Development and testing of patient-centered education about hormone replacement therapy for women at high genetic risk of breast and ovarian cancer.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to develop education to assist BRCA mutation carriers in making informed decisions about HRT in the context of risk-reducing surgery, while simultaneously clarifying their treatment-specific values and reducing decisional conflict. METHODS: We enrolled premenopausal BRCA mutation carriers ages 19-49 without prior cancer or risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy to structured interviews in which they reviewed education about the risks and benefits of HRT. Materials included literature-derived data demonstrating associations between HRT and commonly considered health outcomes (breast cancer, vasomotor symptoms, sexual functioning, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and blood clots). Participants completed the 16-item Decisional Conflict Scale (DCS) before and after education, communicated their preferences by rating and ranking the six outcomes, and provided feedback to inform iterative revisions of the educational content. RESULTS: 25 participants completed interviews. DCS scores decreased significantly from 54.6 to 22.8 following education (p < 0.001); sub-scores for uncertainty (71.7 to 37.3), informed (71.7 to 15.3), values clarity (53.7 to 17.0), effective decision (44.2 to 25.5), and support (35.0 to 17.7) also decreased significantly. Participants ranked cardiovascular disease as the most important outcome to consider, followed by breast cancer, osteoporosis, blood clots, decline in sexual function, and hot flashes. Participants with prior mastectomy (N = 10) ranked breast cancer as the most important outcome 25% of the time, compared to 80% in participants without mastectomy (N = 15). CONCLUSION: Following education, BRCA mutation carriers had significantly less decisional conflict regarding the choice to use HRT. This pilot study was successful in generating a prototype educational aid for further testing.

ACO leakage among gynecologic cancer patients: Incidence, predictors, and impact on annual Medicare expenditure.

OBJECTIVE: To examine patterns of Accountable Care Organizations (ACO) leakage, the receipt of healthcare by ACO-assigned patients from institutions outside assigned ACO network, among patients with gynecologic cancer. ACO leakage was estimated as rates of patients seeking care external to their ACO assignment. Factors associated with ACO leakage were identified and cost differences within the first year of cancer diagnosis described. METHODS: Medicare 5% data (2013-2017) was used to quantify rates of leakage among gynecologic cancer patients with stable ACO assignment. Crude and multivariable adjusted risk ratios of ACO leakage risk factors were estimated using log-binomial regression models. Overall and cancer-specific spending differences by ACO leakage status were compared using Wilcoxon rank-sum test. RESULTS: Overall incidence of ACO leakage was 28.1% with highest leakage for outpatient care and uterine cancer patients. ACO leakage risk was 56% higher among Black relative to White patients, and 77% more for those in higher relative to lowest quintiles of median household income. Leakage decreased by 3% and 8% with each unit increase in ACO size and number of subspecialists, respectively. Healthcare costs were 19.5% higher for leakage patients. CONCLUSIONS: ACO leakage rates among gynecologic cancer patients was overall modest, with some regional and temporal variation, higher leakage for certain subgroups and substantially higher Medicare spending in inpatient and outpatient settings for patients with ACO leakage. These findings identify targets for further investigations and strategies to encourage oncologists to participate in ACOs and prevent increased health care costs associated with use of non-ACO providers.

Trends in uterine cancer incidence in the United States: The contribution of age, period and cohort effects.

OBJECTIVE: In the U.S., uterine cancer incidence is rising, with racial and ethnic minorities experiencing the largest increases. We performed age-period-cohort analyses using novel methods to examine the contribution of age at diagnosis (age), year of diagnosis (period), and birth cohort (cohort), to trends in uterine cancer incidence. METHODS: We used uterine cancer incidence data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Result (SEER) 12 database (1992-2019), and performed hysterectomy-correction. We generated hexamaps to visualize age, period, and cohort effects, and used mutual information to estimate the percent contribution of age, period, and cohort effects, individually and combined, on uterine cancer incidence, overall and by race and ethnicity and histology. RESULTS: Hexamaps showed an increase in uterine cancer in later time periods, and a cohort effect around 1933 showing a lower incidence compared with earlier and later cohorts. Age, period, and cohort effects combined contributed 86.6% (95% CI: 86.4%, 86.9%) to the incidence. Age effects had the greatest contribution (65.1%, 95% CI: 64.3%, 65.9), followed by cohort (20.7%, 95% CI: 20.1%, 21.3%) and period (14.2%, 95% CI: 13.7%, 14.8%) effects. Hexamaps showed higher incidence in recent years for non-Hispanic Blacks and non-endometrioid tumors. CONCLUSIONS: Age effects had the largest contribution to uterine cancer incidence, followed by cohort and period effects overall and across racial and ethnic groups and histologies. IMPACT: These findings can inform uterine cancer modeling studies on the effects of interventions that target risk factors which may vary across age, period, or cohort.

