First protein and peptide characterization of the tarsal adhesive secretions in the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, and the Madagascar hissing cockroach, Gromphadorhina portentosa.

Peptides and proteins have been largely neglected in the analysis of insect tarsal adhesives. After extraction of the protein fraction of the tarsal secretion of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, and Madagascar hissing cockroach, Gromphadorhina portentosa, we combined Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) analyses for protein mass detection. In both these insects, SDS-PAGE analysis revealed several protein bands ranging from 8-190 kDa in both the tarsal secretion and the tibia control sample. Two (S. gregaria) and one (G. portentosa) protein bands exclusively occurred in the tarsal secretion and can be considered to belong to peptides and proteins specific to this secretion. MALDI-TOF analyses revealed 83 different proteins/peptides of 1-7 kDa in S. gregaria, and 48 of 1-11 kDa in G. portentosa. 59 (S. gregaria) and 27 (G. portentosa) proteins exclusively occurred in the tarsal secretion. In G. portentosa, a characteristic series of signal peaks occurred in the range of c. 10-12 kDa, each peak being approximately 160 Da apart. Such a pattern is indicative of proteins modified by glycosylation. Our approach demonstrates that extensive sampling involving considerable time and manpower to sample the adhesive fluid directly from the tarsi opens up a perspective for extracting peptides and proteins in sufficient quantities. This makes them accessible to the field of proteomics and thus to elucidate their possible function in the adhesive process.

Effects of Exposure to Welding Fume on Lung Function: Results from the German WELDOX Study.

The association between exposure to welding fume and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been insufficiently clarified. In this study we assessed the influence of exposure to welding fume on lung function parameters. We investigated forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), FEV1/FVC, and expiratory flow rates in 219 welders. We measured current exposure to respirable particles and estimated a worker's lifetime exposure considering welding techniques, working conditions and protective measures at current and former workplaces. Multiple regression models were applied to estimate the influence of exposure to welding fume, age, and smoking on lung function. We additionally investigated the duration of working as a welder and the predominant welding technique. The findings were that age- and smoking-adjusted lung function parameters showed no decline with increasing duration, current exposure level, and lifetime exposure to welding fume. However, 15% of the welders had FEV1/FVC below the lower limit of normal, but we could not substantiate the presence of an association with the measures of exposure. Adverse effects of cigarette smoking were confirmed. In conclusion, the study did not support the notion of a possible detrimental effect of exposure to welding fume on lung function in welders.

Formation and structure of copper(II) oxalate layers on carboxy-terminated self-assembled monolayers.

Copper(II) oxalate was grown on carboxy-terminated self-assembled monolayers using a step-by-step approach by dipping the surfaces alternately in ethanolic solutions of copper(II) acetate and oxalic acid with intermediate thorough rinsing steps. The deposition was monitored by reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS), a quartz microbalance with dissipation measurement (QCM-D), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and helium ion microscopy (HIM). Amounts of material corresponding to a coverage of 75% of a monolayer are deposited in each dipping step in copper(II) acetate solution while deposition of oxalic acid produces a viscoelastic layer that is partially removed by rinsing. This points toward initial aggregation but acid not bound to Cu(2+) ions as oxalate ions is removed by the rinsing steps. RAIRS further indicates that the material grows as copper(II) oxalate ribbons similar to the crystal structure but with ribbons oriented roughly parallel to the surface. SEM and HIM give evidence of the formation of needle-shaped structures which are a possible explanation for the viscoelastic behavior of the layer.

[Immunoadsorption in thrombangiitis obliterans: a promising therapeutic option: results of a consecutive patient cohort treated in clinical routine care]. / Immunadsorption bei Thrombangiitis obliterans - eine vielversprechende therapeutische Option. Behandlungsergebnisse einer konsekutiven Patientenkohorte der klinischen Routineversorgung.

BACKGROUND: Thrombangiitis obliterans or Buerger's disease is a segmental inflammatory disease affecting small and medium-sized veins and arteries, which most often affects young smokers leading to thrombophlebitis and acral ischaemic syndromes, inducing high amputation rates. Based on positive results of a former pilot study we report on our results of immunoadsorption (IA) in clinical routine care, where IA was offered as a treatment option. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The uncontrolled course of 12 consecutive TAO-patients treated by IA on a series of 5 consecutive days was observed. Follow-up period was 14.1 (ranging from 1-26) months. RESULTS: Eight patients were treated with one, four patients completed 2 IA-series. In 9 patients an early onset and lasting clinical improvement and an improvement of ischaemia was noted. The intake of pain-relievers (especially opioids) sank drastically. Eight patients returned to work. Retrospectively, in two out of three treatment failures the correct diagnosis of TAO was questionable. CONCLUSION: IA seems to be a promising treatment option for patients suffering from TAO which should be further evaluated in controlled clinical trials.

