Time-dependent interaction modification generated from plant-soil feedback.

Pairwise interactions between species can be modified by other community members, leading to emergent dynamics contingent on community composition. Despite the prevalence of such higher-order interactions, little is known about how they are linked to the timing and order of species' arrival. We generate population dynamics from a mechanistic plant-soil feedback model, then apply a general theoretical framework to show that the modification of a pairwise interaction by a third plant depends on its germination phenology. These time-dependent interaction modifications emerge from concurrent changes in plant and microbe populations and are strengthened by higher overlap between plants' associated microbiomes. The interaction between this overlap and the specificity of microbiomes further determines plant coexistence. Our framework is widely applicable to mechanisms in other systems from which similar time-dependent interaction modifications can emerge, highlighting the need to integrate temporal shifts of species interactions to predict the emergent dynamics of natural communities.

Priority Effects Determine How Dispersal Affects Biodiversity in Seasonal Metacommunities.

AbstractThe arrival order of species frequently determines the outcome of their interactions. This phenomenon, called the priority effect, is ubiquitous in nature and determines local community structure, but we know surprisingly little about how it influences biodiversity across different spatial scales. Here, we use a seasonal metacommunity model to show that biodiversity patterns and the homogenizing effect of high dispersal depend on the specific mechanisms underlying priority effects. When priority effects are driven only by positive frequency dependence, dispersal-diversity relationships are sensitive to initial conditions but generally show a hump-shaped relationship: biodiversity declines when dispersal rates become high and allow the dominant competitor to exclude other species across patches. When spatiotemporal variation in phenological differences alters species' interaction strengths (trait-dependent priority effects), local, regional, and temporal diversity are surprisingly insensitive to variation in dispersal, regardless of the initial numeric advantage. Thus, trait-dependent priority effects can strongly reduce the effect of dispersal on biodiversity, preventing the homogenization of metacommunities. Our results suggest an alternative mechanism that maintains local and regional diversity without environmental heterogeneity, highlighting that accounting for the mechanisms underlying priority effects is fundamental to understanding patterns of biodiversity.

Stage-mediated priority effects and season lengths shape long-term competition dynamics.

The relative arrival time of species can affect their interactions and thus determine which species persist in a community. Although this phenomenon, called priority effect, is widespread in natural communities, it is unclear how it depends on the length of growing season. Using a seasonal stage-structured model, we show that differences in stages of interacting species could generate priority effects by altering the strength of stabilizing and equalizing coexistence mechanisms, changing outcomes between exclusion, coexistence and positive frequency dependence. However, these priority effects are strongest in systems with just one or a few generations per season and diminish in systems where many overlapping generations per season dilute the importance of stage-specific interactions. Our model reveals a novel link between the number of generations in a season and the consequences of priority effects, suggesting that consequences of phenological shifts driven by climate change should depend on specific life histories of organisms.

Polystyrene nano/microplastics induce microbiota dysbiosis, oxidative damage, and innate immune disruption in zebrafish.

The toxicity of polystyrene nano/microplastics with diameter sizes of 50um and 100 nm and concentrations of 100 and 1000 µg/mL on gut microbiota, antioxidant activity and innate immune response in zebrafish was investigated. After exposure to polystyrene plastics particle, the pathological morphological changes of intestine and gills were observed, and the injury severity was related to the concentration and particle size of plastics. Significant changes in the richness and diversity of gut microbiota were observed after polystyrene plastics-exposed in zebrafish. The plastics-treated groups exhibited more substantial oxidative stress than the control group. In addition, the mRNA expression level of most pro- and anti-inflammatory factors, including IL-8, NF-κb, and IL-10, increased while the mRNA expression of TNF-α, a pro-inflammatory factor, decreased. Our results suggest that polystyrene nano/microplastics may represent a potential threat to the gut microbiota, oxidative status, and innate immunity. These results indicated that polystyrene nano/microplastics exerted size and concentration-dependent toxicity on zebrafish. The findings provide new evidence for the toxicity of polystyrene plastics on zebrafish.

SCFAs improve disease resistance via modulate gut microbiota, enhance immune response and increase antioxidative capacity in the host.