Role of endometrial sampling to differentiate between advanced endometrial versus ovarian malignancy: retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: Distinguishing between advanced stage endometrial and ovarian cancer at diagnosis can be challenging, especially when patients do not present with abnormal uterine bleeding. Given emerging systemic therapies specific for ovarian versus endometrial cancers, it has become increasingly critical to establish the correct diagnosis at presentation to ensure appropriate treatment. This study evaluates the frequency with which advanced endometrial cancer is mistakenly presumed to be ovarian cancer. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed of patients with a final diagnosis of advanced endometrial cancer treated consecutively at a single academic institution between 2013 and 2022. Variables abstracted included abnormal uterine bleeding, endometrial sampling, and timing of endometrial cancer diagnosis. We quantified incorrect diagnoses made after 2018, when frontline targeted treatments differentiating advanced endometrial from advanced ovarian cancer became available. RESULTS: We identified 270 patients with an ultimate diagnosis of stage III or IV endometrial cancer. The most common presenting symptom was abnormal uterine bleeding (219/270, 81%), followed by abdominal or pelvic pain (48/270, 18%) and bloating (27/270, 10%). Forty-eight patients (18%) received neoadjuvant chemotherapy, of whom 11 (23%) had an incorrect diagnosis of ovarian cancer. Since 2018, six patients have received neoadjuvant chemotherapy for presumed ovarian cancer, three of whom received a systemic regimen specific for ovarian cancer when they, in fact, had endometrial cancer. CONCLUSION: In patients with presumed advanced ovarian cancer dispositioned to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, endometrial sampling can identify some cases that are actually primary endometrial cancers. Correct diagnosis guides the use of appropriate antineoplastic therapies, optimizing response and survival outcomes while minimizing toxicity and cost of unindicated therapies.

Screening for Bacterial Vaginosis Prior to Delivery: A Cost-Effectiveness Study.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the cost and effectiveness of three strategies for screening and/or treating bacterial vaginosis (BV) during pregnancy prior to delivery: (1) the current standard of care was neither test nor treat for BV (Treat None); (2) test all patients for BV at 36 weeks' gestation; treat if positive (Test Treat); and (3) treat all patients undergoing cesarean delivery with intravenous metronidazole at time of surgery (Treat All Cesarean). Effectiveness was defined as avoidance of postpartum surgical site infection (SSI). STUDY DESIGN: A decision analytic cost-effectiveness model was designed from a third-party payer perspective using clinical and cost estimates obtained from the literature, American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program participant use file (2005-2019), 2019 National Vital Statistics, Medicare costs, and wholesale drug costs. Cost estimates were inflated to 2020 U.S. dollars. For this study, effectiveness was defined as avoidance of postpartum SSIs. RESULTS: The base case analysis that is the current standard of care of not routinely testing and treating patients for BV (Treat None) was the most expensive and least effective strategy, with a mean cost of $59.16 and infection rate of 3.71%. Empirically treating all patients for BV without testing (Treat All Cesarean) was the most effective and the least expensive strategy, with a mean cost of $53.50 and an infection rate of 2.75%. Testing all patients for BV and treating those positive for BV (Test Treat) was also relatively inexpensive and effective, with an infection rate of 2.94% and mean cost of $57.05. Compared with Treat None, we would expect the Treat All Cesarean strategy to reduce the infection rate by 26%. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that treating pregnant patients with intravenous metronidazole at time of cesarean delivery could be an effective and cost-saving strategy. Testing and treating for BV could also be considered a reasonable strategy, as it has the added benefit of preserving antibiotic stewardship. In no analysis was the standard of care strategy of neither testing nor treating for BV before delivery the preferred strategy. KEY POINTS: · BV colonization may increase surgical site infection risk after cesarean section.. · Treatment of BV before or during delivery may be cost-saving strategies as treatment could prevent costs associated with infection.. · Further study is needed to best balance the risk of surgical site infection with antibiotic stewardship..

