Heart Failure With Recovered Ejection Fraction in Patients With Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy: Characteristics, Outcomes, and Long-term Follow-up.

BACKGROUND: Duration of recovery and long-term outcomes have not been well-described in a large cohort of patients with heart failure with recovered ejection fraction (HFrecEF) owing to nonischemic cardiomyopathy. The aim of the study was to characterize the duration of recovery and long-term outcomes of patients with HFrecEF. METHODS AND RESULTS: We performed a retrospective analysis of our institution's databases. Only patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy, a chronic HF diagnosis, and a previous left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of ≤35% who had a subsequent LVEF of ≥50% were considered to have recovery. Patients with an LVEF of ≤35% who did not recover served as the comparison group. Included were 2319 patients with an LVEF of ≤35%, of whom 465 (20% [18.4%-21.7%]) met the above criteria for recovery (HFrecEF group). Recovery in the HFrecEF group was temporary in most cases, with 50% of patients experiencing a decline in LVEF to <50% within 3.5 [interquartile range 2.4-4.9] years after the day of recovery. Age and sex adjusted death and hospitalization were lower in the HFrecEF group than the HFrEF group (HR 0.29 [interquartile range 0.20-0.41] for death and 0.44 [interquartile range 0.32-0.60] for HF hospitalization, P < .0001 for both). Longer recovery was associated with better survival, with patients spending >5 years in recovery (LVEF of ≥50%) displaying the highest survival rates (83% alive at 10 years after recovery). Survival after recurrence of LV dysfunction was longer for those whose recovery duration was >1 year. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with nonischemic HFrecEF display a unique clinical course. Although recovery is temporary in most cases, patients with HFrecEF display lower mortality and hospitalization rates, with the more durable the recovery of LV systolic function, the longer survival can be anticipated.

Longitudinal Change and Predictors of Myocardial Flow Reserve by Positron Emission Tomography for the Evaluation of Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy Following Heart Transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Positron emission tomography (PET) myocardial flow reserve (MFR) is a noninvasive method of detecting cardiac allograft vasculopathy in recipients of heart transplants (HTs). There are limited data on longitudinal change and predictors of MFR following HT. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of HT recipients undergoing PET myocardial perfusion imaging at an academic center. Multivariable linear and Cox regression models were constructed to identify longitudinal trends, predictors and the prognostic value of MFR after HT. RESULTS: Of HT recipients, 183 underwent 658 PET studies. The average MFR was 2.34 ± 0.70. MFR initially increased during the first 3 years following HT (+ 0.12 per year; P = 0.01) before beginning to decline at an annual rate of -0.06 per year (P < 0.001). MFR declines preceding acute rejection and improves after treatment. Treatment with mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors (37.2%) slowed the rate of annual MFR decline (P = 0.03). Higher-intensity statin therapy was associated with improved MFR. Longer time post-transplant (P < 0.001), hypertension (P < 0.001), chronic kidney disease (P < 0.001), diabetes mellitus (P = 0.038), antibody-mediated rejection (P = 0.040), and cytomegalovirus infection (P = 0.034) were associated with reduced MFR. Reduced MFR (HR: 7.6, 95% CI: 4.4-13.4; P < 0.001) and PET-defined ischemia (HR: 2.3, 95% CI: 1.4-3.9; P < 0.001) were associated with a higher risk of the composite outcome of mortality, retransplantation, heart failure hospitalization, acute coronary syndrome, or revascularization. CONCLUSION: MFR declines after the third post-transplant year and is prognostic for cardiovascular events. Cardiometabolic risk-factor modification and treatment with higher-intensity statin therapy and mechanistic target of rapamycin inhibitors are associated with a higher MFR.

Prognostic and Diagnostic Significance of Serum High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Level in Patients with Acute Idiopathic Pericarditis.

