International consensus on post-transplantation diabetes mellitus.

Post-transplantation diabetes mellitus (PTDM) remains a leading complication after solid organ transplantation. Previous international PTDM consensus meetings in 2003 and 2013 provided standardized frameworks to reduce heterogeneity in diagnosis, risk stratification and management. However, the last decade has seen significant advancements in our PTDM knowledge complemented by rapidly changing treatment algorithms for management of diabetes in the general population. In view of these developments, and to ensure reduced variation in clinical practice, a 3rd international PTDM Consensus Meeting was planned and held from 6-8 May 2022 in Vienna, Austria involving global delegates with PTDM expertise to update the previous reports. This update includes opinion statements concerning optimal diagnostic tools, recognition of prediabetes (impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance), new mechanistic insights, immunosuppression modification, evidence-based strategies to prevent PTDM, treatment hierarchy for incorporating novel glucose-lowering agents and suggestions for the future direction of PTDM research to address unmet needs. Due to the paucity of good quality evidence, consensus meeting participants agreed that making GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations) recommendations would be flawed. Although kidney-allograft centric, we suggest that these opinion statements can be appraised by the transplantation community for implementation across different solid organ transplant cohorts. Acknowledging the paucity of published literature, this report reflects consensus expert opinion. Attaining evidence is desirable to ensure establishment of optimized care for any solid organ transplant recipient at risk of, or who develops, PTDM as we strive to improve long-term outcomes.

SGLT2 Inhibitors Correct Fluid Overload in Adult Kidney Transplant Recipients-A Prospective Observational Study.

In this longitudinal observational study, we measured urinary glucose concentration, body composition and volume status (bioimpedance spectroscopy) and plasma renin and aldosterone concentrations in n = 22 kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) initiating on SGLT2I at baseline (BL), and after 1 week and 1, 3, and 6 months. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decreased by -2 mL/min/1.73 m2 (IQR -10-0) after 1 week and remained stable thereafter. Urinary glucose concentration was 10 (3-24) g/g creatinine after 1 week and correlated with eGFR (r2 = 0.273; p = 0.057). SGLT2I did not affect HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, body weight, fat or lean mass. SGLT2I decreased fluid overload dependent on baseline overhydration (OH, r2 = 0.54, p = 0.0003) without occurrence of dehydration. Plasma aldosterone increased at day 7, while plasma renin did not change significantly. In conclusion, SGLT2I corrected fluid overload in patients with elevated overhydration at baseline, while in euvolemic KTRs fluid status remained stable without reduction of body water below the reference range, thus promoting the safety of SGLT2I therapy in patients following kidney transplantation. Glucosuria, together with effects of SGLT2I on blood glucose control and body weight, is attenuated in KTRs dependent on eGFR.

Impact of different immunosuppressive protocols on clinical outcomes in obese kidney transplant recipients: a propensity score-matched analysis.

BACKGROUND: Although obesity has become a significant problem in transplantation medicine, the impact of different immunosuppressive protocols on clinical outcomes in obese transplant recipients remains unclear. METHODS: We performed an analysis of the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients database. Kidney transplant recipients were categorized according to body mass index (BMI) categories and immunosuppressive protocols: (i) tacrolimus/mycophenolate mofetil (Tac-MMF), (ii) mTOR-inhibitor/Tac (mTORi-Tac), (iii) mTORi/cyclosporin (mTORi-Cyc) and (iv) mTORi-MMF. RESULTS: Graft recipients with advanced obesity (BMI ≥35 kg/m2) exhibited significantly lower rates of acute rejection during the first year after transplantation in the mTORi-Tac (6.4%) group compared with Tac-MMF (11.2%). Obesity class 1 (30 < BMI < 35 kg/m2) was associated with a significant risk of acute rejection for the mTORi-Tac group [obesity class 1 hazard ratio (HR) 1.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.21-2.62, P = .003]. A similar trend was observed in the Tac-MMF group for advanced obesity HR 1.29; 95% CI 0.96-1.73, P = .087). For the Tac-MMF group, recipients with both overweight and obesity had significantly impaired survival due to cardiovascular events and also increased mortality due to infection in advanced obesity. Combination of mTORi and calcineurin inhibitor was associated with lower rejection rates and stable long-term kidney function while reducing cardiovascular side effects linked to calcineurin inhibitors in obese kidney graft recipients. CONCLUSION: These results are critical for the growing number of obese graft recipients and warrant prospective evaluation.