Implementing guidelines for risk-stratified thromboprophylaxis among gynecologic oncology patients: A quality improvement initiative.

OBJECTIVE(S): Risk-stratified thromboprophylaxis is recommended for oncology patients with a Khorana risk score (KS) ≥ 2 receiving cancer-directed therapy. We describe a quality improvement (QI) initiative designed to increase adherence to thromboprophylaxis guidelines for patients with gynecologic malignancies initiating outpatient treatment. METHODS: Provider awareness and documentation of venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk assessment and thromboprophylaxis eligibility were identified as key QI drivers. Starting May 2021, a KS calculator and thromboprophylaxis algorithm were incorporated into outpatient documentation templates. Patients with gynecologic malignancies initiating outpatient therapy from January - December 2021 were eligible. The primary process measure was the percentage of patients with KS eligibility documented each month during the baseline (Jan - Apr) versus implementation (May - Dec) periods. Rate of appropriate thromboprophylaxis initiation and incidence of VTE served as outcome measures. Incidence of adverse bleeding events served as the balancing measure. RESULTS: 337 patients accounted for the initiation of 383 treatment regimens, including 128 in the baseline period and 255 in the implementation period. KS documentation increased significantly between the baseline and implementation periods (7% vs 62.4%, p < 0.001). 73 of the 177 eligible patients (46.2%; 166 unique patients) had appropriate documentation; of these, 57 initiated thromboprophylaxis. There was no difference in VTE rates or adverse bleeding events between eligible patients who initiated thromboprophylaxis compared with those who did not (12.3% vs 15.6%; p = 0.65 and 7.0% vs 8.2%; p = 1.0, respectively). CONCLUSION(S): This QI initiative resulted in greater adherence to risk-stratified thromboprophylaxis guidelines. No bleeding signals were identified. Studies addressing cost, medication adherence, and long-term outcomes are necessary.

Guidelines for goals of care discussions in patients with gynecologic cancer.

This article represents a distillation of literature to provide guidance for goals of care discussions with patients who have gynecologic malignancies. As clinicians who provide surgical care, chemotherapy, and targeted therapeutics, gynecologic oncology clinicians are uniquely positioned to form longitudinal relationships with patients that can enable patient-centered decision making. In this review, we describe optimal timing, components, and best practices for goals of care discussions in gynecologic oncology.

Intraluminal tumor cells and prognostic accuracy of endometrial cancer stage criteria: A multi-institution study.

OBJECTIVE: Endometrial cancer stage is a strong prognostic factor; however, the current stage classification does not incorporate transtubal spread as determined by intraluminal tumor cells (ILTCs). We examined relationships between ILTCs and survival outcomes according to histological subtype and stage and examined whether identification of ILTCs improves prognostic accuracy of endometrial cancer staging. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of women diagnosed with endometrial cancer at five academic hospitals between 2007 and 2012. Pathologists determined ILTC presence (no vs. yes) and location (free in lumen vs. attached to epithelial surface) based on pathology review of hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections of fallopian tubes. Associations between ILTCs with time to recurrence (TTR) and overall survival (OS) were examined with Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for other prognostic factors. Model discrimination metrics were used to assess the addition of ILTCs to stage for prediction of 5-year TTR and OS. RESULTS: In the overall study population (N = 1303), ILTCs were not independently associated with TTR (HR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.69-1.32) or OS (HR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.72-1.31). Among 805 women with stage I disease, ILTCs were independently associated with worse TTR (HR = 2.31, 95% CI = 1.06-5.05) and OS (HR = 2.16, 95% CI = 1.14-4.11). Upstaging early-stage cases with ILTCs present did not increase model discrimination. CONCLUSION: While our data do not suggest that endometrial cancer staging guidelines should be revised to include ILTCs, associations between ILTCs and reduced survival observed among stage I cases suggest this tumor feature holds clinical relevance for subgroups of endometrial cancer patients.

Radical hysterectomy case volume and cervical cancer treatment in the era of COVID-19: A multi-site analysis of National Cancer Institute-designated Comprehensive Cancer Centers.