To evaluate the effects of dietary short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) on the intestinal health and innate immunity in crucian carp, a six-week feeding trial was carried out with following treatments: basal diet (BD), basal diet supplementation with 1% sodium acetate (BDSA), basal diet supplementation with 1% sodium propionate (BDSP) and basal diet supplementation with 1% sodium butyrate (BDSB). The results showed dietary BDSA, BDSP and BDSB could protect the host against oxidative stress by improving the activity of certain antioxidative enzymes (T-SOD, GSH-Px and CAT). Additionally, dietary SCFAs could enhance mucosal and humoral immune responses by improving certain innate immune parameters in serum and skin mucus productions (IgM, ACH50 and T-SOD). Furthermore, dietary BDSA and BDSP could up-regulate the expression of immune related genes (TNF-α, TGF-ß and IL-8) and tight junction protein genes (occludin and ZO-1). Dietary BDSB could also elevate the expression of IL-8, TGF-ß, ZO-1 and Occludin in the midgut. Although dietary differences of SCFAs didn't alter the α-diversity of the intestinal flora, they altered the core microbiota. Finally, the challenge trial showed that dietary basal diet supplementation with SCFAs could protect zebrafish against Aeromonas hydrophila. These results suggest that dietary SCFAs could improve innate immunity, modulate gut microbiota and increase disease resistance in the host, which indicated the potential of SCFAs as immunostimulants in aquaculture.

Influence of Fluconazole Administration on Gut Microbiome, Intestinal Barrier, and Immune Response in Mice.

Antibiotics that can treat or prevent infectious diseases play an important role in medical therapy. However, the use of antibiotics has potentially negative effects on the health of the host. For example, antibiotics use may affect the host's immune system by altering the gut microbiota. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the influence of antifungal (fluconazole) treatment on the gut microbiota and immune system of mice. Results showed that the gut microbial composition of mice receiving fluconazole treatment was significantly changed after the trial. Fluconazole did not affect the relative abundance of bacteria but significantly reduced the diversity of bacterial flora. In the bacteriome, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria significantly increased, while Bacteroidetes, Deferribacteres, Patescibacteria, and Tenericutes showed a remarkable reduction in the fluconazole-treated group compared with the control group. In the mycobiome, the relative abundance of Ascomycota was significantly decreased and Mucoromycota was significantly increased in the intestine of mice treated with fluconazole compared to the control group. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) results showed that the relative gene expression of ZO-1, occludin, MyD88, interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), and IL-6 was decreased in the fluconazole-treated group compared to the control. Serum levels of IL-2, LZM, and IgM were significantly increased, while the IgG level was considerably downregulated in the fluconazole-treated compared to the control group. These results suggest that the administration of fluconazole can influence the gut microbiota and that a healthy gut microbiome is important for the regulation of the host immune responses.

Enhancing cross-Kerr coupling via mechanical parametric amplification.

We present a proposal to enhance the cross-Kerr coupling between the cavity and the mechanical oscillator significantly. Specifically, the periodic modulation of the mechanical spring constant induces strong mechanical parametric amplification, which leads to the cross-Kerr nonlinear enhancement. Also, we discuss its application in photon-phonon blockade and phonon-number measurement. We find that under the strong cross-Kerr coupling condition, not only the photon-phonon blockade effect is dramatically enhanced but also different phonon number is clearly distinguished. Our results offer an alternative approach to perform quantum manipulation between photon and phonon.

Identification of choline-degrading bacteria from healthy human feces and used for screening of trimethylamine (TMA)-lyase inhibitors.

