Genetic differentiation and structuration of the Gobra zebu cattle breeds reared in Senegal.

The Gobra zebu genetic breeding program has resulted in the genetic improvement of a new population. This population gained genetic characteristics that set them apart from the other cattle populations reared in Senegal. The cause of these differences might be the reproductive isolation and selection to which this population of the "Centre de Recherches Zootechniques" of Dahra has been subjected since the 1950s. This study aimed to assess the genetic differentiation and structuration of this population compared to the main cattle breeds used in Senegal. A total of 180 individuals, selected from the Gobra selection nucleus and bovine populations from four main breeds in Senegal, were included in this study. We used a panel of 21 microsatellite markers among those recommended by the Food Agriculture Organization, to conduct the molecular genotyping of our sampled populations. The basic genetic parameters of differentiation and structuration were calculated using various bioinformatics software. The results of this study, particularly the degrees of genetic differentiation (Fst), the coefficient of genetic homogeneity (Gst), and the gene flow (Nm), show a significant genetic differentiation of the Gobra from the station compared to the other populations studied. Structuring and phylogeny analyses reveal a micro-structuring within the Gobra population as a novelty. This micro-structuring clearly identifies the Gobra individuals from Dahra's station among the other Gobra populations studied. The main causes of these observations would be reproductive isolation and the selection pressure exerted on this population for several decades.

Milk fatty acid variability and association with polymorphisms in SCD1 and DGAT1 genes in White Fulani and Borgou cattle breeds.

The stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) A293V and acyl CoA: diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) K232A polymorphisms have been associated with significant variation in bovine milk fatty acid composition and unsaturation indices in western cattle breeds. This study aimed to estimate the milk fatty acid variability in indigenous Borgou and White Fulani cattle breeds of Benin, and the effects of the SCD1 A293V and DGAT1 K232A polymorphisms on milk and fatty acid composition and unsaturation indices. Thus, 85 Borgou and 96 White Fulani cows were genotyped for the SCD1 A293V and DGAT1 K232A polymorphisms and their milk and fatty acid composition and unsaturation indices were determined. Borgou presented milk with higher linoleic acid (P < 0.001), oleic acid (P < 0.05), C18 index (P < 0.001), total unsaturation index (P < 0.05), and lower total saturated fatty acid (SFA) compared to White Fulani. The SCD1 VV genotype was associated with higher protein and lactose contents in White Fulani (P < 0.05). In Borgou, the SCD1 AV genotype was associated with higher C14 and total unsaturation indices (P < 0.01), while the SCD1 V allele was associated with decrease in C14 index (P < 0.05). In White Fulani, the SCD1 VV genotype was associated with lower C18:1 cis-9 content (P < 0.05) while the DGAT1 K allele was associated with increased total SFA (P < 0.05), and decreased C18 index (P < 0.05), total unsaturation index (P < 0.01) and total monounsaturated fatty acid (P < 0.01). The SCD1 A293V and DGAT1 K232A may serve as genetic markers to improve milk fatty acid traits in Borgou and White Fulani breeds.

A review of machine learning models applied to genomic prediction in animal breeding.

The advent of modern genotyping technologies has revolutionized genomic selection in animal breeding. Large marker datasets have shown several drawbacks for traditional genomic prediction methods in terms of flexibility, accuracy, and computational power. Recently, the application of machine learning models in animal breeding has gained a lot of interest due to their tremendous flexibility and their ability to capture patterns in large noisy datasets. Here, we present a general overview of a handful of machine learning algorithms and their application in genomic prediction to provide a meta-picture of their performance in genomic estimated breeding values estimation, genotype imputation, and feature selection. Finally, we discuss a potential adoption of machine learning models in genomic prediction in developing countries. The results of the reviewed studies showed that machine learning models have indeed performed well in fitting large noisy data sets and modeling minor nonadditive effects in some of the studies. However, sometimes conventional methods outperformed machine learning models, which confirms that there's no universal method for genomic prediction. In summary, machine learning models have great potential for extracting patterns from single nucleotide polymorphism datasets. Nonetheless, the level of their adoption in animal breeding is still low due to data limitations, complex genetic interactions, a lack of standardization and reproducibility, and the lack of interpretability of machine learning models when trained with biological data. Consequently, there is no remarkable outperformance of machine learning methods compared to traditional methods in genomic prediction. Therefore, more research should be conducted to discover new insights that could enhance livestock breeding programs.