OBJECTIVE: To compare radical hysterectomy case volume, cancer stage, and biopsy-to-treatment time of invasive cervical cancer diagnosed before and after onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: In a multi-institution retrospective cohort study conducted at 6 large, geographically diverse National Cancer Institute-designated cancer centers, patients treated for newly diagnosed invasive cervical cancer were classified into 2 temporal cohorts based on date of first gynecologic oncology encounter: (1) Pre-Pandemic: 3/1/2018-2/28/2020; (2) Pandemic & Recovery: 4/1/2020-12/31/2021. The primary outcome was total monthly radical hysterectomy case volume. Secondary outcomes were stage at diagnosis and diagnosis-to-treatment time. Statistical analyses used chi-squared and two sample t-tests. RESULTS: Between 3/1/2018-12/31/2021, 561 patients were diagnosed with cervical cancer. The Pre-Pandemic and Pandemic & Recovery cohorts had similar age, race, ethnicity, smoking status, and Body Mass Index (BMI). During Pandemic & Recovery, the mean monthly radical hysterectomy case volume decreased from 7[SD 2.8] to 5[SD 2.0] (p = 0.001), the proportion of patients diagnosed with Stage I disease dropped from 278/561 (49.5%) to 155/381 (40.7%), and diagnosis of stage II-IV disease increased from 281/561 (50.1%) to 224/381 (58.8%). Primary surgical management was less frequent (38.3% Pandemic & Recovery versus 46.7% Pre-Pandemic, p = 0.013) and fewer surgically-treated patients received surgery within 6 weeks of diagnosis (27.4% versus 38.9%; p = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS: Lower radical hysterectomy case volume, a shift to higher cervical cancer stage, and delay in surgical therapy were observed across the United States following the COVID-19 outbreak. Decreased surgical volume may result from lower detection of early-stage disease or other factors.

An obstetrician-gynecologist's review of hernias: risk factors, diagnosis, prevention, and repair.

Management of obstetrical and gynecologic patients with hernias poses challenges to providers. Risks for hernia development include well-described factors that impair surgical wound healing and increase abdominal pressure. Among the diverse populations cared for by obstetricians and gynecologists, pregnant patients and those with gynecologic malignancies are at the highest risk for hernia formation. This article provides an overview of the existing literature, with a focus on patients cared for by obstetrician-gynecologists and commonly encountered preoperative and intraoperative scenarios. We highlight scenarios when a hernia repair is not commonly performed, including those of patients undergoing nonelective surgeries with known or suspected gynecologic cancers. Finally, we offer multidisciplinary recommendations on the timing of elective hernia repair with obstetrical and gynecologic procedures, with attention to the primary surgical procedure, the type of preexisting hernia, and patient characteristics.

BAP1 Tumor Predisposition Syndrome Presenting as a Recurrent Ovarian Sex Cord-Stromal Tumor.

The BRCA1-associated protein 1 ( BAP1 ) gene encodes a tumor suppressor that functions as a ubiquitin hydrolase involved in DNA damage repair. BAP1 germline mutations are associated with increased risk of multiple solid malignancies, including mesothelioma, uveal melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, and high-grade rhabdoid meningiomas. Here, we describe the case of a 52-yr-old woman who experienced multiple abdominal recurrences of an ovarian sex cord-stromal tumor that was originally diagnosed at age 25 and who was found to have a germline mutation in BAP1 and a family history consistent with BAP1 tumor predisposition syndrome. Recurrence of the sex cord-stromal tumor demonstrated loss of BAP1 expression by immunohistochemistry. Although ovarian sex cord-stromal tumors have been described in mouse models of BAP1 tumor predisposition syndrome, this relationship has not been previously described in humans and warrants further investigation. The case presentation, tumor morphology, and immunohistochemical findings have overlapping characteristics with peritoneal mesotheliomas, and this case represents a potential pitfall for surgical pathologists.

