Cancer risk in tuberculosis patients in a high endemic area.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) may facilitate carcinogenesis. We performed a case-control study of the association between TB and cancer in Xinjiang, a high TB endemic area of China. METHODS: From January 2016 to December 2018, a total of 45,455 patients hospitalized in Xinjiang Cancer Hospital were consecutively enrolled and divided into a malignant tumor group (n = 32,539) and a benign tumor group (n = 12,916). Patients with active and previous TB before the diagnosis of cancer were retrospectively identified in the two groups. RESULTS: A significantly higher proportion of TB was found in the malignant tumor group (n = 1776, 5.46%) than in the control (benign tumor) group (n = 175, 1.35%) (p < 0.0001). The highest and lowest proportions of TB in the malignant group were in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (16.74%) and thyroid cancer (0.77%), respectively. In multivariate analysis adjusting for age, sex, and ethnicity, TB remained an independent risk factor for all cancers (odds ratio (OR) 1.68; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.43-1.97). Furthermore, TB was associated with a significantly higher risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, cervical cancer, esophageal cancer, "other" cancers, ovarian cancer, and breast cancer. Moreover, females with TB were more likely to develop cancer than males (p < 0.0001), except for esophageal cancer and lymphoma. CONCLUSION: TB patients have an elevated cancer risk. A screening strategy for TB should be taken into consideration before treatment in patients with some cancer types that are associated with a high proportion of TB.

Deficiency of nucleosome-destabilizing factor GLYR1 dampens spermatogenesis in mice.

Aberrant sperm morphology hinders sperm motility and causes male subfertility. Spermatogenesis, a complex process in male germ cell development, necessitates precise regulation of numerous developmental genes. However, the regulatory pathways involved in this process remain partially understood. We have observed the widespread expression of Glyr1, the gene encoding a nucleosome-destabilizing factor, in mouse testicular cells. Our study demonstrates that mice experiencing Glyr1 depletion in spermatogenic cells exhibit subfertility characterized by a diminished count and motility of spermatozoa. Furthermore, the rate of sperm malformation significantly increases in the absence of Glyr1, with a predominant occurrence of head and neck malformation in spermatozoa within the cauda epididymis. Additionally, a reduction in spermatocyte numbers across different meiotic stages is observed, accompanied by diminished histone acetylation in spermatogenic cells upon Glyr1 depletion. Our findings underscore the crucial roles of Glyr1 in mouse spermiogenesis and unveil novel insights into the etiology of male reproductive diseases.

The landscape of transcriptional profiles in human oocytes with different chromatin configurations.

With increasingly used assisted reproductive technology (ART), the acquisition of high-quality oocytes and early embryos has become the focus of much attention. Studies in mice have found that the transition of chromatin conformation from non-surrounded nucleolus (NSN) to surrounded nucleolus (SN) is essential for oocyte maturation and early embryo development, and similar chromatin transition also exists in human oocytes. In this study, we collected human NSN and SN oocytes and investigated their transcriptome. The analysis of differentially expressed genes showed that epigenetic functions, cyclin-dependent kinases and transposable elements may play important roles in chromatin transition during human oocyte maturation. Our findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanism of NSN-to-SN transition of human oocyte and obtained new clues for improvement of oocyte in vitro maturation technique.

A distinct tumor microenvironment makes anaplastic thyroid cancer more lethal but immunotherapy sensitive than papillary thyroid cancer.

Both anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) and papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) originate from thyroid follicular epithelial cells, but ATC has a significantly worse prognosis and shows resistance to conventional therapies. However, clinical trials found that immunotherapy works better in ATC than late-stage PTC. Here, we used single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) to generate a single-cell atlas of thyroid cancer. Differences in ATC and PTC tumor microenvironment components (including malignant cells, stromal cells, and immune cells) leading to the polarized prognoses were identified. Intriguingly, we found that CXCL13+ T lymphocytes were enriched in ATC samples and might promote the development of early tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS). Last, murine experiments and scRNA-Seq analysis of a treated patient's tumor demonstrated that famitinib plus anti-PD-1 antibody could advance TLS in thyroid cancer. We displayed the cellular landscape of ATC and PTC, finding that CXCL13+ T cells and early TLS might make ATC more sensitive to immunotherapy.