Gut microbiota-based choline metabolism produces trimethylamine (TMA), which is then further converted to the atherosclerosis-promoting metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) by hepatic flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs) and TMAO plays an essential role in cardiovascular disease (CVD). Many Chinese herbal medicines had been used for the treatment of CVD. This study aimed to screen choline-degrading bacteria from healthy human feces and establish a platform in silico and in vitro approaches for screening TMA-lyase inhibitors from Chinese herbal medicines. Choline-degrading bacteria were screened from healthy human feces in basic salt medium using culture method. The isolated strains were identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae based on 16S rRNA and the presence of CutC gene. Structure of CutC choline lyase was obtained from the RCSB Protein Data Bank database, and the modeled structure was docked with natural compounds of Chinese herbal medicines origin using MOE. Further, we investigated the inhibitory effects of selected compounds by picric acid-toluene method using K. pneumoniae as bioassay indicator. We found that TMA level was significantly decreased when treated with ß-sitosterol and resveratrol. This study initially demonstrates the inhibitory effect of ß-sitosterol and resveratrol on the gut microbiota responsible for choline metabolism to TMA and sets up an inhibitor-screening platform for further experiments. It can be used as a model to evaluate herbal drug sources and their effects on the gut microbiota for cardiovascular disease.

Predicting the responses of subalpine forest landscape dynamics to climate change on the eastern Tibetan Plateau.

Subalpine vegetation across the Tibetan Plateau is globally one of the most sensitive to climate change. However, the potential landscape-scale effects of climate change on subalpine forest dynamics remain largely unexplored. Here, we used a forest landscape model (LANDIS-II) coupled with a forest ecosystem process model (PnET-II) to simulate forest dynamics under future climate change in Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve in the eastern subalpine region of the Tibetan Plateau. We examined changes in the composition, distribution and aboveground biomass of cold temperate coniferous forests, temperate coniferous forests, deciduous broad-leaved forests and redwood forest under four climate change scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP8.5 and the current climate) from 2016 to 2096. Our model predicts that by 2096, (i) cold temperate coniferous forests will expand and increase by 7.92%, 8.18%, 8.65% and 7.02% under current climate, RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios, respectively; (ii) distribution of forests as a whole shows upward elevational range shift, especially under RCP8.5 scenario and (iii) total aboveground biomass slowly increases at first and then decreases to 12%-16% of current distribution under RCPs. These results show that climate change can be expected to significantly influence forest composition, distribution and aboveground biomass in the subalpine forests of eastern Tibetan Plateau. This study is the first to simulate forest dynamics at the landscape scale in subalpine areas of the Tibetan Plateau, which provides an important step in developing more effective strategies of forest management for expected climate change, not only in China but also around the world.

Progress on deer genome research.

Deer family is one of the most abundant mammalian families in the world. Deer species are distributed in wide geographic ranges including the North Pole, tropical regions and high-altitude mountains. Of these deer species, China accounts for more than 40% of them and is the main site for deer evolution. Besides the common phenotypical attributes for ruminants, deer family is evolved to possess the unique head gears with periodic regeneration, i.e. antlers. It is currently well accepted that deer is a very valuable model for the studies of ecology, behavior, evolution and biology, especially for the study of mammalian organ regeneration. Reference deer genome is the basis for systematically illustrating deer evolution, deciphering unique biological attributes of deer species, and is significant in protection and utilization of deer genetic resources. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in the field of deer genome research, including data of deer genetic variation, molecular basis of adaptive evolution, and key genes and functional genomics involved in deer antler origin and evolution. The overall aim of the paper is to provide the reference neccessary for in depth investigation of deer species.

TLR4 contributes to the damage of cartilage and subchondral bone in discectomy-induced TMJOA mice.

The abundance of inflammatory mediators in injured joint indicates innate immune reactions activated during temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA) progression. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) can mediate innate immune reaction. Herein, we aimed to investigate the expression profile and effect of TLR4 in the cartilage and subchondral bone of the discectomy-induced TMJOA mice. The expression of TLR4 and NFκB p65 in the synovium of TMJOA patients was measured by immunohistochemistry, Western blotting and RT-PCR. H&E and Masson staining were utilized to assess the damage of cartilage and subchondral bone of the discectomy-induced TMJOA mice. A TLR4 inhibitor, TAK-242, was used to assess the effect of TLR4 in the cartilage and subchondral bone of the discectomy-induced TMJOA mice by Safranin O, micro-CT, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry. Western blotting was used to quantify the expression and effect of TLR4 in IL-1ß-induced chondrocytes. The expression of TLR4 and NFκB p65 was elevated in the synovium of TMJOA patients, compared with the normal synovium. TLR4 elevated in the damaged cartilage and subchondral bone of discectomy-induced TMJOA mice, and the rate of TLR4 expressing chondrocytes positively correlated with OA score. Intraperitoneal injections of TAK-242 ameliorate the extent of TMJOA. Furthermore, TLR4 promotes the expression of MyD88/NFκB, pro-inflammatory and catabolic mediators in cartilage of discectomy-induced TMJOA. Besides, TLR4 participates in the production of MyD88/NFκB, pro-inflammatory and catabolic mediators in IL-1ß-induced chondrocytes. TLR4 contributes to the damage of cartilage and subchondral bone in discectomy-induced TMJOA mice through activation of MyD88/NFκB and release of pro-inflammatory and catabolic mediators.

