In situ XAFS-XRD study of the Zr-Y2O3 interaction at extra-high temperatures.

The in situ measurement technique for a metal/metal-oxide mixture at extra-high temperature above 2000 K has been desired in the field of nuclear safety engineering. In the present study, we succeeded in simultaneous XAFS-XRD measurements of the Zr oxidation [Zr + O → Zr(O) + ZrO2] up to 1952 K and ZrO2-Y2O3 reaction from 1952 to 2519 K. The chemical shift during Zr oxidation was observed in the absorption spectra around the Zr K-edge, and the interatomic cation-cation and cation-oxygen distances obtained by the fitting analysis of EXAFS during the Y2O3-ZrO2 reaction are explained. Also, the temperature dependency of the anharmonic effect was investigated by comparing the fitted second- and third-order cumulants with the theoretical ones in which the Morse potential was applied as an interatomic potential, giving a good explanation about the local structure dynamics. Finally, the applicability of the developed system to investigation of nuclear fuel materials, such as UO2-Zr, is discussed.

Natural killer group 2A (NKG2A) and natural killer group 2C (NKG2C) bind to sulfated glycans and α2,3-NeuAc-containing glycoproteins.

Killer lectin-like receptors on natural killer (NK) cells mediate cytotoxicity through glycans on target cells. We prepared recombinant glutathione S-transferase-fused extracellular lectin-like domains (AA 94-231) of natural killer group 2A (NKG2A) (rGST-NKG2A) and NKG2C (rGST-NKG2C) and determined the binding of these receptors to plates coated with heparin-conjugated bovine serum albumin (heparin-BSA) and glycoproteins. rGST-NKG2A and rGST-NKG2C directly bound to heparin-BSA with K(d) values of 20 and 40 nM, respectively. Binding of rGST-NKG2A and rGST-NKG2C to heparin-BSA was suppressed in the presence of soluble heparin, heparan sulfate, fucoidan, λ-carrageenan, and dextran sulfate. 2-O-Sulfate residues in heparin were essential for the binding of rGST-NKG2A and rGST-NKG2C. Moreover, rGST-NKG2A and rGST-NKG2C bound to multimeric sialyl Lewis X expressing transferrin secreted by HepG2 cells with K(d) values of 80 and 114 nM, respectively. This is the first report showing that NKG2A and NKG2C bind to heparin and α2,3-NeuAc-containing glycoproteins.

Perinatal factors contributing to intellectual impairment in a cohort of Japanese children with very low birth weight.

BACKGROUND: To determine whether prematurity, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), or neonatal stress affects intellectual impairment in children with very low birth weight (VLBW). METHODS: This national historical cohort study evaluated children with VLBW cared for in perinatal medical centers throughout Japan. Factors assessed included three latent variables (prematurity, IUGR, and stress during the neonatal period) and eight observed variables during perinatal period. The primary endpoint was intellectual or developmental quotient (IQ/DQ) at age ≥3 years. Structural equation model (SEM) was used to examine factors associated with IQ/DQ. RESULTS: The study included 248 VLBW children, who were of mean age 5.7±2.0 years and mean IQ/DQ of 85.5 at last encounter. SEM showed that stress during the neonatal period (ß=-0.37) contributed more to IQ/DQ than intrauterine malnutrition (ß=0.25) and prematurity (ß=0.15) and that the duration of mechanical ventilation was an important contributor to stress during the neonatal period. CONCLUSIONS: Neonatal stress was more harmful to future intellectual impairment of VLBW neonates, with IUGR contributing more than prematurity. Duration of mechanical ventilation was an important risk factor in neonatal stress. Neonatologists should minimize neonatal stress in VLBW neonates, and obstetricians should monitor fetal growth restriction to prevent intellectual impairment in later life.

Immunohistochemical analysis of organic anion transporter 2 and reduced folate carrier 1 in colorectal cancer: Significance as a predictor of response to oral uracil/ftorafur plus leucovorin chemotherapy.

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common malignancies in developed countries and chemotherapy is the standard treatment option for advanced colorectal cancer. Identification of biomarkers for predicting response to uracil/ftorafur plus leucovorin (UFT/LV) chemotherapy is an important issue in colorectal cancer treatment. Organic anion transporter 2 (OAT2) and reduced folate carrier 1 (RFC1) are the major uptake transporters of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and LV, respectively. In the present study, the correlation between OAT2 and RFC1 expression and histological response to preoperative UFT-based (UFT or UFT/LV) chemotherapy was investigated. Pre-treatment biopsy specimens obtained from 45 patients were evaluated for OAT2 and RFC1 expression levels by using an immunohistochemical approach. A high expression of OAT2 and RFC1 was significantly correlated with good response to UFT-based chemotherapy (P<0.0001 and P= 0.002, respectively). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, a high OAT2 expression was an independent predictor of good response to UFT-based chemotherapy (P=0.02), unlike RFC1 expression. High expression levels of OAT2 were significantly correlated with a good response in the UFT-treated (P= 0.04) as well as the UFT/LV-treated (P<0.0005) groups; however, RFC1 expression levels were significantly correlated with a good response only in the UFT/LV-treated group (P=0.02). Therefore, immunohistochemical analysis of OAT2 and RFC1 may serve as a useful tool for predicting the efficacy of UFT/LV treatment regimens in colorectal cancer patients.

Prognostic value of organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B3 and copper transporter 1 expression in endometrial cancer patients treated with paclitaxel and carboplatin.

Paclitaxel and carboplatin (TC) chemotherapy is an effective and well-tolerated regimen against advanced endometrial cancer. Organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B3 (OATP1B3) and copper transporter 1 (CTR1) are critical for the uptake of paclitaxel and carboplatin, respectively. This study aimed to address the prognostic impact of OATP1B3 and CTR1 in endometrial cancer patients treated with adjuvant TC chemotherapy. We immunohistochemically evaluated the expressions of OATP1B3 and CTR1 in 47 stage III endometrial cancers. The high expression levels of OATP1B3 were significantly correlated with type I tumor (P = 0.0005). In univariate analysis, high expression levels of OATP1B3 (P = 0.047) and CTR1 (P = 0.009) were significantly associated with longer disease-free survival (DFS) and longer overall survival (OS), respectively. The patients with tumors showing high expression levels of at least one of OATP1B3 and CTR1 had potentially longer DFS (P = 0.058) and significantly longer OS (P = 0.003) sin the univariate analysis. Combined OATP1B3/CTR1 expression was the sole independent prognostic factor for longer OS in the multivariate analysis (P = 0.013). Our findings suggest that combined OATP1B3/CTR1 expression is a possible predictive/prognostic factor for a good outcome in stage III endometrial cancer patients treated with adjuvant TC chemotherapy.