Classification of skin sensitizing substances: a comparison between approaches used by the DFG-MAK Commission and the European Union legislation.

A systematic classification of substances (or mixtures of substances) with regard to various toxicological endpoints is a prerequisite for the implementation of occupational safety strategies. As its principal task the "Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area" of the "Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft" (DFG-MAK Commission) derives and recommends maximum workplace concentrations and biological tolerance values (MAK and BAT values) based exclusively on scientific arguments. Several endpoints are evaluated separately in detail, e.g. carcinogenicity, risks during pregnancy, germ cell mutagenicity or contribution to systemic toxicity after cutaneous absorption. Skin- and airway sensitization is also considered; the present paper focuses on these two endpoints.

Quality management in the prophylaxis of venous thrombembolism--results of a survey including 464 medical and surgical patients.

BACKGROUND: We surveyed the quality of risk stratification politics and monitored the rate of entries to our company-wide protocol for venous thrombembolism (VTE) prophylaxis in order to identify safety concerns. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Audit in 464 medical and surgical patients to evaluate quality of VTE prophylaxis. RESULTS: Patients were classified as low 146 (31 %), medium 101 (22 %), and high risk cases 217 (47 %). Of these 262 (56.5 %) were treated according to their risk status and in accordance with our protocol, while 9 more patients were treated according to their risk status but off-protocol. Overtreatment was identified in 73 (15.7 %), undertreatment in 120 (25,9 %) of all patients. The rate of incorrect prophylaxis was significantly different between the risk categories, with more patients of the high-risk group receiving inadequate medical prophylaxis (data not shown; p = 0.038). Renal function was analyzed in 392 (84.5 %) patients. In those patients with known renal function 26 (6.6 %) received improper medical prophylaxis. If cases were added in whom prophylaxis was started without previous creatinine control, renal function was not correctly taken into account in 49 (10.6 %) of all patients. Moreover, deterioration of renal function was not excluded within one week in 78 patients (16.8 %) and blood count was not re-checked in 45 (9.7 %) of all patients after one week. There were more overtreatments in surgical (n = 53/278) and more undertreatments in medical patients (n = 54/186) (p = 0.04). Surgeons neglected renal function and blood controls significantly more often than medical doctors (p-values for both < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: We found a low adherence with our protocol and substantial over- and undertreatment in VTE prophylaxis. Besides, we identified disregarding of renal function and safety laboratory examinations as additional safety concerns. To identify safety problems associated with medical VTE prophylaxis and "hot spots" quality management-audits proved to be valuable instruments.

Toxicological potential of 2-alkylcyclobutanones--specific radiolytic products in irradiated fat-containing food--in bacteria and human cell lines.

Food irradiation has been considered as a safe processing technology to improve food safety and preservation, eliminating efficiently bacterial pathogens, parasites and insects. This study aims to characterize the toxicological potential of 2-alkylcyclobutanones (2-ACBs), radiolytic derivatives of triglycerides, formed uniquely upon irradiation of fat-containing food. In irradiated food they are generated proportionally to fat content and absorbed radiation dose. The cyto- and genotoxic potentials of various highly pure synthetic 2-ACBs were studied in bacteria and human cell lines. While pronounced cytotoxicity was evident in bacteria, no mutagenic activity has been revealed by the Ames test in Salmonella strains TA 97, TA 98 and TA 100. In mammalian cells genotoxicity was demonstrated mainly by the induction of DNA base lesions recognized by the Fpg protein as determined by both the Comet Assay and the Alkaline Unwinding procedure. Formation of DNA strand breaks was observed by the Alkaline Unwinding procedure but not by the Comet Assay. The extent of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity were dependent on chain length and degree of unsaturation of the fatty acid chain. Further studies will have to clarify mechanisms of action and potential relevance for human exposure situation.

Nickel(II) interferes with the incision step in nucleotide excision repair in mammalian cells.

