6-micron interaction length electro-optic modulation based on lithium niobate photonic crystal cavity.

We report on electro-optic modulation using a Lithium Niobate (LN) Photonic Crystal (PC) cavity structure. The compact device (6 µm in length) consists of a 2D photonic crystal cavity made on an Annealed Proton Exchange (APE) LN waveguide with vertical deposited electrodes. Experimental results show a tunability of 0.6 nm/V. This compact design opens a way towards micro and nano-scale tunable photonic devices with low driving electrical power.

Mortality in pediatric renal transplantation: a study of the French pediatric kidney database.

OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: To assess patient survival in pediatric renal transplantation, we retrospectively reviewed 573 transplants in 553 patients, registered from 1995 to 2005. RESULTS: Mean age at transplantation was 9.9 years. Patient survival at 1, 5 and 10 years was respectively 99%, 97% and 96%. Death occurred at a median time of 2.6 years after transplantation. Long-term patient survival was significantly lower in recipients younger than 5 years old. Seventeen patients (3.1%) died. Two deaths occurred while under maintenance dialysis. Among the remaining patients, the two main causes of death were infections (33%) and malignancies (27%). Interestingly, initial disease-related complications were a major cause of death (34%). CONCLUSION: A low mortality rate was observed, with the majority of deaths due to malignancies and infections, and with a notable participation of complications related to the initial disease. No impact of cardiovascular disease was noted with the given follow-up period. Improvements in managing immunosuppression may contribute to reducing mortality in pediatric renal transplantation.

De novo malignancy after solid organ transplantation in children.

The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of de novo malignancy after solid organ transplantation in childhood. A retrospective questionnaire-based survey was sent to 9 referral centers for pediatric organ transplantation in France. Among 1326 children who underwent solid organ transplantation since 1996, 80 (6%) presented with de novo malignancy posttransplantation during childhood: posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease was the most common (5% of pediatric recipients) comprising 80% of all tumors, with a disproportionately high prevalence among combined liver and small bowel recipients (18%). Various solid tumors were observed mainly among kidney recipients. No skin cancer was reported.

[Refractive outcome and prognostic factors for success of intracorneal ring segment implantation in keratoconus: A retrospective study of 75 eyes]. / Résultats réfractifs et facteurs pronostiques de succès du traitement du kératocône par anneaux intracornéens : étude rétrospective sur 75 yeux.

PURPOSE: To define the prognostic factors for success and to evaluate the predictability of intracorneal ring segments (ICRS) in the treatment of keratoconus. METHODS: In this retrospective study conducted at the University Hospital of Nantes, Keraring ICRS were implanted in 75 eyes of 65 patients with keratoconus. Best spectacle corrected visual acuity (BSCVA), manifest refraction and corneal topography were analysed. To define prognostic factors, we compared the results of 2 groups: "IMP" (gain of at least 2 lines of BSCVA) and "ROS" (the others). We evaluated the predictability of the nomogram with a mathematical model proposed by Pena-Garcia et al. (IOVS 2012). RESULTS: At 3 months, BSCVA improved from 0.3 to 0.2 logMAR (P<0.05). A total of 61 % of the patients experienced a gain of at least 1 line of BSCVA. Spherical equivalent decreased by 2.32 diopters (D), cylinder decreased by 2.47 D, and maximal keratometry by 2.62 D (P<0.05 for each compared with preoperative values). A total of 90 % of the patients whose BSCVA did not improve achieved a significant refractive improvement. A preoperative BSCVA>0.3 logMAR is a prognostic factor for gain of at least 2 lines of BSCVA (P=1.6E-3). Predictability was fair: only 43 % had a±1D difference from the spherical equivalent predicted by the nomogram. There was no statistically significative difference between gain or loss of BSCVA predicted by the mathematical model and the postoperative results. CONCLUSIONS: ICRS are visually and refractively effective. Predictability could be improved by using mathematical models and knowledge of prognostic factors for success, allowing for better patient selection.