BACKGROUND: The frequency of increased high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and the time course of evolution of their levels in patients with acute idiopathic pericarditis (AIP) are not well established. OBJECTIVES: To assess the time course of evolution of hs-CRP levels and the possible clinical significance of maximal hs-CRP levels in patients with AIP. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical files of 241 patients admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of AIP between March 2006 and March 2017. Data on demographics, time of symptom onset, laboratory and imaging findings, and outcome were collected. RESULTS: Data on serum hs-CRP levels were available for 225 patients (age 18-89 years, 181 men). Fever, pleural effusion, and age were independently associated with hs-CRP levels. Major cardiac complications (MCC) (death, cardiac tamponade, cardiogenic shock, large pericardial effusion, ventricular tachycardia, pericardiocentesis, or pericardiectomy) were more common in patients with hs-CRP levels above the median compared to those below (21.2% vs. 4.5%, respectively, P < 0.001). Hs-CRP levels were independently associated with MCC (odds ratio [OR] 1.071, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 1.016-1.130, P = 0.011). Hs-CRP levels were elevated in 76.0%, 92.3% and 96.0% of the patients tested <6 hours, 7-12 hours, and >12 hours of symptom onset, respectively (P = 0.003). The frequency of elevated hs-CRP among patients tested > 24 hours was 98.1%. CONCLUSIONS: Hs-CRP levels rise rapidly among patients with AIP. Maximal hs-CRP levels are associated with MCC. A normal hs-CRP level is rare among patients tested > 24 hours of symptom onset.

The Relationship between Cigarette Smoking and Renal Function: A Large Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Both cigarette smoking and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are linked to cardiovascular morbidity and development of atherosclerosis. However, the relationship between cigarette smoking and renal function is not clearly understood. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the relationship between cigarette smoking and renal function, and determine whether the intensity of cigarette smoking influences renal function. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of subjects attending the screening center at the Rabin Medical Center. Subjects were classified as smokers, non-smokers and past smokers. Renal function was evaluated by means of the CKD-EPI equation for estimating glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Multivariate and gender-based analyses were performed. RESULTS: The study population comprised 24,081 participants, of whom 3958 (17%) were classified current smokers, and 20,123 non-smokers of whom 4523 were classified as past smokers. Current smokers presented a higher eGFR compared to the non-smoking group (100.8 vs. 98.7, P < 0.001) as well as higher rates of proteinuria (15.3% vs. 9.3%, P < 0.001). The difference in eGFR between smokers and non-smokers was more significant in males than in females. Past smokers had the lowest eGFR of all groups, this difference remained significant after age adjustments (P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Cigarette smoking is associated with higher eGFR compared to non-smoking. This difference was more pronounced in males than females, implying a gender-based difference. The higher prevalence of proteinuria in smokers suggests a mechanism of hyperfiltration, which might result in future progressive renal damage.

Gastrointestinal bleeding following Heartmate 3 left ventricular assist device implantation: The Michigan Bleeding Risk Model.

BACKGROUND: Gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) results in frequent hospitalizations and impairs quality of life in durable left ventricular assist device (LVAD) recipients. Anticipation of these events before implantation could have important implications for patient selection and management. METHODS: The study population included all adult HeartMate 3 (HM3) primary LVAD recipients enrolled in the STS Intermacs registry from January 2017 to December 2020. Using multivariable modeling methodologies, we investigated the relationships between preimplantation characteristics and postimplant bleeding, bleeding and death, and additional bleeding episodes on subsequent bleeding episodes and created a risk score to predict the likelihood of post-LVAD GIB based solely on preimplantation factors. RESULTS: Of 6,425 patients who received an HM3 LVAD, 1,010 (15.7%) patients experienced GIB. Thirteen preimplantation factors were independent predictors of post-LVAD GIB. A risk score was created from these factors and calculated for each patient. By 3 years postimplant, GIB occurred in 11%, 26%, and 43% of low-, medium- and high-risk patients, respectively. Experiencing 1 post-LVAD GIB event was associated with an increased risk for further GIB events, with 33.9% of patients experiencing at least 1 recurrence. While post-LVAD GIB was associated with mortality, there was no relationship between number of GIB events and death. CONCLUSIONS: The Michigan Bleeding Risk Model is a simple tool, which facilitates the prediction of post-LVAD GIB in HM3 recipients using 13 preimplant variables. The implementation of this tool may help in the risk stratification process and may have therapeutic and clinical implications in HM3 LVAD recipients.

