Mapping evidence on the use of health promotion and disease prevention interventions as a strategy to sustaining pro-poor health insurance schemes: a scoping review protocol.

BACKGROUND: Removing financial barriers and making healthcare accessible to all who need it remains an essential component of the United Nations' sustainable development goals. Pro-poor healthcare financing schemes are policies that enable patients to concentrate on obtaining absolute medical care when needed rather than worrying about the cost of care. The demand for health services in healthcare facilities has increased tremendously due to the increasing burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases. This potentially threatens the sustainability of pro-poor health financing schemes. This study seeks to synthesize literature and map evidence on the use of health promotion and disease prevention interventions as a strategy to sustaining pro-poor health financing schemes globally. METHODS: We will conduct a systematic scoping review utilizing the Arksey and O'Malley framework, Levac et al. recommendations, and the Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines. A comprehensive keyword search for relevant published articles will be conducted in MEDLINE through PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, SCOPUS, CINAHL, and Science Direct from 1 January 2000 to the last search date in 2021. Limiters such as date and language (English) will be applied, but study design limitations will be removed during the search. Boolean term AND/OR Medical Subject Heading terms will also be included. The reference list of all included articles will also be searched for potentially eligible articles. Two investigators will independently screen the articles in parallel at the abstract and full-text stages using the eligibility criteria designed in a Google form. Charting of data will also be conducted independently by two investigators using a piloted data abstraction form and thematic analysis conducted. The emerging themes will be collated, summarized, and the results reported. DISCUSSION: We hope to provide evidence of diverse health promotion and disease prevention policies/strategies used by countries to sustain their pro-poor health financing schemes for possible adoption by other countries. We also anticipate finding research gaps for further studies to help find innovative contextualized health prevention and promotion strategies to sustain pro-poor health financing schemes especially those in LMICs. The findings will be comprehensively discussed and disseminated at conferences and publication in a peer-reviewed journal.

Probe dependency in the determination of ligand binding kinetics at a prototypical G protein-coupled receptor.

Drug-target binding kinetics are suggested to be important parameters for the prediction of in vivo drug-efficacy. For G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the binding kinetics of ligands are typically determined using association binding experiments in competition with radiolabelled probes, followed by analysis with the widely used competitive binding kinetics theory developed by Motulsky and Mahan. Despite this, the influence of the radioligand binding kinetics on the kinetic parameters derived for the ligands tested is often overlooked. To address this, binding rate constants for a series of histamine H1 receptor (H1R) antagonists were determined using radioligands with either slow (low koff) or fast (high koff) dissociation characteristics. A correlation was observed between the probe-specific datasets for the kinetic binding affinities, association rate constants and dissociation rate constants. However, the magnitude and accuracy of the binding rate constant-values was highly dependent on the used radioligand probe. Further analysis using recently developed fluorescent binding methods corroborates the finding that the Motulsky-Mahan methodology is limited by the employed assay conditions. The presented data suggest that kinetic parameters of GPCR ligands depend largely on the characteristics of the probe used and results should therefore be viewed within the experimental context and limitations of the applied methodology.