Liver hepatoblastoma and multiple OXPHOS deficiency in the follow-up of a patient with methylmalonic aciduria.

A boy who was diagnosed with methylmalonic aciduria (MMA) at the age of 10 days developed persistent hepatomegaly and raised transaminases from the age of 4 years. He was subsequently diagnosed with Leigh syndrome and required a kidney transplantation for end-stage renal failure. A massive hepatoblastoma led to his death by the age of 11 years. Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase activity was undetectable on both cultured skin fibroblasts and kidney biopsy and multiple respiratory chain deficiency was demonstrated in the kidney. Mitochondrial dysfunction and/or post-transplant immunosuppressive therapy should be considered as a possible cause of liver cancer in this patient.

Antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection in children with low grade vesicoureteral reflux: results from a prospective randomized study.

PURPOSE: Antibiotic prophylaxis is given to children at risk for urinary tract infection. However, evidence concerning its effectiveness in grade I to III vesicoureteral reflux is lacking. The objective of this study was to determine whether antibiotic prophylaxis reduces the incidence of urinary tract infection in young children with low grade vesicoureteral reflux. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Children 1 month to 3 years old with grade I to III vesicoureteral reflux were assigned randomly to receive daily cotrimoxazole or no treatment, and followed for 18 months. A urinary tract infection constituted an exit criterion. Infection-free survival rates were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log rank test. RESULTS: A total of 225 children were enrolled in the study. Distribution of gender, age at inclusion and reflux grade were similar between the 2 groups. There was no significant difference in the occurrence of urinary tract infection between the 2 groups (17% vs 26%, p = 0.2). However, a significant association was found between treatment and patient gender (p = 0.017). Prophylaxis significantly reduced urinary tract infection in boys (p = 0.013), most notably in boys with grade III vesicoureteral reflux (p = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that antibiotic prophylaxis does not reduce the overall incidence of urinary tract infection in children with low grade vesicoureteral reflux. However, such a strategy may prevent further urinary tract infection in boys with grade III reflux.

[Ecchymotic angioedema revealing childhood systemic lupus erythematosus with anti-C1q antibodies]. / Angioedèmes à évolution ecchymotique révélant un lupus érythémateux systémique de l'enfant avec anticorps anti-C1q.

BACKGROUND: Hypocomplement urticarial vasculitis syndrome may be the presenting sign of systemic lupus erythematosus. Hypocomplement urticarial vasculitis presents as atypical urticaria associated in 50% of cases with angioedema. On laboratory investigation, hypocomplementaemia is the characteristic feature, with reduced C3, C4 and C1q. This disease is very rare in children. PATIENTS AND METHODS: An eight-year-old girl was hospitalised for relapsing urticaria with ecchymotic angioedema present for one year, in a setting of impaired general health and fever. Screening for native anti-DNA and antinuclear antibodies was positive. Analysis of complement revealed activation of the classical pathway with reduced CH50, C4 and C3. These anomalies persisted outside active episodes. The C1q fraction was completely depressed and screening for anti-C1q was positive. There was no quantitative or qualitative deficit in C1-esterase inhibitor. Direct immunofluorescence of skin lesions demonstrated deposits of immunoglobulin and complement. These episodes of angioedema persisted despite long-term systemic corticosteroid therapy (1mg/kg per day). DISCUSSION: This is the first reported case of hypocomplement urticarial vasculitis syndrome arising from systemic lupus erythematosus in a child exhibiting anti-C1q antibodies. Furthermore, this case is original because of the highly ecchymotic nature of the lesions. In the presence of angioedema with ecchymotic progression associated with atypical chronic urticaria, a diagnosis of hypocomplement urticarial vasculitis syndrome should be considered.

Impact of an antimicrobial stewardship programme to optimize antimicrobial use for outpatients at an emergency department.

BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial stewardship programmes (ASPs) have been effective in optimizing antibiotic use for inpatients. However, an emergency department's fast-paced clinical setting can be challenging for a successful ASP. AIM: In April 2015, an ASP was implemented in our emergency department and we aimed to determine its impact on antimicrobial use for outpatients. METHODS: This was a single-centre study comparing the quality of antibiotic prescriptions between a one-year period before ASP implementation (November 2012 to October 2013) and a one-year period after its implementation (June 2015 to May 2016). For each period, antimicrobial prescriptions for all adult outpatients (hospitalized for <24h) were evaluated by an infectious disease specialist and an emergency department physician to assess compliance with local prescribing guidelines. Inappropriate prescriptions were then classified. FINDINGS: Before and after ASP, 34,671 and 35,925 consultations were registered at our emergency department, of which 25,470 and 26,208 were outpatients. Antimicrobials were prescribed in 769 (3.0%) and 580 (2.2%) consultations, respectively (P < 0.0001). There were 484 (62.9%) and 271 (46.7%) (P < 0.0001) instances of non-compliance with guidelines before and after ASP implementation. Non-compliance included unnecessary antimicrobial prescriptions, 197 (25.6%) vs 101 (17.4%) (P<0.0005); inappropriate spectrum, 108 (14.0%) vs 54 (9.3%) (P=0.008); excessive treatment duration, 87 (11.3%) vs 53 (9.1%) (P>0.05); and inappropriate choices, 11 (1.4%) vs 15 (2.6%) (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: The implementation of an ASP markedly decreased the number of unnecessary antimicrobial prescriptions, but had little impact on most other aspects of inappropriate prescribing.

Evaluating antibiotic therapies prescribed to adult patients in the emergency department.

OBJECTIVES: The proper use of antibiotics is a public health priority to preserve their effectiveness. Little data is available on outpatient antibiotic prescriptions, especially in the emergency department. We aimed to assess the quality of outpatient antibiotic prescriptions in our hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective monocentric study of antibiotic prescriptions written to adult patients managed at the emergency department without hospitalization (November 15th, 2012-November 15th, 2013). Prescriptions were evaluated by an infectious disease specialist and an emergency physician on the basis of local recommendations compiled from national and international guidelines. RESULTS: A total of 760 prescriptions were reviewed. The most frequent indications were urinary tract infections (n=263; 34.6%), cutaneous infections (n=198; 26.05%), respiratory tract infections (n=101; 13.28%), and ENT infections (n=62; 8.15%). The most frequently prescribed antibiotics were fluoroquinolones (n=314; 40.83%) and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (n=245; 31.85%). Overall, 455 prescriptions (59.86%) did not comply with guidelines. The main reasons for inadequacy were the absence of an indication for antibiotic therapy (n=197; 40.7%), an inadequate spectrum of activity, i.e. too broad, (n=95; 19.62%), and excessive treatment duration (n=87; 17.97%). Rates of inadequate prescriptions were 82.26% for ENT infections, 71.2% for cutaneous infections, 46.53% for respiratory tract infections, and 38.4% for urinary tract infections. CONCLUSION: Antibiotic prescriptions written to outpatients in the emergency department are often inadequate. Enhancing prescribers' training and handing out guidelines is therefore necessary. The quality of these prescriptions should then be re-assessed.

The French version of the Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire (CHAQ) and the Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ).

We report the results of the cross-cultural adaptation and validation into the French language of two health status instruments. The Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire (CHAQ) is a disease specific instrument that measures functional ability in daily living activities in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). The Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ) is a generic health related quality of life instrument designed to capture the physical and psychosocial well-being of children independently from the underlying disease. Five hundred children were enrolled including 306 patients with JIA classified into systemic (23%), polyarticular (22%), extended oligoarticular (25%), and persistent oligoarticular (30%) subtypes, and 194 healthy children. Both instruments were reliable with intra-class correlation (ICC) coefficients for the test-retest procedure of 0.91 for the CHAQ, and 0.87 and 0.89 for the physical and psychosocial summary scores of CHQ, respectively. Agreement between parents and children evaluated for the CHAQ was high with an ICC of 0.89 for the disability index; weighted kappa coefficients for the 8 domains ranged from 0.61 to 0.72. Convergent validity was demonstrated by significant correlations with the JIA core set of variables (physician and parent global assessment, scores for active joints and joints with limited range of motion, erythrocyte sedimentation rate) for both instruments. Both CHAQ and CHQ discriminated between healthy and JIA children, but only the disease specific CHAQ questionnaire discriminated clearly between the 4 JIA subtypes. In conclusion, the French versions of the CHAQ and the CHQ are reliable, and valid health assessment questionnaires to be used in children suffering from JIA.