Gastrointestinal bleeding on continuous-flow left ventricular assist device therapy.

While technological advances in the field of continuous-flow left ventricular assist device (CF-LVAD) are constantly being made, CF-LVAD recipients are still subjected to a relatively high rate of LVAD-related adverse events, with post-LVAD gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) being the most common one. GIB is associated with a significant impairment in quality of life, multiple hospital admissions, blood transfusion requirements and possibly death. Furthermore, of those patients who bled once, many will experience recurrent GIB events, which further aggravates their discomfort. While some medical and endoscopic treatment options are available, evidence regarding their benefit remains largely equivocal, with all related studies based on data from registries rather than clinical trials. Although having a major impact on LVAD recipients, an effective and validated pre-implant screening options to predict GIB events post-implant are scarce. This review focuses on the aetiology, incidence, risk factors, treatment options and the effect of new generation devices on post-LVAD GIB.

Exergaming in patients with a left ventricular assist device: a feasibility study.

AIMS: Exercise games (exergames) have been recently proposed as a mode of facilitating physical activity in patients with chronic diseases. Although patients supported with left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) benefit from physical activity, specific LVAD-related issues hinder their ability to exercise properly. The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility and safety of exergaming in LVAD-supported patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: Eleven LVAD-supported patients were enrolled in a 4 week exergaming programme using Nintendo Wii console with five sport games. Patients were instructed to play for 30 min a day, 5 days a week. Data on exercise capacity and exergaming were collected by using the 6 min walk test (6MWT) and a daily self-report diary, respectively. Feasibility of using the console and its safety was assessed by a semi-structured patient interview. Quality of life was assessed by the Minnesota Living with Heart failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ) and the Cantril's Ladder of Life. Safety was assessed by patient's report in interview and diary. The study group consisted of 10 male patients and 1 female patient, mean age of 67 ± 7 years, of whom 10 were supported with the HeartMate 3 LVAD for a median of 10 (interquartile range 3, 21) months. Baseline exercise capacity assessed by the 6MWT ranged from 240 to 570 m (mean 448 ± 112). After 4 weeks of exergaming, 6MWT distance increased from a mean of 448 ± 112 (evaluated in six patients) to 472 ± 113 m (P = 0.023). Patients' Cantril's Ladder of Life score improved numerically from an average of 6.13 to 7.67, as did their MLHFQ score from 45.9 ± 27 to 38.7 ± 18, with higher and lower scores, respectively, reflecting higher quality of life. No specific LVAD-related safety issues regarding exergaming were reported. CONCLUSIONS: Exergaming was found to be a safe and feasible mode for encouraging physical activity in LVAD-supported patients and carries a potential for improving exercise capacity and quality of life in these patients. Larger scale studies are warranted to further investigate the effect of exergaming in this patient population.

Management and outcomes over time of acute coronary syndrome patients at particularly high cardiovascular risk : the ACSIS registry-based retrospective study.