Genetic diversity and breed-informative SNPs identification in domestic pig populations using coding SNPs.

Background: The use of breed-informative genetic markers, specifically coding Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), is crucial for breed traceability, authentication of meat and dairy products, and the preservation and improvement of pig breeds. By identifying breed informative markers, we aimed to gain insights into the genetic mechanisms that influence production traits, enabling informed decisions in animal management and promoting sustainable pig production to meet the growing demand for animal products. Methods: Our dataset consists of 300 coding SNPs genotyped from three Italian commercial pig populations: Landrace, Yorkshire, and Duroc. Firstly, we analyzed the genetic diversity among the populations. Then, we applied a discriminant analysis of principal components to identify the most informative SNPs for discriminating between these populations. Lastly, we conducted a functional enrichment analysis to identify the most enriched pathways related to the genetic variation observed in the pig populations. Results: The alpha diversity indexes revealed a high genetic diversity within the three breeds. The higher proportion of observed heterozygosity than expected revealed an excess of heterozygotes in the populations that was supported by negative values of the fixation index (FIS) and deviations from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The Euclidean distance, the pairwise FST, and the pairwise Nei's GST genetic distances revealed that Yorkshire and Landrace breeds are genetically the closest, with distance values of 2.242, 0.029, and 0.033, respectively. Conversely, Landrace and Duroc breeds showed the highest genetic divergence, with distance values of 2.815, 0.048, and 0.052, respectively. We identified 28 significant SNPs that are related to phenotypic traits and these SNPs were able to differentiate between the pig breeds with high accuracy. The Functional Enrichment Analysis of the informative SNPs highlighted biological functions related to DNA packaging, chromatin integrity, and the preparation of DNA into higher-order structures. Conclusion: Our study sheds light on the genetic underpinnings of phenotypic variation among three Italian pig breeds, offering potential insights into the mechanisms driving breed differentiation. By prioritizing breed-specific coding SNPs, our approach enables a more focused analysis of specific genomic regions relevant to the research question compared to analyzing the entire genome.

Livestock phenomics and genetic evaluation approaches in Africa: current state and future perspectives.

The African livestock sector plays a key role in improving the livelihoods of people through the supply of food, improved nutrition and consequently health. However, its impact on the economy of the people and contribution to national GDP is highly variable and generally below its potential. This study was conducted to assess the current state of livestock phenomics and genetic evaluation methods being used across the continent, the main challenges, and to demonstrate the effects of various genetic models on the accuracy and rate of genetic gain that could be achieved. An online survey of livestock experts, academics, scientists, national focal points for animal genetic resources, policymakers, extension agents and animal breeding industry was conducted in 38 African countries. The results revealed 1) limited national livestock identification and data recording systems, 2) limited data on livestock production and health traits and genomic information, 3) mass selection was the common method used for genetic improvement with very limited application of genetic and genomic-based selection and evaluation, 4) limited human capacity, infrastructure, and funding for livestock genetic improvement programmes, as well as enabling animal breeding policies. A joint genetic evaluation of Holstein-Friesian using pooled data from Kenya and South Africa was piloted. The pilot analysis yielded higher accuracy of prediction of breeding values, pointing to possibility of higher genetic gains that could be achieved and demonstrating the potential power of multi-country evaluations: Kenya benefited on the 305-days milk yield and the age at first calving and South Africa on the age at first calving and the first calving interval. The findings from this study will help in developing harmonized protocols for animal identification, livestock data recording, and genetic evaluations (both national and across-countries) as well as in designing subsequent capacity building and training programmes for animal breeders and livestock farmers in Africa. National governments need to put in place enabling policies, the necessary infrastructure and funding for national and across country collaborations for a joint genetic evaluation which will revolutionize the livestock genetic improvement in Africa.