[Trial of prevention of severe Haemophilus influenzae type b infections and trial of tolerance, after PRP-T vaccination, in the Val-de-Marne region]. / Essai de prévention des infections graves à Haemophilus Influenzae type b et essai de tolérance, après vaccination PRP-T, dans le département du Val-de-Marne.

BACKGROUND: Protein-polysaccharide conjugate H influenzae vaccine is now routinely recommended for infants. To assess the vaccine's protective efficacy against invasive H influenzae infections and its safety, we conducted a study in the Val-de-Marne area of France. METHODS: From April 1991 to April 1993, 22,443 children less than 5 years of age were given PRP-T vaccine. Infants less than 6 months were given three doses whereas those between 6 and 12 months received only two doses, and children over 1 year of age received one dose. According to the infant's DTP-IPV vaccination status, PRP-T was administered alone or reconstituted extemporaneously with DTP-IPV. The immunogenicity of the conjugate vaccine was assessed after three doses in 100 infants under the age of 6 months. RESULTS: The PRP-T vaccine administered alone was safe. The reactions were more frequent when PRP-T vaccine was combined with DTP-IPV vaccine but they were comparable in frequency and severity to those observed after DTP-IPV vaccination. Before 1992, 18 Hib infections were reported each year in the Val-de-Marne region. During the study, only three Hib infections were reported each year. CONCLUSIONS: The fall in incidence of Hib infections, greater than expected, suggests a widespread immune effect of the vaccine, possibly due to a decrease in Hib nasopharyngeal carriage. The antibody titres to each component of vaccine were comparable to those observed in previous clinical infant studies.

[Dysthyroidism and Parkinson's disease]. / Dysthyroïdie et maladie de Parkinson.

Associations between hyperthyroidism and Parkinson disease have been reported. The treatment of the hyperthyroid state seems to improve the extrapyramidal symptomatology. We report a case of a woman suffering from Parkinson disease and hypothyroidism. The treatment with thyroxine increased parkinsonian tremor. Dopamine regulation of TSH circadian and pulsatile release is not clear. These observations stress the possible role of thyroid hormones in regulating dopaminergic metabolism.

[The emergency department: an appropriate place for identifying troubled teens]. / Les urgences, un lieu de repérage des adolescents en difficulté

OBJECTIVES: The main objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of psychological distress among adolescents seen in emergency departments, and the secondary objective was to highlight their main reasons for consulting. METHODS: Cross-sectional study in three multicenter emergency departments receiving adolescents in Île-de-France conducted in 2010. All adolescents completed a questionnaire including the ADRS (Adolescent Depression Rating Scale, a screening questionnaire for depression) and a series of questions relating to somatization and risk behaviors. RESULTS: The study included 346 adolescents, 320 of which were fully analyzed. The ADRS score was considered normal (score < 3) for 70.6% of the sample (n = 226), 19.4% of adolescents (n = 62) had moderate depressive symptoms (3 ≤ score < 6), and 10.0% severe depressive symptoms (score ≥ 6) (n = 32). The majority of patients consulted for trauma and less than 10% for acute psychiatric problems; 17% of adolescents who came to the emergency department for a nonpsychiatric reason had an ADRS ≥ 3, i.e., with mental distress. CONCLUSION: The routine use of a self-administered questionnaire in the emergency services could identify adolescents with moderate to severe depressive symptoms.