OBJECTIVE: Some patients following acute coronary syndrome (ACS) are at particularly increased risk for recurrent cardiovascular events. We aimed to examine temporal trends in the management and outcomes across the spectrum of these particularly high-risk patients. DESIGN AND SETTING: A retrospective study based on the ACS Israeli survey (ACSIS) registry, a multicentre prospective national registry, taking place biennially in 25 cardiology departments in Israel. Temporal trends were examined in the early (2002-2008) and late (2010-2018) time periods. PARTICIPANTS: Consecutive patients with ACS enrolled in the ACSIS registry were stratified according to the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Risk Score for secondary prevention (TRS2°P) to high (TRS2°p=3), very high (TRS2°p=4) or extremely high risk (TRS2°p=5-9). Patients with TRS2°p<3 were excluded. From the initial 15 196 patients enrolled, 5359 patients were eventually included.Clinical outcome measures included 30-day major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and 1-year mortality. RESULTS: Among 5359 patients (50% high risk, 30% very high risk and 20% extremely high risk), those with a higher risk were older, had more comorbidities, presented more with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction, and were treated less often with guideline-recommended pharmacotherapy and percutaneous coronary intervention. Over time, treatment has improved in all risk strata, and the rate of 30-day MACE has significantly decreased in all risk groups (from 21% to 10%, from 22% to 15%, and from 26% to 16%, in high, very high and extremely high-risk groups, respectively, p<0.001 for each). However, 1-year mortality decreased only among high and very high-risk patients, and not among extremely high-risk patients in whom 1-year mortality rates remained very high (28.7% vs 28.9%, p=1). CONCLUSION: Within a particularly high-risk cohort of patients with ACS, treatment has significantly progressed over almost 2 decades. While short-term outcomes have improved in all risk groups, 1-year mortality has remained unchanged in extremely high-risk patients with ACS.

Relation of Serum Albumin Levels to Myocardial Extracellular Volume in Patients With Severe Aortic Stenosis.

Severe aortic stenosis (AS) is often characterized by myocardial interstitial fibrosis. Myocardial interstitial fibrosis, classically measured by magnetic resonance imaging, was also shown to be accurately measured by computed tomography (CT)-derived extracellular volume fraction (ECVF). Serum albumin (SA) level (g/dl) has been shown to correlate with ECVF among patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction. Our objective was to evaluate the association between SA and ECVF among patients with severe symptomatic AS. Patients with symptomatic severe AS who were evaluated as candidates for intervention between 2016 and 2018 were enrolled prospectively. All patients underwent precontrast and postcontrast CT for estimating myocardial ECVF. Valid ambulatory SA within 6 weeks of the cardiac CT were obtained and classified as (tertiles) <3.8, 3.8 to 4.19, and ≥4.2 g/dl. Patients with acute systemic illness at the time of the albumin test were excluded. The study included 68 patients, mean age 81 ± 6 years, 53% women. Patients with lower SA were more likely to have chronic renal failure, previous percutaneous coronary interventions, and a reduced functional class. The mean ECVF (%) in the study cohort was 41 ± 12%, significantly higher among the patients in the lower SA level groups (50 ± 12% vs 38 ± 7% vs 33 ± 9% in the <3.8 g/dl, 3.8 to 4.19 g/dl and ≥4.2 g/dl groups respectively, p for trend <0.001). A statistically significant inverse correlation was found between SA levels and ECVF (r -0.7, p <0.001). Multivariable analysis showed significant independent association between low SA and ECVF. In conclusion, the SA level is inversely associated with CT-derived ECVF in patients with severe AS.

Natural History and Prognosis of Patients with Unrepaired Tricuspid Regurgitation Undergoing Implantation of Left Ventricular Assist Device.