Twist-bend nematic phase in biphenylethane-based copolyethers.

The main-chain liquid crystal (LC) copolyethers in which the nematic-nematic phase transition was first experimentally observed were revisited and re-characterised. Grazing incidence X-ray scattering revealed that the low-T nematic (Ntb) phase could be highly aligned by shearing, more so than in previously studied bent LC dimers. This was evidenced by a four-point wide-angle X-ray scattering pattern, which originates from convolution of two tilt distributions. Through intensity simulation the orientational order parameter associated with each of the distributions, as well as the conical angle of the Ntb phase, was calculated. Information regarding the polymer chain conformation was obtained using polarised infrared spectroscopy. The findings suggest the average conformation of the chains is a helix, and that the bend angle between mesogenic units is inversely related to temperature. All experimental evidence, including a jump in birefringence at the Ntb-nematic (N) phase transition, shows that copolyether samples mirror the behaviour of bent LC dimers over the transition. This confirms that the low-T nematic phase in copolyethers is indeed the same as that in LC dimers, now known to be the Ntb. The unusual broadening of transition peaks in complex heat capacity, obtained by modulated DSC experiments, is discussed.

Dynamic calorimetry and XRD studies of the nematic and twist-bend nematic phase transitions in a series of dimers with increasing spacer length.

A modulated and conventional DSC study of the transitions between the twist-bend nematic (Ntb), regular nematic (N) and isotropic liquid (Iso) phases was performed on a series of difluoroterphenyl-based dimers with (CH2)n spacers; n = 5, 7, 9, 11. The enthalpy of Ntb-N transition decreases steeply with increasing n, while that of the N-Iso transition increases with n; hence, the greatest effect of increasing n is a lowering N phase enthalpy. Based on past and present X-ray scattering experiments, we estimate the average molecular conformation in the Ntb phase and perform torsion energy calculations on the spacer. From this, the lowering enthalpy of the N phase is attributed to the decreasing torsional energy cost of bringing the two terphenyls from an inclined twisted conformation in the Ntb phase, to almost parallel in the N phase. With increasing n the C-C bonds of the spacers twist less away from their trans conformation, thereby reducing the overall torsion energy of the N phase. It is speculated that the nearly continuous nature of the Ntb-N transition in n = 11 dimer is associated with the divergence of the helical pitch toward infinity which is intercepted by a final jump at the very weak (0.01 J g-1) first-order transition. Small-angle X-ray scattering results suggest similar local cybotactic layering in both nematic phases, with four sublayers, i.e. tails, mesogens, spacers, mesogens.

Gene expression analysis at multiple time-points identifies key genes for nerve regeneration.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to provide a comprehensive understanding of gene expression during Wallerian degeneration and axon regeneration after peripheral nerve injury. METHODS: A microarray was used to detect gene expression in the distal nerve 0, 3, 7, and 14 days after sciatic nerve crush. Bioinformatic analysis was used to predict function of the differentially expressed mRNAs. Microarray results and the key pathways were validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). RESULTS: Differentially expressed mRNAs at different time-points (3, 7, and 14 days) after injury were identified and compared with a control group (0 day). Nine general trends of changes in gene expression were identified. Key signal pathways and 9 biological processes closely associated with nerve regeneration were identified and verified. CONCLUSIONS: Differentially expressed genes and biological processes and pathways associated with axonal regeneration may elucidate the molecular-biological mechanisms underlying peripheral nerve regeneration. Muscle Nerve 55: 373-383, 2017.