Geographic variation in the rate and route of hysterectomy for benign disease in the USA: A retrospective cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: To describe population rate of hysterectomy for benign disease in the USA, including geographic variation across states and Hospital Service Areas (HSAs; areas defined by common patient flows to healthcare facilities). DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Four US states including 322 HSAs. POPULATION: A total of 316 052 cases of hysterectomy from 2012 to 2016. METHODS: We compiled annual hysterectomy cases, merged female populations, and adjusted for reported rates of previous hysterectomy. We assessed small-area variation and created multi-level Poisson regression models. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prior-hysterectomy-adjusted population rates of hysterectomy for benign disease. RESULTS: The annual population rate of hysterectomy for benign disease was 49 per 10 000 hysterectomy-eligible residents, declining slightly over time, mostly among reproductive-age populations. Rates peaked among residents ages 40-49 years, and declined with increasing age, apart from an increase with universal coverage at age 65 years. We found large differences in age-standardised population rates of hysterectomy across states (range 42.2-69.0), and HSAs (range: overall 12.9-106.3; 25th-75th percentile 44.0-64.9). Among the non-elderly population, those with government-sponsored insurance had greater variation than those with private insurance (coefficient of variation 0.61 versus 0.32). Proportions of minimally invasive procedures were similar across states (71.0-74.8%) but varied greatly across HSAs (27-96%). In regression models, HSA population characteristics explained 31.8% of observed variation in annual rates. Higher local proportions of government-sponsored insurance and non-White race were associated with lower population rates. CONCLUSIONS: We found substantial variation in rate and route of hysterectomy for benign disease in the USA. Local population characteristics explained less than one-third of observed variation.

Treatments and outcomes in high-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: High-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) is rare and treated with diverse approaches. Limited published institutional data has yet to be systematically reviewed. OBJECTIVES: To compile global high-risk GTN (prognostic score ≥7) cohorts to summarise treatments and outcomes by disease characteristics and primary chemotherapy. SEARCH STRATEGY: MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, ClinicalTrials.gov and Cochrane were searched through March 2021. SELECTION CRITERIA: Full-text manuscripts reporting mortality among ≥10 high-risk GTN patients. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Binomial proportions were summed, and random-effects meta-analyses performed. MAIN RESULTS: From 1137 records, we included 35 studies, representing 20 countries. Among 2276 unique high-risk GTN patients, 99.7% received chemotherapy, 35.8% surgery and 4.9% radiation. Mortality was 10.9% (243/2236; meta-analysis: 10%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 7-12%) and likelihood of complete response to primary chemotherapy was 79.7% (1506/1890; meta-analysis: 78%, 95% CI: 74-83%). Across 24 reporting studies, modern preferred chemotherapy (EMA/CO or EMA/EP) was associated with lower mortality (overall: 8.8 versus 9.5%; comparative meta-analysis: 8.1 versus 12.4%, OR 0.42, 95% CI: 0.20-0.90%, 14 studies) and higher likelihood of complete response (overall: 76.6 versus 72.8%; comparative meta-analysis: 75.9 versus 60.7%, OR 2.98, 95% CI: 1.06-8.35%, 14 studies), though studies focused on non-preferred regimens reported comparable outcomes. Mortality was increased for ultra-high-risk disease (30 versus 7.5% high-risk; meta-analysis OR 7.44, 95% CI: 4.29-12.9%) and disease following term delivery (20.8 versus 7.3% following molar pregnancy; meta-analysis OR 2.64, 95% CI: 1.10-6.31%). Relapse rate estimates ranged from 3 to 6%. CONCLUSIONS: High-risk GTN is responsive to several chemotherapy regimens, with EMA/CO or EMA/EP associated with improved outcomes. Mortality is increased in patients with ultra-high-risk, relapsed and post-term pregnancy disease.

A Pilot Study of a Screening Program for Human Papillomavirus-Related Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion and Malignancy in Gynecologic Oncology Patients.