We aimed to describe the natural history of left ventricular assist device (LVAD)-supported patients with preimplantation significant tricuspid regurgitation (TR) in a single-center retrospective analysis of LVAD-implanted patients (2008-2019). TR severity was assessed semiqualitatively using color-Doppler flow: insignificant TR (iTR) was defined as none/mild TR and significant TR (sTR) as ≥moderate TR. Included were 121 LVAD-supported patients of which 53% (n = 64) demonstrated sTR preimplantation. Among patients with pre-LVAD implantation sTR and available echocardiographic data, 55% (n = 26) ameliorated their TR severity grade to iTR during the first-year postsurgery and 55% (n = 17) had iTR at 2-year follow-up. On univariate analysis, predictors for TR severity improvement post-LVAD implantation were preimplant lack of atrial fibrillation, reduced inferior vena cavae diameter, and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance. In patients who failed to improve their TR severity grade, we observed a deterioration in right ventricular (RV) function (pulmonary artery pressure index 2.0 [1.7, 2.9], a decline in RV work index 242 [150, 471] mm Hg·L/m2) and higher loop-diuretics dose requirement. At a median of 21 (IQR 8, 40) months follow-up, clinical LVAD-related complications, heart failure-hospitalizations, and overall survival were similar among patients who improved versus failed to improve their TR severity-grade post-LVAD implantation. In conclusion, LVAD implantation is accompanied by a reduction in TR severity in approximately 50% of patients. In patients who failed to improve their TR severity grade, progressive RV dysfunction was observed. Overall, an isolated LVAD implantation in patients with sTR does not adversely affect survival.

Metabolomic and microbiome profiling reveals personalized risk factors for coronary artery disease.

Complex diseases, such as coronary artery disease (CAD), are often multifactorial, caused by multiple underlying pathological mechanisms. Here, to study the multifactorial nature of CAD, we performed comprehensive clinical and multi-omic profiling, including serum metabolomics and gut microbiome data, for 199 patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) recruited from two major Israeli hospitals, and validated these results in a geographically distinct cohort. ACS patients had distinct serum metabolome and gut microbial signatures as compared with control individuals, and were depleted in a previously unknown bacterial species of the Clostridiaceae family. This bacterial species was associated with levels of multiple circulating metabolites in control individuals, several of which have previously been linked to an increased risk of CAD. Metabolic deviations in ACS patients were found to be person specific with respect to their potential genetic or environmental origin, and to correlate with clinical parameters and cardiovascular outcomes. Moreover, metabolic aberrations in ACS patients linked to microbiome and diet were also observed to a lesser extent in control individuals with metabolic impairment, suggesting the involvement of these aberrations in earlier dysmetabolic phases preceding clinically overt CAD. Finally, a metabolomics-based model of body mass index (BMI) trained on the non-ACS cohort predicted higher-than-actual BMI when applied to ACS patients, and the excess BMI predictions independently correlated with both diabetes mellitus (DM) and CAD severity, as defined by the number of vessels involved. These results highlight the utility of the serum metabolome in understanding the basis of risk-factor heterogeneity in CAD.

Clinical significance of myocardial involvement in acute idiopathic pericarditis.

BACKGROUND: Acute idiopathic pericarditis (AIP) is frequently accompanied by myocardial involvement (AIPM). Although in acute myocarditis, the myocardial inflammation can lead to life-threatening complications, the outcome of patients with AIPM has been described as good. It remains unclear if a good prognosis of patients with AIPM reflects mild myocardial involvement or good medical management. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of life-threatening complications and life-saving interventions in a cohort of 248 consecutive patients admitted to a single medical center between 2006 and 2017 with AIP (n = 169) or AIPM (n = 79). Major adverse cardiac events (MACE) included cardiac tamponade, cardiogenic shock, ventricular tachycardia, pericardiocentesis, pericardiectomy, large pericardial effusion and death. RESULTS: Patients with AIPM were younger than patients with AIP (p < 0.001), and more often had left ventricular dysfunction (31.6% vs. 1.2%, p < 0.001) and less often had large pericardial effusion (1.3% vs. 13.6%, p = 0.002), and MACE (5.1% vs. 14.8%, p = 0.014). Cardiac tamponade occurred in 5.3% of the patients with AIP as opposed to 1.3% of the patients with AIPM (p = 0.176). Severe left ventricular dysfunction with cardiogenic shock occurred exclusively among patients with AIPM but the rate was low (2.5%). Life-saving interventions were used in both groups at comparable rates (2.5% vs. 5.3%, p = 0.510). There were no in-hospital deaths. CONCLUSIONS: Myocardial involvement in acute pericarditis is associated with a low rate of severe left ventricular dysfunction and cardiogenic shock and a reduced rate of large pericardial effusion, resulting in a lower rate of MACE. Life-saving interventions were used at comparable rates in patients with and without myocardial involvement having excellent survival rates.