Effect Soft Measurement Model of Steel Slag Powder Repair Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrum.

Using converter slag as curing stabilizing agents, applying Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy method of tracking and detection of heavy metals in soil remediation effect of slag powder, and the micro-structure of mixtures (slag powder and heavy metal contaminated soils). It can establish soft sensor mode which is based on Gaussian process regression slag powder on heavy metal contaminated soil remediation effect. by using Gaussian process regression. The results show that the steel slag powder on heavy metals contaminated soil has good repairing effect, 180 d within its restorative effects are maintained over 90%; the repair process is divided into early, middle and late stages, in which the early (1~3 d) repair mode is given priority to with ion exchange high alkaline environment, medium-term (7~42 d) ion exchange and gel setting weaken the enhanced role of the late (56~180 d) form a large number CSH gel, the gel solidification further strengthened; based on Gaussian process regression Steel slag powder on heavy metal contaminated soil remediation effect soft measurement model of the real and predicted values agree well with the data, the absolute error is -1.35 ~-0.48, relative error of -1.448%～-0.497%.

Transcriptome analysis of sika deer in China.

Sika deer is of great commercial value because their antlers are used in tonics and alternative medicine and their meat is healthy and delicious. The goal of this study was to generate transcript sequences from sika deer for functional genomic analyses and to identify the transcripts that demonstrate tissue-specific, age-dependent differential expression patterns. These sequences could enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying sika deer growth and development. In the present study, we performed de novo transcriptome assembly and profiling analysis across ten tissue types and four developmental stages (juvenile, adolescent, adult, and aged) of sika deer, using Illumina paired-end tag (PET) sequencing technology. A total of 1,752,253 contigs with an average length of 799 bp were generated, from which 1,348,618 unigenes with an average length of 590 bp were defined. Approximately 33.2 % of these (447,931 unigenes) were then annotated in public protein databases. Many sika deer tissue-specific, age-dependent unigenes were identified. The testes have the largest number of tissue-enriched unigenes, and some of them were prone to develop new functions for other tissues. Additionally, our transcriptome revealed that the juvenile-adolescent transition was the most complex and important stage of the sika deer life cycle. The present work represents the first multiple tissue transcriptome analysis of sika deer across four developmental stages. The generated data not only provide a functional genomics resource for future biological research on sika deer but also guide the selection and manipulation of genes controlling growth and development.

Novel amdoparvovirus infecting farmed raccoon dogs and arctic foxes.

A new amdoparvovirus, named raccoon dog and fox amdoparvovirus (RFAV), was identified in farmed sick raccoon dogs and arctic foxes. Phylogenetic analyses showed that RFAV belongs to a new species within the genus Amdoparvovirus of the family Parvoviridae. An RFAV strain was isolated in Crandell feline kidney cell culture.

Cryptococcosis of lumbar vertebra in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma: case report and literature review.

BACKGROUND: Although cryptococcosis mainly occurs in the central nervous system and lungs in immunocompromised hosts, it can involve any body site or structure. Here we report the first case of primary cryptococcosis of a lumbar vertebra without involvement of the central nervous system or lungs in a relatively immunocompromised individual with rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma. CASE PRESENTATION: A 40-year-old Chinese woman with rheumatoid arthritis diagnosed 1 year beforehand and with a subsequent diagnosis of scleroderma was found to have an isolated cryptococcal infection of the fourth lumbar vertebra. Her main complaints were severe low back and left leg pain. Cryptococcosis was diagnosed by CT-guided needle biopsy and microbiological confirmation; however, serum cryptococcal antigen titer was negative. After 3 months of antifungal therapy with fluconazole the patient developed symptoms and signs of scleroderma, which was confirmed on laboratory tests. After taking fluconazole for 6 months, the progressive destruction of the lumbar vertebral body had halted and the size of an adjacent paravertebral mass had decreased substantially. On discharge symptoms had resolved and at an annual follow-up there was no evidence of recurrence on the basis of symptoms, signs or imaging investigations. CONCLUSION: Although cryptococcosis of the lumbar vertebra is extremely rare, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis for patients with lumbar vertebral masses to avoid missed diagnosis, misdiagnosis and diagnostic delay. Early treatment with antifungals proved to be a satisfactory alternative to surgery in this relatively immunocompromised patient. Any residual spinal instability can be treated later, once the infection has resolved.