OBJECTIVE: Human papillomavirus (HPV)-related squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) or malignancy is associated with a significantly increased risk of second-site SIL or malignancy. The primary objective of this study was to determine the feasibility and acceptability of concurrent anal, cervical, and vulvovaginal screening in patients with a history of HPV-related gynecologic high-grade SIL or malignancy. The secondary objective was to assess subjects' knowledge regarding HPV screening and risks. METHODS: Women with high-grade cervical, vulvar, or vaginal SIL or malignancy were enrolled during a 1-year pilot period. Subjects with cervical SIL or malignancy underwent vulvar examination and anoscopy. Subjects with vulvovaginal SIL or malignancy underwent Pap test if indicated and anoscopy. Appropriate referrals were made for abnormal findings. Feasibility was assessed by compliance using study acceptance rate, screening procedure adherence, and referral adherence. Acceptability was assessed using a Likert-scaled question after completion of screening procedures. RESULTS: One hundred three women with a diagnosis of high-grade vulvovaginal or cervical SIL or carcinoma were approached regarding study enrollment; of these, 74 (71.8%) enrolled. The median score on the HPV knowledge assessment was 8.1 ± 1.6 (max score 10). Seventy-three (98.6%) of 74 patients rated the screening procedures as acceptable (score of 5/5). On examination, 14 (18.9%) subjects had abnormalities noted; 7 (9.5%) were referred for colorectal surgical evaluation, and 6/7 (85.7%) were compliant with their referral appointments. CONCLUSIONS: Screening examinations for other HPV-related SILs and malignancies, including Pap tests, vulvovaginal inspection, and anoscopy, are acceptable to patients, with abnormal findings in almost 1 in 5 women.

Reducing non-surgical readmissions on a gynecologic oncology service.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of a quality improvement (QI) initiative designed to reduce non-surgical readmissions on a gynecologic oncology service. METHODS: A two-phase QI initiative was implemented on an inpatient gynecologic oncology service to reduce non-surgical 30-day readmissions. Phase 1, from July 2018 to June 2020, included trainee education, frequent physical therapy consultation, pharmacy discharge medication review, 72-h post-discharge telephone call, and standardized 10-day clinic follow-up after discharge. Phase 2, from July 2020 to December 2020, incorporated a nurse practitioner to perform discharge navigation and arrange outpatient follow-up. The incidence of non-surgical readmissions during these phases was compared to that of a baseline period (July 2017-June 2018). We also assessed readmissions to identify common indications and evaluate potential demographic and clinical risk factors. RESULTS: Of 390 total non-surgical gynecologic oncology admissions, 100 were readmitted within 30 days (25.6%). Gastrointestinal tract (GI) obstruction, malignancy-associated pain and infection were the most common symptomatic diagnoses at the index admission, and 30% of readmitted patients had an identical indication for readmission. Compared to the baseline period, we observed a reduction in non-surgical readmissions from 34.1% to 22.6% in Phase 1 and to 18.9% in Phase 2 (p < 0.03) based on internal review, and a reduction from 13.9% to 11.9% in Phase 1 and to 4.7% in Phase 2 (p = 0.04) based on healthcare performance tracking data. CONCLUSIONS: 30-day hospital readmission among non-surgical gynecologic oncology patients is common. Implementation of a multifaceted readmissions reduction QI initiative significantly improved readmission rates.

Cost-effectiveness of management strategies for patients with recurrent ovarian cancer and inoperable malignant bowel obstruction.

OBJECTIVES: Patients with recurrent platinum-resistant ovarian cancer often present with inoperable malignant bowel obstruction (MBO) from a large burden of abdominal disease. Interventions such as total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and chemotherapy may be used in this setting. We aim to describe the relative cost-effectiveness of these interventions to inform clinical decision making. METHODS: Four strategies for management of platinum-resistant recurrent ovarian cancer with inoperable MBO were compared from a societal perspective using a Monte Carlo simulation: (1) hospice, (2) TPN, (3) chemotherapy, and (4) TPN + chemotherapy. Survival, hospitalization rates, end-of-life (EOL) setting, and MBO-related utilities were obtained from literature review: hospice (survival 38 days, 6% hospitalization), chemotherapy (42 days, 29%), TPN (55 days, 25%), TPN + chemotherapy (74 days, 47%). Outcomes were the average cost per strategy and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) in US dollars per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained. RESULTS: In the base case scenario, TPN + chemotherapy was the most costly strategy (mean; 95% CI) ($49,741; $49,329-$50,162) and provided the highest QALYs (0.089; 0.089-0.090). The lowest cost strategy was hospice ($14,591; $14,527-$14,654). The TPN alone and chemotherapy alone strategies were dominated by a combination of hospice and TPN + chemotherapy. The ICER of TPN + chemotherapy was $918,538/QALY compared to hospice. With a societal willingness to pay threshold of $150,000/QALY, hospice was the strategy of choice in 71.6% of cases, chemotherapy alone in 28.4%, and TPN-containing strategies in 0%. CONCLUSIONS: TPN with or without chemotherapy is not cost-effective in management of inoperable malignant bowel obstruction and platinum-resistant ovarian cancer.