Management and outcome across the spectrum of high-risk patients with myocardial infarction according to the thrmobolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) risk-score for secondary prevention.

BACKGROUND: Patients with myocardial infarction (MI) are at increased risk for recurrent cardiovascular events, yet some patients, such as the elderly and those with prior comorbidities, are particularly at the highest risk. Whether these patients benefit from contemporary management is not fully elucidated. METHODS: Included were consecutive patients with MI who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in a large tertiary medical center. Patients were stratified according to the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) risk score for secondary prevention (TRS2°P) to high (TRS2°P = 3), very high (TRS2°P = 4), or extremely high-risk (TRS2°P = 5-9). Excluded were low and intermediate-risk patients (TRS2°P < 3). Outcomes included 30-day/1-year major adverse cardiac events (MACE) and 1-year mortality. Temporal trends were examined in the early (2004-2010) and late (2011-2016) time-periods. RESULTS: Among 2053 patients, 50% were high-risk, 30% very high-risk and 20% extremely high-risk. Extremely high-risk patients were older (age 74 ± 10 year) and had significant comorbidities (chronic kidney disease 68%, prior CABG 40%, heart failure 78%, peripheral artery disease 29%). Drug-eluting stents and potent antiplatelets were more commonly used over time in all risk-strata. Over time, 30-day MACE rates have decreased, mainly attributed to the very high (11.3% to 5.1%, p = .006) and extremely high-risk groups (15.9% to 8.0%, p = .016), but not the high-risk group, with similar quantitative results for 1-year MACE. The rates of 1-year mortality remained unchanged in either group. CONCLUSION: Within a particularly high-risk cohort of MI patients who underwent PCI, the implementation of guideline-recommended therapies has improved over time, with the highest-risk groups demonstrating the greatest benefit in outcomes.

Myocardial extracellular volume quantification by computed tomography predicts outcomes in patients with severe aortic stenosis.

BACKGROUND: The extent of myocardial fibrosis in patients with severe aortic stenosis might have an important prognostic value. Non-invasive imaging to quantify myocardial fibrosis by measuring extracellular volume fraction might have an important clinical utility prior to aortic valve intervention. METHODS: Seventy-five consecutive patients with severe aortic stenosis, and 19 normal subjects were prospectively recruited and underwent pre- and post-contrast computed tomography for estimating myocardial extracellular volume fraction. Serum level of galectin-3 was measured and 2-dimensional echocardiography was performed to characterize the extent of cardiac damage using a recently published aortic stenosis staging classification. RESULTS: Extracellular volume fraction was higher in patients with aortic stenosis compared to normal subjects (40.0±11% vs. 21.6±5.6%; respectively, p<0.001). In patients with aortic stenosis, extracellular volume fraction correlated with markers of left ventricular decompensation including New York Heart Association functional class, left atrial volume, staging classification of aortic stenosis and lower left ventricular ejection fraction. Out of 75 patients in the AS group, 49 underwent TAVI, 6 surgical AVR, 2 balloon valvuloplasty, and 18 did not undergo any type of intervention. At 12-months after aortic valve intervention, extracellular volume fraction predicted the combined outcomes of stroke and hospitalization for heart failure with an area under the curve of 0.77 (95% confidence interval: 0.65-0.88). A trend for correlation between serum galectin-3 and extracellular volume was noted. CONCLUSION: In patients with severe aortic stenosis undergoing computed tomography before aortic valve intervention, quantification of extracellular volume fraction correlated with functional status and markers of left ventricular decompensation, and predicted the 12-months composite adverse clinical outcomes. Implementation of this novel technique might aid in the risk stratification process before aortic valve interventions.