Nickel compounds are carcinogenic to humans and experimental animals. However, the mechanisms leading to tumor formation are still not understood since the mutagenic potential is rather weak. In contrast, nickel(II) enhances the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in combination with several other DNA-damaging agents. To elucidate possible interactions with DNA repair processes, the effect of nickel(II) on the nucleotide excision repair pathway has been investigated after UV irradiation in HeLa cells. Nickel(II) blocks the removal of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers as determined by T4 endonuclease V-sensitive sites. When the alkaline unwinding technique was applied, significantly less transient DNA strand breaks after UV irradiation were detected in the presence of nickel(II) compared to UV alone, suggesting an inhibition of the incision step of nucleotide excision repair. Once incisions are made, the ligation of repair patches is delayed as well in nickel-treated cells, as observed by the alkaline unwinding and nucleoid sedimentation techniques. This inhibition of DNA repair is partly reversible by the addition of magnesium(II), indicating that the competition between Ni2+ and Mg2+ may provide an important mechanism for the disturbance of DNA-protein interactions involved in the repair process. Since the repair inhibition is observed at noncytotoxic concentrations of nickel(II), it may well be relevant for its carcinogenic action.

Ethics and psychiatric research: problems and justification.

The discussion of ethics in psychiatry continues to increase. Research in psychiatry, like all medical research, is of ethical concern because it often involves risks to subjects so that others may benefit. It also involves the allocation of monetary and human resources. In recent years these concerns have been brought to the forefront of professional and public attention. The authors consider the problem of justifying resource allocations and the risks involved in psychiatry research, survey some of the special problems faced by researchers in this field, and give a brief account of present government regulations that pertain to research ethics in psychiatry.

Zinc finger proteins as potential targets for toxic metal ions: differential effects on structure and function.

Zinc finger structures are frequently found in transcription factors and DNA repair proteins, mediating DNA-protein and protein-protein binding. As low concentrations of transition metal compounds, including those of cadmium, nickel, and cobalt, have been shown to interfere with DNA transcription and repair, several studies have been conducted to elucidate potential interactions of toxic metal ions with zinc-binding protein domains. Various effects have been identified, including the displacement of zinc, e.g., by cadmium or cobalt, the formation of mixed complexes, incomplete coordination of toxic metal ions, as well as the oxidation of cysteine residues within the metal-binding domain. Besides the number of cysteine and/or histidine ligands, unique structural features of the respective protein under investigation determine whether or not zinc finger structures are disrupted by one or more transition metals. As improper folding of zinc finger domains is mostly associated with the loss of correct protein function, disruption of zinc finger structures may result in interference with manifold cellular processes involved in gene expression, growth regulation, and maintenance of the genomic integrity.

Biomonitoring on carcinogenic metals and oxidative DNA damage in a cross-sectional study.

Oxidative DNA damage is mediated by reactive oxygen species and is supposed to play an important role in various diseases including cancer. The endogenous amount of reactive oxygen species may be enhanced by the exposure to genotoxic metals. A cross-sectional study was conducted from 1993 to 1994 in an urban population in Germany to investigate the association between metal exposure and oxidative DNA damage. The cross-sectional sample of 824 participants was recruited from the registry of residents in Bremen, comprising about two-third males and one-third females with an average age of 61.1 years. A standardized questionnaire was used to obtain the occupational and smoking history. The incorporated dose of exposure to metals was assessed by biological monitoring. Chromium, cadmium, and nickel were measured in 593 urine samples. Lead was determined in blood samples of 227 participants. As a biomarker for oxidative DNA damage, 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine has been analyzed in lymphocytes of 201 participants. Oxidative lesions were identified by single strand breaks induced by the bacterial formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (Fpg) in combination with the alkaline unwinding approach. The concentrations of metals indicate a low body load (median values: 1.0 microg nickel/l urine, 0.4 microg cadmium/l urine, and 46 microg lead/l blood; 83% of chromium measures were below the technical detection limit of 0.3 microg/l). The median level of Fpg-sensitive DNA lesions was 0.23 lesions/10(6) bp. A positive association between nickel and the rate of oxidative DNA lesions (Fpg-sensitive sites) was observed (odds ratio, 2.15; tertiles 1 versus 3, P < 0.05), which provides further evidence for the genotoxic effect of nickel in the general population.

