforcement of teachers for vision assessment and other ocular anomaly identification are required for further success of the strategy.

Devastating penile mycosis leading to penile gangrene.

Infective penile gangrene is a rare but known complication of circumcision. The causes may vary from neutropenia, diabetes mellitus, and human immunodeficiency virus infection to lymphoproliferative malignancy. Penile mycosis leading to penile gangrene is a rare entity. Only 1 case has been reported in an adult. Juvenile diabetes mellitus is a peculiar predisposing factor for mycotic infections. We report a case of mycotic penile gangrene in a diabetic child to highlight its potentially preventable disastrous outcome.

Rectal impalement presenting as bladder stones: delayed and unusual presentation.

Anorectal impalement is an uncommon mode of injury in children, with only a few case reports in the pediatric literature. No report describes a clinical presentation with bladder stones in a child, as in our case. This case highlights the need to maintain a high index of suspicion in all cases of rectal impalement, and the need for thorough clinical examination even in the most trivial of the injuries.

False-positive "halo" sign on testicular scintigraphy in a 5-year-old boy with epididymitis and hydrocele.

Scintigraphic differentiation between acute torsion, hydrocele and testicular or scrotal abscess can be difficult. Doppler sonography may provide useful complimentary information toward diagnosis. The authors describe a 5-year-old child where epididymitis with hydrocele was misdiagnosed as testicular torsion on scrotal scintigraphy.