Health-related quality of life in left ventricular assist device-supported patients.

AIMS: This study aimed to evaluate the different health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) aspects in patients with both short-term and long-term duration LVAD support at pre-specified time intervals. METHODS AND RESULTS: We performed a single-centre HR-QoL analysis of short-term and long-term LVAD-supported patients using the short version of the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ-12) and the Changes in Sexual Functioning Questionnaire along with a survey to evaluate patients' social and driving routines. Data were collected at baseline and at 6 or 12 month follow-up. Included were 46 patients with a median time from LVAD implantation of 1.1 [inter-quartile range (IQR) 0.5, 2.6] years. The median KCCQ-12 summary score was 56 (IQR 29, 74) with most favourable scores in the symptom frequency domain [75 (IQR 50, 92)] and worse scores in the physical limitation [42 (IQR 25, 75)] and QoL [44 (IQR 25, 75)] domains. No significant changes were apparent during study follow-up [KCCQ-12 summary score 56 (IQR 35, 80)], and no significant correlation between the KCCQ-12 summary score and ventricular assist device-support duration was detected (r = -0.036, P = 0.812). Sexual dysfunction was noted across all domains with a cumulative score of 31 (IQR 22, 42). Seventy-six per cent of patients resumed driving after LVAD implantation, and 43% of patients reported they socialize with family and friends more frequently since surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Short-term and long-term LVAD-supported patients had impaired HR-QoL and sexual function at baseline and at follow-up yet reported an improvement in social interactions and independency. A broader spectrum of patient's reported HR-QoL measures should be integrated into the pre-LVAD implantation assessment and preparation.

HFA of the ESC position paper on the management of LVAD-supported patients for the non-LVAD specialist healthcare provider Part 3: at the hospital and discharge.

The growing population of left ventricular assist device (LVAD)-supported patients increases the probability of an LVAD- supported patient hospitalized in the internal or surgical wards with certain expected device related, and patient-device interaction complication as well as with any other comorbidities requiring hospitalization. In this third part of the trilogy on the management of LVAD-supported patients for the non-LVAD specialist healthcare provider, definitions and structured approach to the hospitalized LVAD-supported patient are presented including blood pressure assessment, medical therapy of the LVAD supported patient, and challenges related to anaesthesia and non-cardiac surgical interventions. Finally, important aspects to consider when discharging an LVAD patient home and palliative and end-of-life approaches are described.

Guidance on the management of left ventricular assist device (LVAD) supported patients for the non-LVAD specialist healthcare provider: executive summary.

The accepted use of left ventricular assist device (LVAD) technology as a good alternative for the treatment of patients with advanced heart failure together with the improved survival of patients on the device and the scarcity of donor hearts has significantly increased the population of LVAD supported patients. Device-related, and patient-device interaction complications impose a significant burden on the medical system exceeding the capacity of LVAD implanting centres. The probability of an LVAD supported patient presenting with medical emergency to a local ambulance team, emergency department medical team and internal or surgical wards in a non-LVAD implanting centre is increasing. The purpose of this paper is to supply the immediate tools needed by the non-LVAD specialized physician - ambulance clinicians, emergency ward physicians, general cardiologists, and internists - to comply with the medical needs of this fast-growing population of LVAD supported patients. The different issues discussed will follow the patient's pathway from the ambulance to the emergency department, and from the emergency department to the internal or surgical wards and eventually back to the general practitioner.

Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology position paper on the management of left ventricular assist device-supported patients for the non-left ventricular assist device specialist healthcare provider: Part 2: at the emergency department.