Role of DNA repair inhibition in lead- and cadmium-induced genotoxicity: a review.

Compounds of lead and cadmium have been shown to be carcinogenic to humans and experimental animals. However, the underlying mechanisms are still not understood. In mammalian cells in culture, lead(II) is weakly mutagenic after long incubation times and generates DNA strand breaks only after treatment with high, toxic doses. Cadmium(II) induces DNA strand breaks and chromosomal aberrations, but its mutagenic potential is rather weak. However, both metals exert pronounced indirect genotoxic effects. Lead(II) is comutagenic towards UV and N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and enhances the number of UV-induced sister chromatid exchanges in V79 Chinese hamster cells. With regard to DNA repair, lead(II) causes an accumulation of DNA strand breaks after UV-irradiation in HeLa cells, indicating an interference with the polymerization or ligation step in excision repair. Cadmium(II) enhances the mutagenicity of UV light in V79 Chinese hamster cells and an increased sensitivity toward UV light is observed in various rodent and human cell lines. Furthermore, an inhibition of unscheduled DNA synthesis after UV-irradiation and a partial inhibition of the removal of UV-induced DNA lesions has been shown. For both metals, the indirect genotoxic effects are observed at low, nontoxic concentrations, suggesting that an interference with DNA repair processes may be predominant at biologically relevant concentrations. This might also explain the conflicting results of epidemiological studies obtained for both metals. Possible mechanisms of repair inhibition are discussed.

Interference by toxic metal ions with DNA repair processes and cell cycle control: molecular mechanisms.

Nickel, cadmium, cobalt, and arsenic compounds are well-known carcinogens to humans and experimental animals. Even though their DNA-damaging potentials are rather weak, they interfere with the nucleotide and base excision repair at low, noncytotoxic concentrations. For example, both water-soluble Ni(II) and particulate black NiO greatly reduced the repair of DNA adducts induced by benzo[a]pyrene, an important environmental pollutant. Furthermore, Ni(II), As(III), and Co(II) interfered with cell cycle progression and cell cycle control in response to ultraviolet C radiation. As potential molecular targets, interactions with so-called zinc finger proteins involved in DNA repair and/or DNA damage signaling were investigated. We observed an inactivation of the bacterial formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (Fpg), the mammalian xeroderma pigmentosum group A protein (XPA), and the poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose)polymerase (PARP). Although all proteins were inhibited by Cd(II) and Cu(II), XPA and PARP but not Fpg were inhibited by Co(II) and Ni(II). As(III) deserves special attention, as it inactivated only PARP, but did so at very low concentrations starting from 10 nM. Because DNA is permanently damaged by endogenous and environmental factors, functioning processing of DNA lesions is an important prerequisite for maintaining genomic integrity; its inactivation by metal compounds may therefore constitute an important mechanism of metal-related carcinogenicity.

Modulation of DNA repair processes by arsenic and selenium compounds.

Nickel, cadmium, cobalt and arsenic compounds are well known carcinogens to humans and experimental animals. In addition to the induction of mainly oxidative DNA damage, they interfere with nucleotide and base excision repair (BER) at low, non-cytotoxic concentrations. In case of arsenic, an inactivation of DNA repair has also been observed for the trivalent and pentavalent methylated metabolites, with the strongest effects exerted by MMA(III) and DMA(III). As potential molecular targets, interactions with so-called zinc finger proteins involved in DNA repair and/or DNA damage signaling have been identified. For example, arsenite suppresses poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation at extremely low, environmentally relevant concentrations. Also, Fpg and XPA involved in BER and NER, respectively, are inactivated by arsenite, MMA(III) and DMA(III). Nevertheless, an interaction with the zinc finger structures of DNA repair proteins may also occur by essential trace elements such as certain selenium compounds, which appear to exert anticarcinogenic properties at low concentrations but may compromise genetic stability at higher concentrations.

Analysis of metal-induced oxidative DNA damage in cultured mammalian cells.