Increased Risk of Lymphoma in Men or the Elderly Infected with Tuberculosis.

PURPOSE: To identify factors associated with lymphoma in patients with prior Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. METHODS: A retrospective case-control analysis was performed in a highly tuberculosis (TB)-endemic area. Patients with a history of TB before the diagnosis of lymphoma were retrospectively identified. Inpatients with lymphoma (n=1,057) and pathologically confirmed benign diseases (n=12,916) were consecutively enrolled at Xinjiang Medical University Cancer Hospital between January 2016 and December 2019. RESULTS: The proportion of TB infection in patients with lymphoma (n=148, 14.0%) was significantly higher than that in the control (benign diseases) group (n=175, 1.4%) (p<0.0001). The frequencies of TB infection in patients with Hodgkin lymphoma, B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), and T/NK-cell NHL were 13.6%, 14.6%, and 11.9%, respectively. Relatively high proportions of TB infection were found in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL), marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (MZBL), and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), at 20.6%, 18.6% and 15.3%, respectively, compared to other subtypes of B-cell NHL. For T/NK-cell NHL, the proportions of TB infection in patients with peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (PTCL, NOS), and anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) were 18.2% and 20%, respectively. The multivariate analysis revealed that male sex was an adverse risk factor for lymphoma after tubercular infection. In addition, male sex and older age (>60 years) were associated with B-cell NHL. CONCLUSION: A high proportion of TB infection was found in patients with lymphoma. In TB-infected patients, older age and male sex were associated with susceptibility to lymphoma, suggesting that screening programmes might be useful for the early detection of lymphoma. Keywords Lymphoma; tuberculosis; Burkitt's lymphoma; diffuse large B lymphoma; Hodgkin's disease.

Increased ApoE Expression in Follicular Fluid and the ApoE Genotype Are Associated With Endometriosis in Chinese Women.

More than 10% of women suffer from endometriosis (EMT) during their reproductive years. EMT can cause pain and infertility and requires further study from multiple perspectives. Previous reports have indicated that an increase inapolipoprotein E (ApoE) may be associated with a lower number of retrieved mature oocytes in older women, and an association between ApoE and spontaneous pregnancy loss may exist in patients with EMT. The purpose of this study was to investigate the existence of an increase in ApoE in follicular fluid (FF) and the possible relationship between ApoE and EMT in Chinese women. In the current study, 217 Chinese women (111 control subjects and 106 EMT patients) were included. The ApoE genotypes were identified by Sanger sequencing. We found that ApoE expression in FF was higher in patients with EMT than in the control group. In addition, a significant difference in ApoE4 carriers (ϵ3/ϵ4, ϵ4/ϵ4) was found between the control subjects and the patients with EMT. Furthermore, a nonparametric test revealed significant differences in the numbers of blastocysts and high-quality blastocysts, but not the hormone levels of FSH, LH, and E2, between the two groups. We also established a multifactor (BMI, high-quality blastocysts, and ϵ4) prediction model with good sensitivity for identifying patients who may suffer from EMT. Our results demonstrate that ApoE expression in FF is increased in EMT, the ApoE-ϵ4 allele is significantly linked to EMT, and a combined analysis of three factors (BMI, high-quality blastocysts, and ϵ4) could be used as a predictor of EMT.

Next-Generation Sequencing Enhances the Diagnosis Efficiency in Thyroid Nodules.