Living kidney donor evaluation is associated with early identification of life-changing diagnoses in potentially healthy donor candidates.

BACKGROUND: In order to ensure eligibility for living kidney donation, donor candidates undergo a thorough medical evaluation. This process might reveal hitherto undetected medical conditions, leading to refusal of the kidney donor candidate. Detection of such conditions may, however, also have a lifesaving effect. We report on 13 years of data from our living donor transplantation program on kidney donor candidates who were diagnosed with major medical conditions during evaluation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of living kidney donor candidates who attended our transplant center between January, 2007 and December, 2019. The main focus was on newly diagnosed medical conditions that required immediate medical attention and their prognostic significance. RESULTS: Of the 436 donor candidates who were evaluated for living kidney donation at our transplant center, 192 (44%) were accepted, while 244 (56%) were excluded from donation. Interestingly, 81 (33.1%) of the ineligible donor candidates were newly diagnosed as having a medical condition that required immediate attention. While 45 (18.5%) candidates were newly diagnosed with diabetes or prediabetes, 12 (4.9%) candidates had hitherto undetected malignancies, 10 candidates (4.1%) cardiac disease, five (2.0%) hypertension with end-organ damage, and four (1.6%) suffered from kidney disease. The remaining four candidates (1.6%) were diagnosed with gastrointestinal diseases, and one candidate (.4%) had an endocrine disorder. CONCLUSION: A comprehensive evaluation process for living kidney donation facilitates the identification of life-changing diagnoses in a significant proportion of candidates and secures immediate medical attention.

Uterine allograft removal by total laparoscopic hysterectomy after successful cesarean delivery in a living-donor uterus recipient with uterovaginal agenesis (MRKHS).

PURPOSE: To limit the burden of long-term immunosuppression (IS) after uterus transplantation (UTx), removal of the uterine allograft is indicated after maximum two pregnancies. Hitherto this has required graft hysterectomy by laparotomy. Our objective was to demonstrate, as a proof of concept, the feasibility of less traumatic transplantectomy by total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH). PATIENT: A 37-year-old woman with uterovaginal agenesis due to Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome (MRKHS) who had undergone neovaginoplasty at age 19 years prior to living-donor (LD) UTx in 10/2019 at age 35 years gave birth to a healthy boy by primary cesarean section in 06/2021. During pregnancy, she developed impaired renal function, with bilateral hydronephrosis, necessitating early allograft removal in 09/2021 to prevent chronic kidney disease, particularly during a potential second pregnancy. METHODS: Transplantectomy by TLH essentially followed standard TLH procedures. We paid meticulous attention to removing as much donor tissue as possible to prevent postoperative complications from residual donor tissue after stopping IS, as well as long-term vascular damage. RESULTS: TLH was performed successfully without the need to convert to open surgery. Surgical time was 90 min with minimal blood loss. No major complications occurred intra- or postoperatively and during the subsequent 9-month follow-up period. Kidney function normalized. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, we report the first successful TLH-based removal of a uterine allograft in a primipara after LD UTx, thus demonstrating the feasibility of TLH in uterus recipients with MRKHS.

Antibody-mediated procoagulant platelets in SARS-CoV-2-vaccination associated immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia.

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. To prevent severe infection, mass COVID-19 vaccination campaigns with several vaccine types are currently underway. We report pathological and immunological findings in 8 patients who developed vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) after administration of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine ChAdOx1 nCoV-19. We analyzed patient material using enzyme immune assays, flow cytometry and heparin-induced platelet aggregation assay and performed autopsies on two fatal cases. Eight patients (5 female, 3 male) with a median age of 41.5 years (range, 24 to 53) were referred to us with suspected thrombotic complications 6 to 20 days after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination. All patients had thrombocytopenia at admission. Patients had a median platelet count of 46.5 x109/L (range, 8 to 92). Three had a fatal outcome and 5 were successfully treated. Autopsies showed arterial and venous thromboses in various organs and the occlusion of glomerular capillaries by hyaline thrombi. Sera from VITT patients contain high titer antibodies against platelet factor 4 (PF4) (OD 2.59±0.64). PF4 antibodies in VITT patients induced significant increase in procoagulant markers (P-selectin and phosphatidylserine externalization) compared to healthy volunteers and healthy vaccinated volunteers. The generation of procoagulant platelets was PF4 and heparin dependent. We demonstrate the contribution of antibody-mediated platelet activation in the pathogenesis of VITT.