Genetic diversity of indigenous guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) using microsatellite markers in northern Togo.

Indigenous guinea fowl is an important animal resource for improving rural household income. In order to provide molecular data for a sustainable management of this poultry resource, an assessment of the genetic diversity and phylogenic relationships was undertaken on seven guinea fowl phenotypes from two agroecological zones (Dry Savannah and Atakora) of Togo. Genotyping was carried out using 18 microsatellite markers on 94 individuals from Dry Savannah (59) and Atakora (35) zones. The results obtained showed a high genetic diversity, with six as an average alleles per locus and an observed heterozygosity of 0.512. However, the FIS values varied from 0.047 (Lavender) to 0.257 (Albino), reflecting a deficit of heterozygotes, which suggests low to moderate inbreeding levels. The genetic distances between phenotypes are low, ranging from 0.0068 (Bonaparte-Pearl grey) to 0.1559 (Lavender-Albino), unlike the strong genetic identities that reflect a strong genetic similarity between the seven phenotypes of indigenous guinea fowl studied. These results indicate the existence of a single indigenous guinea fowl population, derived from three probable parental populations, with a high within population genetic diversity (phenotypic or agroecological zone). These results could be of use to conservation and improvement programs aiming at the maintenance and sustainable exploitation of this important socio-cultural and economic resource in Togo.

In vivo analysis of trypanocidal drug resistance in sahelian goats infected by Trypanosoma vivax strains collected in northern Togo.

Trypanosoma (T.) vivax is one of the animal trypanosomes species causing calf mortality and economic losses in Togo. Despite its importance as the most widely distributed trypanosome species, T. vivax has received little attention because it is difficult to cultivate most field isolates in rodents. No molecular diagnostic tools for the identification of drug-resistant in T. vivax are currently available. Herein, four field isolates of T. vivax from Togo were cryopreserved and assessed for susceptibility to diminazene aceturate (DA) and isometamidium chloride (ISM) in goats. For field isolate preparation, 1 ml of blood from an infected goat was diluted in 111 µl of phosphate-buffered-saline and stored in liquid nitrogen. The in vivo experiment drug test was performed using twenty Sahelian goats with six-month of age and weighing 14.5 ± 1.6 kg. These experimental goats were purchased from a tsetse free-area Dori, a Sahelian region of Burkina Faso. The cryopreserved T. vivax isolates with unknowns, DA, and ISM sensitivity was inoculated to five goats and one goat was used as control. Each animal was inoculated by intravenously route 1 × 105 trypanosomes from the donor goat. Relapses were earlier in the first phase of treatment (14.85 ± 1.08 days) compared with the second phase (20 ± 3.39 days). The overall mean PCV of the control group decreased from 32% to 17% at day-60 (P-value < 0.001). Three isolates were phenotypically resistant to 0.5 mg per kg body weight (BW) ISM and one for 3.5 mg per kg BW of DA. There were no relapses with the 7 mg per kg BW dose DA. This study shows the resistance of T. vivax to two main trypanocidal drugs in different villages of Mango. The results suggest the extension of surveillance strategies to remote villages in Togo and will guide the veterinarian or herder in choosing a mass treatment strategy. Further studies will be needed to better understand the molecular basis of the observed resistance.

Genetic diversity of bovine populations raised in Senegal.

BACKGROUND: The Gobra zebu and N'dama taurine cattle breeds are important genetic animal resources for Senegal. For several decades, genetic breeding programmes have been devoted to them at the Centre de Recherches Zootechniques de Dahra and Kolda. Since then, these animals have been subjected to mass selection, mainly in closed selection nuclei. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to assess the genetic diversity within these selection nuclei in order to orient future selection strategies. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was carried out on the Gobra zebu and N'dama taurine populations from selection nuclei of Dahra and Kolda respectively, which were compared to 5 other populations of the main cattle breeds in Senegal. One hundred eighty (180) animals were genotyped with 21 microsatellite markers recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organisation. RESULTS: All populations were found to be polymorphic with a PIC of over 55%. However, animals from the CRZ-Dahra (indigenous) and CRZ-Kolda stations had the lowest mean heterozygosity (0.643 and 0.591 respectively). The other populations had an average heterozygosity between 0.650 and 0.737. CONCLUSION: The cattle populations maintained at the different CRZs show a lower genetic diversity than the other populations described in our study. The main reasons for this are reproductive isolation and selection pressure on these populations.