BACKGROUND: Though fine-needle aspiration (FNA) improved the diagnostic methods of thyroid nodules, there are still parts of nodules that cannot be determined according to cytology. In the Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology, there are two uncertain cytology results. Thanks to the development of next-generation sequencing technology, it is possible to gain the genetic background of pathological tissue efficiently. Therefore, a combination of the cytology and genetic background may enhance the accuracy of diagnosis in thyroid nodules. METHODS: DNA from 73 FNA samples of thyroid nodules belonging to different cytology types was extracted and exome sequencing was performed by the ThyroLead panel. Test for BRAF mutation was also performed by ARMS-qPCR. Information including age, sex, preoperative cytology, BRAF mutation status tested by ARMS-qPCR, and surgical pathology was collected in electronic medical record system. RESULTS: A total of 71 single nucleotide variants, three fusion gene, and two microsatellite instability-high status were detected in 73 FNA samples. BRAF V600E mutation is the most common mutation in these malignant thyroid nodules. After combining the cytology and genetic background detected by next-generation sequencing, the diagnosis sensitivity was increased from 0.582 (95% CI: 0.441-0.711) to 0.855 (95% CI: 0.728-0.930) (P < 0.001) in our group, while the specificity, 1,000 (95% CI: 0.732-1.000) compared to 0.857 (95% CI: 0.562-0.975) (P = 0.25), did not get affected. CONCLUSIONS: Next-generation sequencing in thyroid nodules can enhance the preoperative diagnosis sensitivity by fine-needle aspiration alone. It can also provide genetic background for direction of medication. It is possible for clinicians to combine cytology with genetic alterations for a more precise diagnosis strategy of thyroid nodules.

Melatonin maintains mitochondrial membrane potential and decreases excessive intracellular Ca2+ levels in immature human oocytes.

AIMS: Previous reports have demonstrated that melatonin exists in multiple extrapineal sites, and higher amounts of melatonin are present in human follicular fluid than in serum, which indicates that it might play key roles in human oocyte maturation and subsequent embryonic development. Melatonin has been shown to be a potent antioxidant and might be beneficial to human oocytes during in vitro maturation (IVM). However, the underlying mechanisms of melatonin action during IVM have not been thoroughly investigated. MAIN METHODS: Immunofluorescence staining, western blotting, and ELISA were applied to investigate whether melatoninergic components are expressed in the cultured human ovarian cumulus cells. TMRE staining and Fluo-4 AM staining were performed to detect the mitochondrial membrane potential and intracellular Ca2+ levels of immature human oocytes respectively. KEY FINDINGS: First, cultured human ovary cumulus cells synthesized melatonin in vitro, and it expressed serotonin (the precursor of melatonin) and the two key enzymes, i.e. N-acetyltransferase (NAT) and hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT). Additionally, the results suggest that melatonin maintains the mitochondrial membrane potential and decrease excessive Ca2+ levels in immature human oocytes during IVM. SIGNIFICANCE: In conclusion, we provide evidence that the melatoninergic components were expressed in cultured human ovarian cumulus cells, and melatonin might reduce oxidative stress of human oocytes by ameliorating mitochondrial function. In view of the significant clinical value that immature human oocytes have in assisted reproductive technology (ART), our findings highlight a potential treatment strategy of using melatonin to improve mitochondrial function and to enhance the quality of human oocytes during IVM.

The size and depth of lesions measured by endoscopic ultrasonography are novel prognostic factors of primary gastric diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

Diffuse large B cell lymphoma is one of the predominant histological subtypes of primary gastric lymphomas. Factors that contribute to precise stratification and guide the treatment of this disease are still not well understood. We analyzed 73 primary gastric diffuse large B cell lymphoma patients retrospectively, and found that patients characterized by late stage, multiple localization, B symptoms, lower serum albumin level and elevated LDH level had a shorter overall survival through Univariate Cox regression analysis. Multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated that ALB ≤ 35g/L, staging ≥ IIE and multiple sites localization were independent adverse prognostic factors. Significantly, in 35 patients who received endoscopy at diagnosis, Kaplan-Meier analyses indicated that patients with large (≥3 cm) and deep lesions (≥11 mm) had an inferior OS (p = .01 and .039). These findings implicated that tumor size and depth are two indicators of prognosis under ultrasonography. Further randomized studies with large number of cases are needed.

[Photolumimescence character of novel phthalocyanine].