The improvement in left ventricular assist device (LVAD) technology and scarcity of donor hearts have increased dramatically the population of the LVAD-supported patients and the probability of those patients to present to the emergency department with expected and non-expected device-related and patient-device interaction complications. The ageing of the LVAD-supported patients, mainly those supported with the 'destination therapy' indication, increases the risk for those patients to suffer from other co-morbidities common in the older population. In this second part of the trilogy on the management of LVAD-supported patients for the non-LVAD specialist healthcare provider, definitions and structured approach to the LVAD-supported patient presenting to the emergency department with bleeding, neurological event, pump thrombosis, chest pain, syncope, and other events are presented. The very challenging issue of declaring death in an LVAD-supported patient, as the circulation is artificially preserved by the device despite no other signs of life, is also discussed in detail.

HFA of the ESC Position paper on the management of LVAD supported patients for the non LVAD specialist healthcare provider Part 1: Introduction and at the non-hospital settings in the community.

The accepted use of left ventricular assist device (LVAD) technology as a good alternative for the treatment of patients with advanced heart failure together with the improved survival of the LVAD-supported patients on the device and the scarcity of donor hearts has significantly increased the population of LVAD-supported patients. The expected and non-expected device-related and patient-device interaction complications impose a significant burden on the medical system exceeding the capacity of the LVAD implanting centres. The ageing of the LVAD-supported patients, mainly those supported with the 'destination therapy' indication, increases the risk for those patients to experience comorbidities common in the older population. The probability of an LVAD-supported patient presenting with medical emergency to a local emergency department, internal, or surgical ward of a non-LVAD implanting centre is increasing. The purpose of this trilogy is to supply the immediate tools needed by the non-LVAD specialized physician: ambulance clinicians, emergency ward physicians, general cardiologists, internists, anaesthesiologists, and surgeons, to comply with the medical needs of this fast-growing population of LVAD-supported patients. The different issues discussed will follow the patient's pathway from the ambulance to the emergency department and from the emergency department to the internal or surgical wards and eventually to the discharge home from the hospital back to the general practitioner. In this first part of the trilogy on the management of LVAD-supported patients for the non-LVAD specialist healthcare provider, after the introduction on the assist devices technology in general, definitions and structured approach to the assessment of the LVAD-supported patient in the ambulance and emergency department is presented including cardiopulmonary resuscitation for LVAD-supported patients.

Temporal Trends of the Management and Outcome of Patients With Myocardial Infarction According to the Risk for Recurrent Cardiovascular Events.

BACKGROUND: Some patients are at higher risk for recurrent cardiovascular events following a myocardial infarction because of their clinical characteristics and comorbidities. Still, they are less often treated with guideline-recommended therapies. We examined trends for more than a decade in the treatment and outcome of patients with myocardial infarction according to the risk for recurrent cardiovascular events, using the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) risk score for secondary prevention. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study of patients after acute myocardial infarction who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention. Temporal trends were examined in the early (2004-2010) and late (2011-2016) time periods. Patients were stratified to low, intermediate, or high risk for recurrent cardiovascular events. Clinical outcomes included 30-day major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), 1-year MACE, and 1-year mortality. RESULTS: Among 4921 patients, 31% were low risk, 27% intermediate risk, and 42% high risk. Compared to lower-risk patients, high-risk patients were older, more commonly female, and had more comorbidities. They presented more often with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction and 3-vessel disease and were less likely to receive drug-eluting stents and potent antiplatelets, among other guideline-recommended therapies. In high-risk patients, 30-day MACE and 1-year mortality were higher. Comparing the early period to the late period, prescription rates increased for both statins and potent antiplatelets in all risk-groups. However, the rate of 30-day and 1-year MACE decreased principally in the high-risk group (from 9.9% to 5.5% and from 29.6% to 23.6%, respectively). CONCLUSION: Despite greater application of guideline-recommended therapies, patients at high risk after myocardial infarction are still relatively undertreated, which may adversely affect their prognosis. Nevertheless, they demonstrated the most notable improvement in clinical outcomes over time.