Reactive oxygen species are continuously generated during oxygen metabolism, and a measurable amount of oxidative DNA damage exists in aerobic organisms. By the determination of Fpg-sensitive sites in mammalian cells in culture, we assessed the background level of oxidative DNA damage and its potential increase by extracellularly applied complexes of iron(III). In V79 Chinese hamster cells the endogenous level of Fpg-sensitive modifications is detectable, but the extent is much lower as compared with results derived from other analytical methods. In V79 cells, the frequency of Fpg-sensitive modifications is considerably enhanced by Fe-NTA in a time- and dose-dependent manner, while no increase is observed after treatment with Fe-citrate. These results indicate that the ability of transition metals to generate oxidative DNA damage in intact cells strongly depends on factors like uptake and intracellular distribution, which will affect the intracellular availability of redox-active metal ions close to critical targets.

Prepolymer film growth by adsorption out of solution on silicon and aluminiumAn atomic force microscopic stud.

A cyanurate prepolymer has been applied to smooth silicon wafers or to distinctly structured aluminium coatings. The surface composition of the substrates has been investigated by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) and ellipsometry. The application methods, spin coating and dip coating represent adsorption by a technical process exerting significant shear stresses or nearly equilibrated conditions, respectively. The mean tickness of the prepolymer film has been adjusted by variation of the concentration of the solution and checked by ellipsometry. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) monitored the development of the respective film morphologies of all 4 systems (silicon/aluminium, spin/dip coating) in the mean film thickness range from 1 to 50 nm.

Carcinogenicity of metal compounds: possible role of DNA repair inhibition.

Compounds of chromium, nickel, cadmium, cobalt and arsenic are well-known carcinogens. However, their mode of action is still not fully understood, since, with the exception of chromium(VI), direct genotoxic effects are rather weak and/or restricted to comparatively high concentrations. However, current evidence suggests that DNA repair systems are very sensitive targets for nickel(II), cadmium(II), cobalt(II) and arsenic(III), leading to a diminished removal of endogenous DNA lesions and of DNA damage induced by environmental agents, which in turn may increase the risk of tumor formation. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms are quite different, depending for example on the ability of toxic metal ions to compete with magnesium ions or to displace zinc ions in zinc finger structures of DNA repair enzymes.

Mechanisms in nickel genotoxicity: the significance of interactions with DNA repair.

Even though nickel compounds are strong carcinogens, the underlying mechanism is still unclear. In contrast to their weak mutagenic potential, they enhance the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of UV light, X-rays and cytostatic agents like cis-platinum, trans-platinum and mitomycin C. Studies in combination with UV light indicate an inhibition of DNA repair, presumably at the incision step of nucleotide excision repair. Possible reasons for repair inhibition are structural changes of the DNA or direct interactions with repair enzymes or proteins, possibly by competition with essential metal ions.

Sensitive analysis of oxidative DNA damage in mammalian cells: use of the bacterial Fpg protein in combination with alkaline unwinding.

The measurement of oxidative DNA base modifications by different methods has received special attention in recent years. Here we describe a procedure to quantify DNA lesions recognized by the bacterial formamido-pyrimidine-DNA glycosylases (Fpg protein). These include 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-hydroxyguanine) as well as some other forms of imidazole ring-opened purines, which are converted into abasic sites and subsequently into DNA single-strand breaks by the associated endonuclease activity. The frequency of DNA strand breaks is determined by the alkaline unwinding technique. The procedure provides a fast and sensitive tool to assess the extent of spontaneous as well as induced oxidative DNA damage in mammalian cells.

Effect of cadmium(II) on the extent of oxidative DNA damage in primary brain cell cultures from Pleurodeles larvae.

Compounds of cadmium(II) are well-known human and animal carcinogens. Furthermore, they affect development. growth and brain functions at subacute environmental concentrations in experimental animals. We investigated the potential of cadmium(II) to induce oxidative DNA damage in brain cell cultures obtained from larvae of Pleurodeles waltl. As indicators of DNA lesions typical of oxygen free radicals, we determined the frequencies of DNA strand breaks and of DNA base modifications recognized by the bacterial formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (Fpg protein). DNA strand breaks were generated in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations of 1 microM and greater. In contrast, no significant increase in Fpg-sensitive sites was observed under our experimental conditions. However, the repair of Fpg-sensitive DNA lesions induced by visible light was slightly diminished at 1 microM and inhibited completely at 10 microM of cadmium(II), while the closure of DNA strand breaks was not affected. Our results show that, although cadmium is not able to induce oxidative DNA base modifications in larval brain cells directly, its capability to generate DNA strand breaks and to interfere with the repair of oxidative DNA damage could explain the early life stage neurotoxicity of this metal.