The effect of pre-treatment and process conditions on the gas barrier properties of fibrillated cellulose films and coatings: A review.

Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) is a bio-material produced by disintegrating cellulose fibres into fibrillar components. MFC could offer a sustainable solution to packaging needs since it can form an excellent barrier to oxygen. However, a comprehensive understanding of how MFC characteristics impact barrier properties of MFC films or coatings is required. This article critically reviews how the extent of separation of fibres into fibrils-and any resulting changes to the crystallinity and degree of polymerisation of cellulose-influences gas barrier properties of MFC films or coatings. Findings from publications investigating the barrier performance of MFC prepared through different processes intending to increase the effectiveness of fibrillation are evaluated and compared. The effects of processing conditions or chemical pre-treatments on barrier properties of MFC films or coatings are then discussed. A comparison of reported results showed that morphology and size polydispersity of the cellulose strongly influence the barrier properties of MFC. However, changing the MFC production process to decrease fibril diameter and polydispersity can result in changes to cellulose crystallinity; reduction in fibril length; introduction of bulky functional groups; or increased fibril surface charge: all of which could have a negative impact on the barrier properties of the final films or coatings.

Managing patient deterioration: a protocol for enhancing undergraduate nursing students' competence through web-based simulation and feedback techniques.

AIMS: To describe a funded proposal for the development of an on-line evidence based educational program for the management of deteriorating patients. BACKGROUND: There are international concerns regarding the management of deteriorating patients with issues around the 'failure to rescue'. The primary response to these issues has been the development of medical emergency teams with little focus on the education of primary first responders. DESIGN/METHODS: A mixed methods triangulated convergent design.In this four phase proposal we plan to 1. examine nursing student team ability to manage deteriorating patients and based upon these findings 2. develop web based educational material, including interactive scenarios. This educational material will be tested and refined in the third Phase 3, prior to evaluation and dissemination in the final phase. CONCLUSION: This project aims to enhance knowledge development for the management of deteriorating patients through rigorous assessment of team performance and to produce a contemporary evidence-based online training program.

Community-based practice program in a rural medical school: benefits and challenges.

BACKGROUND: Community-based education is a component of many medical curricula and may contribute to the solution of inequity in health services. AIMS: This article evaluates a Community-based practice program (CBPP) conducted at Gippsland Medical School, Monash University. Students gain exposure to the community and conduct a community-based research project. The principal objective of the CBPP is to provide students with an opportunity to develop an interprofessional perspective on the application of social equity, justice and models of health interventions in the community. METHODS: Students and representatives from community organisations (community educators) evaluated the CBPP using questionnaires, focus groups and interviews. RESULTS: Students agree that participating in the CBPP improves understanding of community services, barriers and social determinants of health and the roles of health professionals. Community educators view the CBPP as a valuable platform for mutual learning for all parties involved, with students gaining real life experience. Challenges in the CBPP include formulating and conducting a research project and contextualisation of didactic material at community sites. CONCLUSION: From this evaluation, based as it is on 1 year and limited data, we cannot unequivocally claim that the program fully meets its overall objective; however, there are positive outcomes and pointers to success.

Evaluation of mobile learning: students' experiences in a new rural-based medical school.

BACKGROUND: Mobile learning (ML) is an emerging educational method with success dependent on many factors including the ML device, physical infrastructure and user characteristics. At Gippsland Medical School (GMS), students are given a laptop at the commencement of their four-year degree. We evaluated the educational impact of the ML program from students' perspectives. METHODS: Questionnaires and individual interviews explored students' experiences of ML. All students were invited to complete questionnaires. Convenience sampling was used for interviews. Quantitative data was entered to SPSS 17.0 and descriptive statistics computed. Free text comments from questionnaires and transcriptions of interviews were thematically analysed. RESULTS: Fifty students completed the questionnaire (response rate 88%). Six students participated in interviews. More than half the students owned a laptop prior to commencing studies, would recommend the laptop and took the laptop to GMS daily. Modal daily use of laptops was four hours. Most frequent use was for access to the internet and email while the most frequently used applications were Microsoft Word and PowerPoint. Students appreciated the laptops for several reasons. The reduced financial burden was valued. Students were largely satisfied with the laptop specifications. Design elements of teaching spaces limited functionality. Although students valued aspects of the virtual learning environment (VLE), they also made many suggestions for improvement. CONCLUSIONS: Students reported many educational benefits from school provision of laptops. In particular, the quick and easy access to electronic educational resources as and when they were needed. Improved design of physical facilities would enhance laptop use together with a more logical layout of the VLE, new computer-based resources and activities promoting interaction.

Density and population estimate of gibbons (Hylobates albibarbis) in the Sabangau catchment, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia.

We demonstrate that although auditory sampling is a useful tool, this method alone will not provide a truly accurate indication of population size, density and distribution of gibbons in an area. If auditory sampling alone is employed, we show that data collection must take place over a sufficient period to account for variation in calling patterns across seasons. The population of Hylobates albibarbis in the Sabangau catchment, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, was surveyed from July to December 2005 using methods established previously. In addition, auditory sampling was complemented by detailed behavioural data on six habituated groups within the study area. Here we compare results from this study to those of a 1-month study conducted in 2004. The total population of the Sabangau catchment is estimated to be about in the tens of thousands, though numbers, distribution and density for the different forest subtypes vary considerably. We propose that future density surveys of gibbons must include data from all forest subtypes where gibbons are found and that extrapolating from one forest subtype is likely to yield inaccurate density and population estimates. We also propose that auditory census be carried out by using at least three listening posts (LP) in order to increase the area sampled and the chances of hearing groups. Our results suggest that the Sabangau catchment contains one of the largest remaining contiguous populations of Bornean agile gibbon.

Positive effects of massage therapy on a patient with narcolepsy.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this case report was to investigate the effects of massage therapy on the sleep patterns of a woman with narcolepsy. PARTICIPANT: The 23-year-old woman's primary symptoms included excessive daytime sleepiness and periodic leg movements (PLM), which were associated with her diagnoses of both narcolepsy and cataplexy. INTERVENTION: Five 45-minute massage therapy treatments were administered over a five-week period. The patient's sleep patterns were recorded each week before the treatment. A final measurement was recorded in the sixth week. The sleep patterns were monitored using the Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire, which included ten visual analogue scales. RESULTS: The results of this case report included an improvement in getting to sleep by 148%, an improvement in quality of sleep by 1100%, an improvement in awake following sleep by 121%, and an improvement in behaviour following wakening by 28% using the Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire. CONCLUSION: This case report suggests that massage therapy had a positive effect on this patient with narcolepsy. Further research is needed to investigate the effects of massage therapy on narcolepsy and sleep patterns.