Malnutrition as a risk factor for post-operative morbidity in gynecologic cancer: Analysis using a national surgical outcomes database.

OBJECTIVE: To assess, using a national surgical outcomes database, the association of various malnutrition definitions with post-operative morbidity in three gynecologic malignancies. METHODS: Patients undergoing resection of ovarian, uterine, or cervical cancer between 2005 and 2019 were identified using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database. Patients were classified based on specific, pre-defined malnutrition criteria: severe malnutrition (Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 + 10% weight loss), European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism ((ESPEN1); BMI 18.5-22 + 10% weight loss), ESPEN2 (BMI < 18.5), American Cancer Society ((ACS); normal/overweight BMI + 10% weight loss), mild malnutrition (BMI 18.5-22), or albumin (<3.5 g/dL). Outcomes included 30-day major complications, readmission, reoperation. Modified Poisson regression estimated associations between definitions and outcomes. RESULTS: Of 76,290 total patients undergoing surgery, those meeting malnutrition definitions were: severe-98 (0.1%), ESPEN1-148 (0.2%), ESPEN2-877 (1.1%), ACS-1028 (1.3%), mild-2853 (3.7%), and albumin (11.1%). Complication rates were: unplanned readmission-5.5%, reoperation-1.7%, major complications-13.5%. For ovarian cancer, ESPEN2 malnutrition was associated with higher readmissions (risk ratio 1.69; 95% confidence interval 1.29-2.20), reoperations (2.53; 1.70-3.77), and complications (1.36; 1.20-1.54). For uterine cancer, ACS malnutrition was associated with readmissions (2.74; 2.09-3.59), reoperations (3.61; 2.29-5.71) and complications (3.92; 3.40-4.53). For cervical cancer, albumin<3.5 g/dL was associated with readmissions (1.48; 1.01-2.19), reoperations (2.25; 1.17-4.34), and complications (2.59; 2.11-3.17). Albumin<3.5 was associated with adverse outcomes in ovarian and uterine cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative risk assessments might be tailored using cancer-specific malnutrition criteria. Major complications, readmissions, and reoperations are all associated with the ESPEN2 definition for ovarian cancer, the ACS definition for uterine cancer, and with albumin<3.5 for all cancers.

Distress screening in endometrial cancer leads to disparity in referral to support services.

OBJECTIVES: Racial disparities in survival from endometrial cancer (EC) are well known. Cancer distress has also been associated with worse clinical outcomes. We characterized the association between race/ethnicity, patient distress reported on the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Distress Thermometer and Problem List (NCCN DT & PL), referral to support services, time to surgery, and acceptance of adjuvant therapy in patients with EC. METHODS: We included patients presenting at an academic gynecologic oncology practice from 1/2013-6/2020 who had not received prior EC-directed treatment. Demographics, NCCN DT scores, and treatment details were abstracted from the electronic medical record. Difference in initial DT scores by race/ethnicity and treatment type was tested using general linear modeling. The significance of interaction effects was tested using linear mixed models and logistic regression. RESULTS: 393 non-Hispanic White (NHW) and 134 non-Hispanic Black (NHB) patients were included. Median distress scores were higher in NHW patients compared to NHB patients (4 vs. 2, p < 0.001); 51% of NHW patients qualified for referral to support services compared to 40% of NHB patients (p = 0.03). Distress scores were highest at initial appointment and declined over time in NHW patients regardless of treatment, but were initially low and remained low over time in NHB patients. There was no association of initial distress score with time to surgery or acceptance of adjuvant treatment (p-values >0.25). CONCLUSIONS: An observed difference in NCCN DT leads to racial disparities in referral to support services. The NCCN DT may not adequately measure distress in NHB women with EC.

Promoting timely goals of care conversations between gynecologic cancer patients at high-risk of death and their providers.