Dynamics of glucose metabolism after liver transplantation: prediabetes as a window of opportunity for patient survival and long-term kidney function.

Post-transplantation diabetes mellitus (PTDM) is a relevant complication following liver transplantation with profound impact on morbidity and mortality. To date, little is known about the evolution and dynamics of glucose metabolism and the impact of prediabetes in long-term follow-up. To address this issue, all consecutive adult liver transplant recipients (n = 429) from a European university hospital transplant center between 2007 and 2017 were analyzed retrospectively. In patients without pre-existing diabetes (n = 327), we conducted a longitudinal characterization of glucose metabolism. Median follow-up was 37 [9-64, IQR] months. Median prevalence of prediabetes was 39 [37-39]% and of PTDM 21 [17-22]%. Throughout follow-up, intra-individual glucose regulation of patients was highly variable, continuously fluctuating between different states of glucose metabolism (normal glucose tolerance, prediabetes, PTDM). Whereas overall survival and long-term kidney function of patients with PTDM were significantly lower than that of patients with normal glucose metabolism, prediabetes was not associated with adverse outcome. This study provides new insight into the dynamics and impact of glucose metabolism after liver transplantation. Unlike PTDM, prediabetes is not associated with adverse outcome, providing a window of opportunity for targeted intervention. The results underline the need for constant screening and intervention in posttransplant care of liver allograft recipients.

[SARS-CoV-2 Infections and Clinical Consequences in a Cohort of Solid Organ Transplant Recipients during the first Wave in Germany - a Single Centre Survey and a Case Report]. / SARS-CoV-2-Infektionen und klinische Konsequenzen bei organtransplantierten Patienten im Rahmen der ersten Ansteckungswelle in Deutschland - eine monozentrische Umfrage und ein Fallbericht.

BACKGROUND: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has caused an unprecedented global health crisis, with exceptionally high mortality rates in high-risk groups of affected patients. It is alarming that a steadily increasing number of clinical reports on outcomes of COVID-19 in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients suggests a detrimental impact linked to high overall mortality. However, systematic data on SARS-CoV-2 infections in SOT recipients in Germany are still scarce. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a survey on SARS-CoV-2 infection status among 387 SOT recipients treated at our centre during the past 5 years - located in a severely affected region in Germany. The survey was sent out two months after the first SARS CoV-2 outbreak in our region had resulted in government-imposed lockdown measures. RESULTS: An incidence rate of 0.4% SARS-CoV-2-positive SOT recipients was determined in our cohort, in line with reported local infection rates in the general population at this time. However, the only SARS CoV-2 infection known to us within this group of patients led to severe morbidity - resulting in prolonged mechanical ventilation, hospitalisation > 60 days and finally in irreversible loss of graft function. CONCLUSION: Our data demonstrate that SOT recipients are at equal risk for SARS-CoV-2 infections when compared to the general population, while SARS-CoV-2 infections in SOT recipients seem to be associated with deleterious clinical consequences.

Low-dose cidofovir and conversion to mTOR-based immunosuppression in polyomavirus-associated nephropathy.

BACKGROUND: Polyomavirus-associated nephropathy (PVAN) remains a relevant complication following kidney transplantation with allograft loss rates of up to 50%. Reduction in overall immunosuppression is a cornerstone of therapy, whereas no specific antiviral regimen has shown conclusive benefit to date. The present case series demonstrates the efficacy of a dual therapeutic approach with low-dose cidofovir and conversion to mTOR-based immunosuppression in PVAN. METHODS: Patients with biopsy-proven PVAN having received low-dose cidofovir (0.25 mg/kg) according to the Tübingen Cidofovir Protocol and been converted to mTOR-based immunosuppression were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: Twenty-three patients with a median follow-up of 2.24 [IQR 1.55-5.01] years were included in the analysis. Median time to PVAN diagnosis was 268 [IQR 153-869] days after transplantation. Polyomavirus clearance from plasma was achieved in 78% of patients after a median of 118 [IQR 76-293] days. Of the 23 patients, nine patients (39%) lost their allograft function during follow-up, but only three of these (13%) due to PVAN. Fourteen patients (61%) stabilized or improved allograft function. The cidofovir protocol allowed for specific antiviral therapy without adverse nephrotoxicity, even in patients with low allograft function. CONCLUSIONS: Low-dose cidofovir and conversion to mTOR-based immunosuppression allow for effective virus clearance and preservation of allograft function in a high proportion of patients with PVAN and progressive allograft dysfunction and may prolong allograft survival in these patients.

