Electrical determination of current injection and internal quantum efficiencies in AlGaN-based deep-ultraviolet light-emitting diodes.

We propose a method to determine the current injection efficiency (CIE) and internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) during current injection. The method is based on fourth-order polynomial fitting of a modified rate equation to electroluminescence data. Our method can extract the CIE at low injection current densities, unlike conventional methods that generally assume the CIE to be unity. We apply the method to AlGaN-based deep-ultraviolet LEDs. Results show that the CIE was only approximately 51% at low injection current densities and was almost independent of injection current density up to 100 A/cm2. The peak IQE was 77%.

Enhancement of the evanescent wave coupling effect in a sub-wavelength-sized GaAs/AlGaAs ridge structure by low-refractive-index surface layers.

We have investigated the three-dimensional emission patterns of GaAs/AlGaAs ridge structures with a sub-wavelength-sized top-flat facet by angle-resolved photoluminescence (PL). We found that the integrated PL intensity, and hence the light-extraction efficiency, can be enhanced by about 34% just by covering the ridge surface with a thin SiO2 layer. A double-coupling effect of evanescent waves that occurs at both the semiconductor-SiO2 and SiO2-air interfaces is suggested to be responsible for the improvement, based on a finite-difference time-domain simulation of the electromagnetic field around the ridge top.

Spin splitting modulated by uniaxial stress in InAs nanowires.

We theoretically study the electronic structure, spin splitting, effective mass, and spin orientation of InAs nanowires with cylindrical symmetry in the presence of an external electric field and uniaxial stress. Using an eight-band k·p theoretical model, we deduce a formula for the spin splitting in the system, indicating that the spin splitting under uniaxial stress is a nonlinear function of the momentum and the electric field. The spin splitting can be described by a linear Rashba model when the wavevector and the electric field are sufficiently small. Our numeric results show that the uniaxial stress can modulate the spin splitting. With the increase of wavevector, the uniaxial tensile stress first restrains and then amplifies the spin splitting of the lowest electron state compared to the no strain case. The reverse is true under a compression. Moreover, strong spin splitting can be induced by compression when the top of the valence band is close to the bottom of the conductance band, and the spin orientations of the electron stay almost unchanged before the overlap of the two bands.

Highly Deep Ultraviolet-Transparent h-BN Film Deposited on an Al0.7Ga0.3N Template by Low-Temperature Radio-Frequency Sputtering.

Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) is an attractive wide-bandgap material for application to emitters and detectors operating in the deep ultraviolet (DUV) spectral region. The optical transmittance of h-BN in the DUV region is particularly important for these devices. We report on the deposition of thick h-BN films (>200 nm) on Al0.7Ga0.3N templates via radio-frequency sputtering, along with the realization of ultrahigh transmittance in the DUV region. The fraction of the gas mixture (Ar/N2) was varied to investigate its effects on the optical transmittance of BN. DUV light transmittance of as high as 94% was achieved at 265 nm. This value could be further enhanced to exceed 98% by a post-annealing treatment at 800 °C in a N2 ambient for 20 min. The phase of the highly DUV-transparent BN film was determined to be a purely hexagonal structure via Raman spectra measurements. More importantly, these deposition processes were performed at a low temperature (300 °C), which can provide protection from device performance degradation when applied to actual devices.

High correlation of specific IgE sensitization between birch pollen, soy and apple allergens indicates pollen-food allergy syndrome among birch pollen allergic patients in northern China.

BACKGROUND: Birch pollen sensitization and associated pollen-food syndrome among Chinese allergic patients have not been investigated. METHODS: Sera from 203 allergic patients from the northern part of China and collected during February to July 2014 were investigated. Specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) against birch pollen extract Bet v and major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 were measured using the ADVIA Centaur. The presence of major apple allergen Mal d 1 and soy bean allergen Gly m 4 specific IgE was measured by ImmunoCAP 100. RESULTS: Among the 203 sera, 34 sera (16.7%) had specific IgE to Bet v and of these, 28 sera (82.4%) contained Bet v 1-specific IgE. Among the 28 sera with Bet v 1-specific IgE, 27 sera (96.4%) contained Mal d 1-specific IgE and 22 sera (78.6%) contained Gly m 4-specific IgE. Of the 34 Bet v-positive sera, 6 sera (17.6%) contained no specific IgE for Bet v 1, Mal d 1, or Gly m 4. Almost all Bet v-positive sera were donated during the birch pollen season. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of birch allergy among patients visiting health care during pollen season can be as high as 16.7% in Tangshan City. The majority of Chinese birch allergic patients are IgE-sensitized to the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 as well as to the major apple allergen Mal d 1 and soy bean allergen Gly m 4. A relatively high number of patients (17.6%) are IgE-sensitized to birch pollen allergen(s) other than Bet v 1. The high prevalence of specific IgE to Mal d 1 and Gly m 4 among Bet v 1-sensitized patients indicates that pollen-food allergy syndrome could be of clinical relevance in China.

Prevalence of sensitization to weed pollens of Humulus scandens, Artemisia vulgaris, and Ambrosia artemisiifolia in northern China.

OBJECTIVE: Weed pollens are common sources of allergens worldwide. The prevalence of weed pollen sensitization is not yet fully known in China. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of sensitization to weed allergens from Artemisia, Ambrosia, and Humulus in northern China. METHODS: A total of 1144 subjects (aged from 5 to 68 years) visiting our clinic from June to October 2011 underwent intradermal testing using a panel of 25 allergen sources. Subjects with positive skin responses to any pollen were further tested for their serum concentrations of IgE antibodies against Artemisia vulgaris, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, and Humulus scandens, and against the purified allergens, Art v 1 and Amb a 1. RESULTS: Of 1144 subjects, 170 had positive intradermal reactions to pollen and 144 donated serum for IgE testing. The prevalence of positive intradermal responses to pollens of Artemisia sieversiana, Artemisia annua, A. artemisiifolia, and H. scandens was 11.0%, 10.2%, 3.7%, and 6.6%, respectively. Among the intradermal positive subjects, the prevalence of specific IgE antigens to A. vulgaris was 58.3%, to A. artemisiifolia 14.7%, and to H. scandens 41.0%. The prevalence of specific IgE antigens to the allergen Art v 1 was 46.9%, and to Amb a 1 was 11.2%. The correlation between the presence of IgE antibodies specific to A. vulgaris and to the Art v 1 antigen was very high. Subjects with A. artemisiifolia specific IgE also had A. vulgaris specific IgE, but with relatively high levels of A. vulgaris IgE antibodies. There were no correlations between the presence of IgE antibodies to H. scandens and A. vulgaris or to H. scandens and A. artemisiifolia. CONCLUSIONS: The intradermal prevalence of weed pollen sensitization among allergic subjects in northern China is about 13.5%. Correlations of specific IgE antibodies suggest that pollen allergens from Artemisia and Humulus are independent sources for primary sensitization.