In the present paper, the authors study the photolumimescence spectra of the novel 2,3-tetra-(2-isopropyl-5-methylbenzoyl) hydrogen phthalocyanine casting film and vacuum-deposited film. Photolumimescence spectras of casting film on the quartz substrate were measured at 10, 77, 177 and 300 K, and the photolumimescence spectra of vacuum-deposited film with a thickness of about 200 nm on the silicon substrate was studied at room temperature (300 K). For 2,3-tetra-(2-isopropyl-5-methylbenzoyl) hydrogen phthalocyanine, the casting films all show fluorescence peaks at 942, 937, 942 and 942 nm and phosphorescence peaks at 1114, 1057, 1114 and 1114 nm in the photolumimescence spectra at 10, 77, 177 and 300 K, respectively. In the cases of 2,3-tetra-(2-isopropyl-5-methyl -benzoyl) hydrogen phthalocyanine, the peaks of excimers, which are related with the resistance ability of molecular aggregation, were found around 1673 nm as observed from photolumimescence spectra of the novel phthalocyanine casting films at 177 and 300 K. And the peak of excimers at 300 K is stronger than at 177 K also as can be seen from photolumimescence spectra of its casting films. With the increase in the temperature, the fluorescence peak was weakened and the peaks of excimers became stronger from the photoluminescence spectra of 2,3-tetra-(2-isopropyl-5-methylbenzoyl) hydrogen phthalocyanine casting films at 10, 77, 177 and 300 K. At the same time, the authors discussed the reason for coming into being 2,3-tetra-(2-isopropyl-5-methylbenzoyl) hydrogen phthalocyanine excimers as can be concluded from the structure of 2,3-tetra-(2-isopropyl-5-methylbenzoyl) hydrogen phthalocyanine molecules through the parameters of Chem 3D Ultra 9.0 MM2 calculation and simulated diagram of C4h isomer of 2,3-tetra-(2-isopropyl-5-methylbenzoyl) hydrogen phthalocyanine. The peaks of casting film and vacuum-deposited film of 2,3-tetra-(2-isopropyl-5-methyl -benzoyl) hydrogen phthalocyanine presented different maximum emission wavelength and full width at half maximum. The peak of 2,3-tetra-(2-isopropyl-5-methyl-benzoyl) hydrogen phthalocyanine vacuum-deposited films displays the maximum emission wavelengths around 1140 nm, while the maximum emission wavelengths of casting films show obvious differences compared with the vacuum-deposited films. The usual full width at half maximum is approximately 300 nm for casting film, which is in contrasts with that the full width at half maximum is about 100 nm for the vacuum-deposited film as can be seen from photolumimescence spectra of 2,3-tetra-(2-isopropyl-5-methylbenzoyl) hydrogen phthalocyanine casting film and photolumimescence spectra of 2,3-tetra-(2-isopropyl-5-methylbenzoyl) hydrogen phthalocyanine vacuum-deposited film.

Gene set enrichment and topological analyses based on interaction networks in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) accounts for over one-quarter of all pediatric cancers. Interacting genes and proteins within the larger human gene interaction network of the human genome are rarely investigated by studies investigating pediatric ALL. In the present study, interaction networks were constructed using the empirical Bayesian approach and the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/proteins database, based on the differentially-expressed (DE) genes in pediatric ALL, which were identified using the RankProd package. Enrichment analysis of the interaction network was performed using the network-based methods EnrichNet and PathExpand, which were compared with the traditional expression analysis systematic explored (EASE) method. In total, 398 DE genes were identified in pediatric ALL, and LIF was the most significantly DE gene. The co-expression network consisted of 272 nodes, which indicated genes and proteins, and 602 edges, which indicated the number of interactions adjacent to the node. Comparison between EASE and PathExpand revealed that PathExpand detected more pathways or processes that were closely associated with pediatric ALL compared with the EASE method. There were 294 nodes and 1,588 edges in the protein-protein interaction network, with the processes of hematopoietic cell lineage and porphyrin metabolism demonstrating a close association with pediatric ALL. Network enrichment analysis based on the PathExpand algorithm was revealed to be more powerful for the analysis of interaction networks in pediatric ALL compared with the EASE method. LIF and MLLT11 were identified as the most significantly DE genes in pediatric ALL. The process of hematopoietic cell lineage was the pathway most significantly associated with pediatric ALL.