Morphological and microsatellite DNA diversity of Djallonké sheep in Guinea-Bissau.

BACKGROUND: The present study aimed at characterizing the Djallonké Sheep (DS), the only local sheep breed raised in Guinea-Bissau. A total of 200 animals were sampled from four regions (Bafatá, Gabú, Oio and Cacheu) and described using 7 visual criteria and 8 measurements. These parameters have been studied by principal components analysis. The genetic diversity and population structure of 92 unrelated animals were studied using 12 microsatellite markers. RESULTS: The values of quantitative characters in the Bafatá region were significantly higher than those obtained in the other three regions. A phenotypic diversity of the DS population was observed and three genetic types distinguished: animals with "large traits" in the region of Bafatá, animals with "intermediate traits" in the regions of Gabú and Oio and animals with "small traits" in the Cacheu region. The hair coat colors are dominated by the white color, the shape of the facial head profile is mainly convex and the ears "erected horizontally". Most of the morphobiometric characteristics were significantly influenced by the "region" and "sex of animals". The average Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) of 0.65 ± 0.11 supports the use of markers in genetic characterization. Gabú subpopulation had the highest genetic diversity measures (He = 0.716 ± 0.089) while Cacheu DS subpopulation presented the smallest (He = 0.651 ± 0.157). Only Gabú and Bafatá subpopulations presented significant heterozygote deficiency across all loci indicating possible significant inbreeding. Mean values for FIT, FST, FIS and GST statistics across all loci were 0.09, 0.029, 0.063 and 0.043 respectively. The overall genetic differentiation observed between the four DS subpopulations studied was low. Bafatá and Gabú are the most closely related subpopulations (DS = 0.04, genetic identity = 0.96) while Bafatá and Cacheu were the most genetically distant subpopulations (DS = 0.14, genetic identity = 0.87). Using Bayesian approach, the number of K groups that best fit the data is detected between 2 and 3, which is consistent with the morphological analysis and the factorial analysis of correspondence. CONCLUSIONS: The molecular results on DS population of Guinea-Bissau confirmed the ones obtained with morphological analysis. The three genetic types observed phenotypically might be due to a combination of the agro-ecological differences and the management of breeding rather than genetic factors.

Evaluation of the Re-emergence Risk of Human African Trypanosomiasis in the Southwestern Burkina Faso, A Gold-Bearing Mutation Area.

PURPOSE: The boom in Burkina Faso's artisanal gold mining since 2007 has attracted populations from Côte d'Ivoire and Guinea, which are the West African countries most affected by human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) and therefore increases its risk of re-emergence. Our aim was to update the HAT data in Burkina Faso in the risk of the re-emergence context with the advent of artisanal gold mining. METHODS: The study was carried out in the southwestern Burkina Faso where entomological surveys were conducted using biconical traps in March 2017. Follow by an active medical survey in April 2017, which was targeted the gold panners in 7 villages closer to artisanal gold sites, using CATT, mini-anion exchange centrifugation technique, trypanolysis test (TL) and ELISA test to measure human/tsetse contacts. The buffy coat technique and the TL were also applied in pigs to check their reservoir role of human trypanosomes. RESULTS: Our results have shown no case of HAT among 958 individuals tested and all the 50 pigs were also negative, but the level of antibodies against tsetse saliva evidenced by ELISA revealed low human/tsetse contact. Moreover, gold panners practise agriculture and breeding in an infected tsetse area, which are increased the risk. CONCLUSION: Our results illustrate that the risk of re-emergence is low. The passive surveillance system implemented in 2015 in southwestern Burkina Faso is needed to increase the sentinel sites to better cover this area by taking into account the gold mining. Finally, awareness-raising activities are needed among populations about HAT.