Low-dose alemtuzumab induction in a tailored immunosuppression protocol for sensitized kidney transplant recipients.

BACKGROUND: Induction therapy is crucial in kidney transplantation and constitutes an important cornerstone for long-term allograft survival. Alemtuzumab is a depleting CD52-specific antibody with T- and B-cell activity, leading to prolonged lymphocyte depletion for up to 12 months, with profound immunosuppression and an associated risk of serious infections. Current concepts aim to optimize dosing strategies to reduce side effects. Here we present data from an ongoing centre protocol consisting of low-dose alemtuzumab induction and tailored immunosuppression in sensitized patients undergoing kidney transplantation. METHODS: 10-year results of the protocol were analysed. Low-dose alemtuzumab induction consisted of a single dose of 20 mg intraoperatively, followed by tacrolimus and corticosteroids for initial immunosuppression, with mycophenolate mofetil suspended until a total lymphocyte count (TLC) >5% or 200/µl was reached. RESULTS: Between 01/2007 and 04/2017, 46 patients were treated in accordance with the protocol in 48 kidney transplantations. Median PRAmax was 43 [22-76; IQR] %; all patients had negative CDC-crossmatch prior to transplantation. Low-dose alemtuzumab was well tolerated. Median time to TLC recovery was 77 [62-127; IQR] d. Within a median follow-up of 3.3 [1.5-5.6; IQR] years, 12 (25%) patients developed BPAR, 10 of which were antibody-mediated (3 acute, 7 chronic ABMR). Death-censored 5-year allograft survival was 79.2%, with an excellent allograft function at the end of follow-up. There was no increased rate of infections, in particular viral infections. CONCLUSIONS: Our protocol, comprising low-dose alemtuzumab induction, initial suspension of mycophenolate mofetil and triple maintenance immunosuppression, provides excellent patient and allograft outcome in sensitized renal allograft recipients.

Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibition in Kidney Transplant Recipients with Diabetes Mellitus.

BACKGROUND: Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibition has been shown to reduce cardiovascular mortality and preserve kidney function in patients with type 2 diabetes. Kidney transplant recipients with diabetes demonstrate increased risk and accelerated progression of micro- and macrovascular complications and may specifically benefit from SGLT2 inhibition. However, potential concerns of SGLT2 inhibition include volume depletion and urinary tract infections. OBJECTIVES: We report data on the use of SGLT2 inhibitors in a case series of ten patients with diabetes after kidney transplantation in order to analyze efficacy, safety, and the effect on renal function. METHODS: Patients with a stable allograft function and no history of recurrent urinary tract infections were eligible. The SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin was given as add-on to preexisting antidiabetic treatment with initial dose reduction of the latter. RESULTS: Median estimated glomerular filtration rate at baseline was 57 mL/min/1.73 m2 and remained stable throughout the follow-up of 12.0 (5.3-12.0) months. Median HbA1c decreased from 7.3 to 7.1%. The rate of urinary tract infections and other side effects was low. CONCLUSIONS: SGLT2 inhibition is feasible and well tolerated in selected kidney transplant recipients with diabetes. Whether SGLT2 inhibition is able to reduce cardiovascular mortality and improve allograft survival in these patients has to be addressed in further studies.

Implementation of Urgent Start Peritoneal Dialysis Reduces Hemodialysis Catheter Use and Hospital Stay in Patients with Unplanned Dialysis Start.

BACKGROUND: Unplanned start of renal replacement therapy is common in patients with end-stage renal disease and often accomplished by hemodialysis (HD) using a central venous catheter (CVC). Urgent start using peritoneal dialysis (PD) could be an alternative for some of the patients; however, this requires a hospital-based PD center that offers a structured urgent start PD (usPD) program. METHODS: In this prospective study, we describe the implementation of an usPD program at our university hospital by structuring the process from presentation to PD catheter implantation and start of PD within a few days. For clinical validation, we compared the patient flow before (2013-2015) and after (2016-2018) availability of usPD. RESULTS: In the 3 years before the availability of usPD, 14% (n = 12) of incident PD patients (n = 87) presented in an unplanned situation and were initially treated with HD using a CVC. In the 3 years after implementation of the usPD program, 18% (n = 18) of all incident PD patients (n = 103) presented in an unplanned situation of whom n = 12 (12%) were treated with usPD and n = 6 (6%) with initial HD. usPD significantly reduced the use of HD by 57% (p = 0.0005). Hospital stay was similar in patients treated with usPD (median 9 days) compared to those with elective PD (8 days), and significantly lower than in patients with initial HD (26 days, p = 0.0056). CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of an usPD program reduces HD catheter use and hospital stay in the unplanned situation.

