Comparison of the Agitation-Reducing Effects of Esmolol and Lidocaine in Pediatric Strabismus Surgery: A Double-Blind, Randomized Clinical Study

Objective@#Agitation is a common symptom in children undergoing surgery, especially when surgeries are performed under sevoflurane and when patients undergo strabismus surgery. Because agitation can increase the risk of falls and lacerations on surgical sites and can delay discharge from the recovery room, adopting measures to reduce the incidence of agitation is essential. This study aimed to compare the agitation-reducing effects of lidocaine and esmolol administered individually or as a combination. @*Methods@#We included 80 patients scheduled to undergo strabismus surgery. Thiopental and sevoflurane were administered to induce general anesthesia. Group EL received lidocaine (2 mg/kg) right after the end of surgery and esmolol (0.5 mg/kg) immediately after recovery from anesthesia after turning the anesthetic gas off; group L received lidocaine at 2 mg/kg right after the end of surgery and did not receive esmolol, group E did not receive lidocaine at the end of the surgery but received esmolol at 0.5 mg/kg right after recovery from anesthesia, and group C received neither esmolol nor lidocaine. Agitation severity was assessed using the objective pain score, Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium Scale immediately after recovery from anesthesia and until discharge from the recovery room. @*Results@#Groups L and EL showed significantly lower agitation than groups E and C right after recovery from anesthesia, right after arrival to the recovery room, and 10 minutes after arrival to the recovery room (P 0.05). @*Conclusion@#Compared to the groups without lidocaine administration, groups L and EL, which received 2 mg/kg lidocaine, showed a higher level of reduction in agitation immediately after recovery from anesthesia and right after arrival to the recovery room (P < 0.05).

Successful Anesthetic Management of Myotonic Dystrophy Type I Using Sugammadex: A Case Report

Myotonic dystrophy (DM) is an uncommon inherited disease. Anesthesia for DM patients is tough due to its potency of cardiogenic and pulmonary problems, but a series of studies have shown how to manage and avoid complications and situations. We describe a case of a 33-year-old male patient who was scheduled for an elective excision & biopsy on the left axillae for hidradenitis suppurativa with DM type I. Anesthesia was induced and maintained with propofol, remifentanil, and rocuronium. Sugammadex is used as a reversal agent of neuromuscular blockade. He didn’t show myotonia during surgery and emergence. He also didn’t show postoperative pulmonary complications.

Dosing study of esmolol for reducing hemodynamic changes during lightwand intubation

Background@#Lightwand is a convenient tool that can be used instead of a laryngoscope for intubation. Tracheal intubation causes direct stimulation of the larynx, drastically increasing hemodynamic values including blood pressure and heart rate. This study aims to identify the effect of different doses of esmolol on hemodynamic changes during lightwand intubation. @*Methods@#The study subjects included 140 patients who underwent general anesthesia for elective surgery. The patients were randomly divided into four groups (35 patients in each group). The ‘C’ group only received 20 ml of normal saline, while the ‘E0.5’, ‘E1’, and ‘E2’ groups received 20 ml of normal saline containing esmolol—0.5 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg, and 2 mg/kg, respectively, injected 2 min prior to intubation. The patients’ blood pressure, heart rate, and rate-pressure product were measured six times, before and after the intubation. @*Results@#The degree of heart rate elevation was suppressed in the E1 and E2 groups compared to the C group, and RPP after intubation significantly decreased in the E2 group compared to the C group. @*Conclusions@#1–2 mg/kg of a single esmolol injection prior to lightwand intubation effectively blunts heart rate elevation, and 2 mg/kg of esmolol injection blunts rate-pressure product elevation.

Severe Anaphylaxis without Key Signs Such as Urticaria and Bronchospasm Suspected to Be Induced by Rocuronium

Perioperative hypersensitivity reaction have been reported to have a variable degree of the incidence from differ countries and to be 1/353–18,600 approximately and its mortality has been reported to be 4%–4.76% in the United States and Japan, respectively. A 65-year-old male patient with hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis, and history of amoxicillin allergy was scheduled for laparoscopic radical prostatectomy due to prostate cancer. Lidocaine, propofol, and rocuronium were administered sequentially to induce general anesthesia. Twenty minutes after the rocuronium administration, severe hypotension and tachycardia developed. But key signs of hypersensitivity such as urticaria and bronchospasm were not appeared. The operation was canceled and we evaluated the cause of severe hypotension and could confirm hypersensitivity for rocuronium with intradermal test after 4 weeks.

Effect of esmolol and lidocaine on agitation in awake phase of anesthesia among children: a double-blind, randomized clinical study / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#Sevoflurane is widely used to anesthetize children because of its rapid action with minimal irritation of the airways. However, there is a high risk of agitation after emergence from anesthesia. Strabismus surgery, in particular, can trigger agitation because patients have their eyes covered in the postoperative period. The aim of this study was to determine whether or not esmolol and lidocaine could decrease emergence agitation in children.@*METHODS@#Eighty-four patients aged 3 to 9 years undergoing strabismus surgery were randomly assigned to a control group (saline only), a group that received intravenous lidocaine 1.5 mg/kg, and a group that received intravenous esmolol 0.5 mg/kg and lidocaine 1.5 mg/kg. Agitation was measured using the objective pain score, Cole 5-point score, and Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale score at the end of surgery, on arrival in the recovery room, and 10 and 30 min after arrival.@*RESULTS@#The group that received the combination of esmolol and lidocaine showed lower OPS and RASS scores than the other two groups when patients awoke from anesthesia (OPS = 0 (0-4), RASS = -4 [(-5)-1]) and were transferred to the recovery room (OPS = 0 (0-8), RASS = -1 [(-5)-3]) (P  0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#When pediatric strabismus surgery is accompanied by sevoflurane anesthesia, an intravenous injection of esmolol and lidocaine could alleviate agitation until arrival in the recovery room.@*TRIAL REGISTRATION@#Clinical Research Information Service, No. KCT0002925; https://cris.nih.go.kr/cris/en/search/search_result_st01.jsp?seq=11532.