OBJECTIVE: We designed a multi-faceted intervention to increase the rate of outpatient goals of care (GOC) conversations in women with gynecologic cancers who are at high-risk of death. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A multidisciplinary team developed an educational program around GOC conversations at end-of-life and chose criteria to prospectively identify patients at high-risk of death who might benefit from timely GOC conversations: recurrent or metastatic endometrial, cervical or vulvar cancer or platinum-resistant ovarian cancer. Gynecologic oncology provider consensus was built regarding the need to improve the quality and timing of GOC conversations. Eligible outpatients were prospectively identified and providers alerted pre-encounter; timely GOC documentation within 3 visits of high-risk identification was tracked. Our institution concurrently and subsequently tracked GOC documentation during the last 6 months of life among all established oncology patients. RESULTS: Of 220 pilot period high-risk patients (96 pre- and 124 during pilot period 2017-2018), timely GOC discussion documentation increased from 30.2% to 88.7% (p < 0.001) and this increase was sustained over time. In the post-pilot period (2019-2020), among patients seen by oncologists during last 6 months of life, compared to other cancer types, gynecologic cancer patients had a higher rate of GOC documentation (81% versus 9%; p < 0.001), a lower rate of receiving chemotherapy during the last 14 days of life (2% vs 5%; p = 0.051), and no difference in end-of-life admissions (29% vs 31%; p = NS). CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of systematic outpatient identification of high-risk gynecologic oncology patients is feasible, sustainable, and increases the timely conduct of GOC conversations.

Cost-effectiveness of bacteriuria screening before urogynecologic surgery.

BACKGROUND: Currently, there is controversy over who requires preoperative screening for bacteriuria in the urogynecologic population and whether treating asymptomatic bacteriuria reduces postoperative urinary tract infection rates. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of selective, universal, and no preoperative bacteriuria screening protocols in women undergoing surgery for prolapse or stress urinary incontinence. STUDY DESIGN: A simple decision tree model was created from a societal perspective to evaluate cost and effectiveness of 3 strategies to prevent postoperative urinary tract infection: (1) a universal protocol where all women undergoing urogynecologic surgery are screened for bacteriuria and receive preemptive treatment if bacteriuria is identified; (2) a selective protocol, where only women with a history of recurrent urinary tract infection are screened and treated for bacteriuria; and (3) a no-screening protocol, where no women are screened for bacteriuria. Our primary outcome was the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, calculated in cost per quality-adjusted life-years. Secondary outcomes were the number of urine cultures, postoperative urinary tract infections, and pyelonephritis associated with each strategy. Costs were derived from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, and Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Clinical estimates were derived from published literature and data from a historic surgical cohort. Quality-of-life-associated utilities for urinary tract infection (0.73), pyelonephritis (0.66), and antibiotic use (0.964) were derived from the published literature using the HALex scale, reported directly by affected patients. One-way sensitivity analyses were performed over the range of reported values. RESULTS: In the base case scenario, selective screening is more costly (no screen: $101.69, selective: $101.98) and more effective (no screen: 0.096459 quality-adjusted-life-year, selective: 0.096464 quality-adjusted-life-year) than no screening, and is cost-effective, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $49,349 per quality-adjusted-life-year. Both selective screening and no screening dominate universal screening in being less costly (universal: $111.92) and more effective (universal: 0.096446 quality-adjusted-life-year), with a slightly higher rate of postoperative urinary tract infection (no screen: 17.1%, selective: 16.9%, universal: 16.6%). In 1-way sensitivity analyses, selective screening is no longer cost-effective compared with no screening when the cost of a urine culture exceeds $12, cost of a preoperative urinary tract infection exceeds $93, the cost of a postoperative urinary tract infection is below $339, the specificity of a urine culture is less than 96%, or preoperative bacteriuria rates in those without symptoms but a history of recurrent urinary tract infection is <23%. Universal screening only becomes cost-effective when the postoperative urinary tract infection rate increases to >50% in those without risk factors and untreated preoperative bacteriuria. When compared with no screening, selective screening costs an additional $104 per urinary tract infection avoided and $2607 per pyelonephritis avoided. Compared with selective screening, universal screening costs $4609 per urinary tract infection avoided and $115,223 per pyelonephritis avoided. CONCLUSION: Implementation of a selective preoperative bacteriuria protocol is cost-effective in most scenarios and associated with only a <1% increase in the 30-day postoperative urinary tract infection rate. No screening is cost-effective when cost of a preoperative urinary tract infection is high and the rate of preoperative bacteriuria in those without risk factors is low.