Impact of end-stage renal disease on glucose metabolism-a matched cohort analysis.

Background: Renal function is known to affect glucose metabolism. The aim of this study was to assess glucose metabolism in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients and in matched controls with normal renal function and to delineate its underlying pathophysiology. Methods: ESRD patients without diabetes mellitus on the active kidney transplant waiting list of a large European university hospital were metabolically phenotyped by an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and by calculating insulin sensitivity and secretion indices. Matched controls with normal renal function were derived from the TUEF (Tuebingen Family) study cohort, which includes healthy non-diabetic individuals with an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Matches were made for (i) gender, age and body mass index (BMI) (cohort 1) and for (ii) gender, age, BMI, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and 2-h glucose in OGTT (cohort 2). Results: A total of 107 patients (90 on haemodialysis and 17 on peritoneal dialysis) and two cohorts, each comprising 107 matched controls, were investigated. ESRD patients had significantly lower FPG. Additional matching for OGTT glucose concentrations revealed significantly lower insulin sensitivity in ESRD patients than in controls. This finding was abrogated after adjustment for triglyceride levels. Insulin secretion, however, was significantly higher in ESRD patients. Insulin kinetics during OGTT as well as C-peptide levels demonstrate higher insulin secretion to be a compensation for lower insulin sensitivity and not to result from impaired insulin clearance. Conclusion: Our study is the first to provide metabolic phenotyping in patients with ESRD and to compare them with matched controls with normal renal function. Glucose metabolism differs substantially between cohorts, with insulin resistance and a compensatory increase in insulin secretion in ESRD patients.

Dynamics of Glucose Metabolism After Kidney Transplantation.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Posttransplantation diabetes mellitus (PTDM) impacts patient and allograft survival after kidney transplantation. Prediabetes, which is an independent risk factor for PTDM, is modifiable also in a post-transplant setting. Understanding the risks and dynamics of impaired glucose metabolism after transplantation is a key component for targeted intervention. METHODS: A retrospective chart analysis of all adult non-diabetic renal allograft recipients (n=251, 2007-2014) was performed. Longitudinal follow-up included fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c, as well as data on allograft function and immunosuppression at consecutive time points (months 3-6 to >5 years post transplantation). RESULTS: Throughout follow-up, median prevalence of prediabetes and PTDM was 53.3 [52.4-55.7]% and 15.4 [15.0-16.5]%, respectively. Continuously high fluxes between states of glucose metabolism, with individual patients' state deteriorating or improving over time, resulted in a high number of incident patients even long after transplantation. The greatest number of patients shifted between normal glucose tolerance and prediabetes, followed by those between prediabetes and PTDM. CONCLUSION: Prediabetes and PTDM are highly prevalent after kidney transplantation and incidences remain relevant throughout follow-up. Patient fluxes into and out of the prediabetic state show that glucose metabolism is highly dynamic after transplantation. This provides a continuous opportunity for intervention in an aim to reduce diabetes-associated complications.

Urinary Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) and proteinuria predict severity of acute kidney injury in Puumala virus infection.

BACKGROUND: Nephropathia epidemica (NE) is a mild form of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) that is caused by the Puumala virus. Periodic outbreaks have been described in endemic areas, with a substantial number of previously healthy individuals developing acute kidney injury (AKI). There is a considerable diversity in the clinical course of the disease, and few patients require renal replacement therapy. METHODS: We tested whether urinary neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (uNGAL), urine albumin/creatinine ratio (uACR), urine protein/creatinine ratio (uPCR), urine dipstick protein, C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, leukocyte and platelet count, determined on admission to the hospital, can predict the severity of AKI. Sixty-one patients were analyzed during admission in the emergency department. RESULTS: The variables most strongly associated with peak plasma creatinine concentration were uNGAL (ß = 0.70, p <0.0001), uPCR (ß = 0.64, p = 0.001), uACR (ß = 0.61, p = 0.002), and dipstick proteinuria (ß = 0.34, p = 0.008). The highest AUC-ROC to predict stage 3 AKI according to the acute kidney injury network's (AKIN) classification was seen for uNGAL (0.81, p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: uNGAL accurately predicts the severity of AKI in NE. This could help emergency room physicians predict disease severity and allow for initial risk stratification.