[The efficacy analysis of selective decompression of lumbar root canal of elderly lumbar spinal stenosis].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of the treatments of lumbar spinal stenosis by selective decompression of lumbar root canal and laminectomy. METHODS: From March 2007 to March 2011, 144 lumbar spinal stenosis patients were treated by selective decompression of lumbosacral root canal and laminectomy. All of these patients included 64 male and 80 female patients, age range 60-87 years, average (66 ± 5) years. Duration 6-72 months, average (12 ± 16) months. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to surgical procedure underwent: group A including 70 patients who were treated with selective decompression of lumbar root canal, group B including 74 patients who were treated with traditional laminectomy. Five time points were selected to assess clinical effect using Oswestry disability index (ODI) and Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA), which were pre-operation and 1 month, 6 months, 12 months and last follow-up. The data were analyzed through Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test. RESULTS: All operations were completed well without severe complications. The duration of follow-up was 12-55 months, average (31 ± 6) months. All patients' symptoms got improved or partial remission. The average pre- and post-operative scores of JOA in group A and B were from 14.0 ± 1.6 to 20.3 ± 1.7, from 13.6 ± 1.7 to 20.2 ± 2.0, respectively, there were significant statistical differences (Z = 2.41 and 2.23, P < 0.05). The average pre- and post-operative scores of ODI in group A and B were from 62% ± 4% to 28% ± 4%, from 63% ± 4% to 27% ± 3%, respectively, there were significant statistical differences (Z = 2.93 and 2.64, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Personalized treatment programs should be established for elderly lumbar spinal stenosis according to stenosis location. Laminectomy is carried out with the stenosis in the central spinal canal; selective decompression of lumbosacral root canal is accepted with the stenosis in the nerve root canal without central stenosis.

Lactobacillus salivarius CPU-01 Ameliorates Temozolomide-Induced Intestinal Mucositis by Modulating Gut Microbiota, Maintaining Intestinal Barrier, and Blocking Pro-inflammatory Cytokines.

Chemotherapy-induced intestinal mucositis is one of the major toxic side effects in the treatment of cancer patients. The purpose of this study is to screen lactic acid bacteria which could alleviate intestinal inflammation and damage induced by chemotherapeutic agents and explore the possible underlying mechanisms. Lactobacillus salivarius CPU-01 was selected from traditional Chinese fermented foods due to its protective effects on the toxicity of temozolomide in Caenorhabditis elegans. Eighteen ICR mice were randomly divided into 3 groups including control group, temozolomide-induced intestinal mucositis group, and temozolomide + L. salivarius CPU-01 group, and were used to investigate the effect of L. salivarius CPU-01 on chemotherapy-induced intestinal mucositis. It has been demonstrated that the administration of L. salivarius CPU-01 can prevent colon shortening and alleviate colon tissue damage caused by temozolomide-induced intestinal mucositis in mice. L. salivarius CPU-01 relieved the intestinal microbiota disorders caused by temozolomide and contributed to the growth of beneficial bacteria, such as Lactobacillus, Clostridia UCG - 014_norank, and Akkermansia. In vivo experiments also indicated that L. salivarius CPU-01 can suppress the level of temozolomide-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines in serum and mRNA expression in the small intestine tissues. It was also found that L. salivarius CPU-01 significantly increased the expressions of intestinal tight junction (TJ) proteins, ZO-1, and Occludin proteins in mice treated with temozolomide. These findings suggest that L. salivarius CPU-01 can ameliorate temozolomide-induced intestinal mucositis by modulating gut microbiota, blocking pro-inflammatory cytokines, and repairing the intestinal barrier. These findings suggest probiotics may serve as a potential alternative therapeutic strategy for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced intestinal mucositis in the future.