Effect of intraperitoneal CO₂ concentration on postoperative pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

PURPOSE: This study set out to identify the association between the intraperitoneal CO₂ concentrations and postoperative pain by dividing the participants into a control group and 2 experimental groups receiving irrigation (1 L and 2 L), and directly measuring their intraperitoneal CO₂ concentrations with a CO₂ gas detector. METHODS: A total of 101 patients, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification I and II patients aged 18–65 years were enrolled in the study. Group 1 did not receive irrigation with normal saline, while groups 2 and 3 were administered irrigation with 1 L and 2 L of normal saline, respectively, after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Intraperitoneal CO₂ concentrations were measured with a CO₂ gas detector through the port, and postoperative pain was assessed on a visual analogue scale at 6, 12, and 24 hours after surgery. RESULTS: The intraperitoneal CO₂ concentrations were 1,016.0 ± 960.3 ppm in group 1, 524.5 ± 383.2 ppm in group 2, and 362.2 ± 293.6 ppm in group 3, showing significantly lower concentrations in groups 2 and 3. Postoperative pain was significantly lower in group 3 at 6 hours after surgery, and in groups 2 and 3 at 12 hours after the surgery. However, there was no significant difference between the 3 groups in postoperative pain 24 hours after the surgery. CONCLUSION: This study found a causal relationship between the amount of normal saline used for irrigation and the intraperitoneal CO₂ concentrations in that irrigation with normal saline reduces pain on the day of the surgery.

A Case of Successful Resuscitation in a Mentally Disabled Young Patient with Isolated Jejunal Perforation during Emergent Exploratory Laparotomy

We present successful resuscitation in a mentally disabled young male who has isolated jejunal perforation without trauma history. Abdominal computed tomography scan showed large amount of free intraperitoneal air. Cardiac arrest occurred after anesthetic induction. Following resuscitation, emergent exploratory laparotomy revealed only a 3-cm perforation of the jejunum, 40 cm from the ligament of Treitz. During operation, repeated cardiac arrest occurred. Fortunately, the operation was successfully completed and patient discharged 15th day after operation without complications.

Opioid sparing effect of low dose ketamine in patients with intravenous patient-controlled analgesia using fentanyl after lumbar spinal fusion surgery / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: The opioid sparing effect of low dose ketamine is influenced by bolus dose, infusion rate, duration of infusion, and differences in the intensity of postoperative pain. In this study, we investigated the opioid sparing effect of low dose ketamine in patients with intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) using fentanyl after lumbar spinal fusion surgery, which can cause severe postoperative pain. METHODS: Sixty patients scheduled for elective lumbar spinal fusion surgery were randomly assigned to receive one of three study medications (K1 group: ketamine infusion of 1 microg/kg/min following bolus 0.5 mg/kg, K2 group: ketamine infusion of 2 microg/kg/min following bolus 0.5 mg/kg, Control group: saline infusion following bolus of saline). Continuous infusion of ketamine began before skin incision intraoperatively, and continued until 48 h postoperatively. For postoperative pain control, patients were administered fentanyl using IV-PCA (bolus dose 15 microg of fentanyl, lockout interval of 5 min, no basal infusion). For 48 h postoperatively, the total amount of fentanyl consumption, postoperative pain score, adverse effects and patients' satisfaction were evaluated. RESULTS: The total amount of fentanyl consumption was significantly lower in the K2 group (474 microg) compared to the control group (826 microg) and the K1 group (756 microg) during the 48 h after surgery. Pain scores at rest or with movement, the incidence of adverse events and patient satisfaction were not significantly different among the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Low-dose ketamine at 2 microg/kg/min following bolus 0.5 mg/kg significantly reduced the total amount of fentanyl consumption during the 48 h after lumbar spinal fusion surgery without increasing adverse effects.

The hemodynamic changes by different end-tidal CO2 under anesthesia using sevoflurane-N2O / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Hypercapnia augments cardiac output and can initiate a sympathetically mediated release of catecholamines to increase cardiac output. Many studies of hemodynamic changes by hypercapnia under general anesthesia with inhalation anesthetics besides sevoflurane. This study examined the hemodynamic changes by increasing end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2) under sevoflurane-N2O anesthesia. METHODS: Twenty patients were enrolled in the study. We studied stable, mechanically ventilated patients under general anesthesia maintained with O2 2 L/min - N2O 2 L/min - sevoflurane (1.5-2.5 vol%). Hypercapnia were obtained by reducing tidal volume and respiratory rate. EtCO2 was adjusted to 30, 40, 50 mmHg with each concentration maintained for 15 min. Global hemodynamic variables were monitored with a pulmonary artery catheter. RESULTS: There were no changes in mean arterial pressure or heart rate by hypercapnia. Acute moderate hypercapnia increased cardiac output (4.9 +/- 1.7, 5.5 +/- 1.7, 6.2 +/- 2.1 L/min; P 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: When we changed patient EtCO2 to 30, 40, and 50 mmHg, there were no changes in mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate, but systemic vascular resistance decreased, and cardiac output, cardiac index and mean pulmonary arterial pressure increased significantly.