Differential effect of glucose ingestion on the neural processing of food stimuli in lean and overweight adults.

Eating behavior is crucial in the development of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. To further investigate its regulation, we studied the effects of glucose versus water ingestion on the neural processing of visual high and low caloric food cues in 12 lean and 12 overweight subjects by functional magnetic resonance imaging. We found body weight to substantially impact the brain's response to visual food cues after glucose versus water ingestion. Specifically, there was a significant interaction between body weight, condition (water versus glucose), and caloric content of food cues. Although overweight subjects showed a generalized reduced response to food objects in the fusiform gyrus and precuneus, the lean group showed a differential pattern to high versus low caloric foods depending on glucose versus water ingestion. Furthermore, we observed plasma insulin and glucose associated effects. The hypothalamic response to high caloric food cues negatively correlated with changes in blood glucose 30 min after glucose ingestion, while especially brain regions in the prefrontal cortex showed a significant negative relationship with increases in plasma insulin 120 min after glucose ingestion. We conclude that the postprandial neural processing of food cues is highly influenced by body weight especially in visual areas, potentially altering visual attention to food. Furthermore, our results underline that insulin markedly influences prefrontal activity to high caloric food cues after a meal, indicating that postprandial hormones may be potential players in modulating executive control.

Immunosuppressive drug combinations after kidney transplantation and post-transplant diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Post-transplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) is a frequent complication after kidney transplantation (KT). This systematic review investigated the effect of different immunosuppressive regimens on the risk of PTDM. We performed a systematic literature search in MEDLINE and CENTRAL for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that included KT recipients with any immunosuppression and reported PTDM outcomes up to 1 October 2023. The analysis included 125 RCTs. We found no differences in PTDM risk within induction therapies. In de novo KT, there was an increased risk of developing PTDM with tacrolimus versus cyclosporin (RR 1.71, 95%CI [1.38-2.11]). No differences were observed between tacrolimus+mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor (mTORi) and tacrolimus+MMF/MPA, but there was a tendency towards a higher risk of PTDM in the cyclosporin+mTORi group (RR 1.42, 95%CI [0.99-2.04]). Conversion from cyclosporin to an mTORi increased PTDM risk (RR 1.89, 95%CI [1.18-3.03]). De novo belatacept compared with a calcineurin inhibitor resulted in 50% lower risk of PTDM (RR 0.50, 95%CI [0.32-0.79]). Steroid avoidance resulted in 31% lower PTDM risk (RR 0.69, 95%CI [0.57-0.83]), whereas steroid withdrawal resulted in no differences. Immunosuppression should be decided on an individual basis, carefully weighing the risk of future PTDM and rejection.

Renal failure following insulin purging in atypical anorexia nervosa and type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Objective: Anorexia nervosa (AN) and atypical anorexia nervosa (AAN) are severe and complex eating disorders that can be prevalent among individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Insulin purging, characterized by the intentional underuse / omission of insulin to control weight, is under-recognized in medicine and is a purging strategy of patients with AN or AAN and comorbid T1DM. Often, this can lead to renal failure, necessitating a (pancreas-) kidney transplantation. This article presents a comprehensive overview of the interplay between AN/AAN and T1DM and summarizes the evidence in literature. Methods: A narrative review is presented on basis of a detailed case study of a 32-year-old female with end-stage renal failure seeking (pancreas-) kidney transplantation displaying etiology, diagnosis, comorbidities, complications, and treatment of AN and AAN with emphasis on those patients with T1DM. Results: Insulin purging in patients with AN/AAN and coexisting T1DM can exacerbate T1DM complications, including accelerating the onset of end-stage renal failure. A multidisciplinary approach including nutrition treatment and psychotherapeutic techniques was considered necessary for treatment, focusing on psychosomatic in-patient care before and after organ transplantation. Conclusion: Insulin purging in patients with AAN and T1DM poses severe health risks, including accelerated renal complications. For those considering transplantation, insulin purging has explicitly to be diagnosed and a holistic treatment addressing both the renal condition and psychosomatic symptoms/disorders is crucial for successful post-transplant outcomes.