Pre-clinical evaluation of AZD-2014, a novel mTORC1/2 dual inhibitor, against renal cell carcinoma.

Here we found that dual mTORC1/2 inhibitor AZD-2014 significantly inhibited RCC cell survival and growth, with higher efficiency than conventional mTORC1 inhibitors rapamycin and RAD001. RCC cell apoptosis was also induced by AZD-2014. AZD-2014 disrupted mTORC1/2 assembly and activation, while downregulating HIF-1α/2α and cyclin D1 expressions in RCC cells. Meanwhile, AZD-2014 activated autophagy, detected by p62 degradation, Beclin-1/ATG-5 upregulation and light LC3B-I/-II conversion. Autophagy inhibition by pharmacologic or siRNA-based means increased AZD-2014 activity in vitro, causing substantial RCC cell apoptosis. In vivo, AZD-2014 was more efficient than RAD001 in inhibiting 786-0 xenografts and downregulating HIF-1α/2α or p-AKT (Ser-473). Finally, AZD-2014's activity in vivo was further enhanced by co-administration of the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyaldenine. We provide evidence for clinical trials of using AZD-2014 in RCC treatment.

Differential Expression of Long Noncoding RNAs in Human Cumulus Cells Related to Embryo Developmental Potential: A Microarray Analysis.

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), which are prevalently transcribed in the genome, are involved in a variety of biological functions, yet little is known about their abundance in human cumulus cells (CCs) during oocyte development. Here, we describe the expression profile of lncRNAs in 3 pairs of cumulus cells from mature oocytes that result in high-quality embryo (H-CCs) and from oocytes that result in poor-quality embryo (P-CCs) using microarray analysis. In this study, a total of 20 563 lncRNAs were expressed in human CCs. One hundred and twenty four lncRNAs were consistently upregulated, and 509 lncRNAs were consistently downregulated in all samples analyzed (fold change ≥ 2.0, P < .05). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to validate 5 upregulated and 7 downregulated lncRNAs. The qRT-PCR results in the study were confirmed to be consistent with the microarray results. Network analysis was used for further research. The results displayed the differentially expressed lncRNAs in P-CCs between H-CCs, which suggested that lncRNAs may contribute to the processes of oocyte and early embryo development.

Purification and Functional Characterization of a Shark Cartilage Factor Inhibitory to Angiogenesis.

SCAIF-I, an inhibitor of angiogenesis from shark cartilage was purified to homogeneity. The 4 mol/L guanidinium chloride extract of shark cartilage was fractionally precipitated with 35%-65% acetone, then purified by Resource Q ion exchange chromatography, Sephacryl S-300 gel filtration, and reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. The pure inhibitor was homogeneous as a single band on a silver-stained 15% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel. SCAIF-I had an molecular weight of 18 kD. It specifically inhibited proliferation of endothelial cells, and strongly blocked endothelial cell movement and angiogenesis in the chorioallantoic membrane of chick embryos. Systemic administration of SCAIF-I at the dose of 5 mg/kg.d suppressed 87.93% of the growth of Lewis lung carcinoma implanted in C57BL/6 mice.

SCAIF80, a Novel Inhibitor of Angiogenesis, and Its Effect on Tumor Growth.

A novel inhibitor of angiogenesis named SCAIF80 (shark cartilage-derived angiogenesis inhibitory factor) from shark cartilage has been isolated and characterized. SDS-PAGE analysis followed by silver staining revealed a single band with molecular weight (M(r)) of 80 kD. To determine whether this protein was capable of inhibiting angiogensis, it was assayed in endothelial cell (EC) proliferation and migration assay. The results showed that SCAIF80 significantly suppressed EC proliferation and migration in a dose-dependent manner. In the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay, SCAIF80 also showed a potent inhibitory activity on angiogenesis in vivo. In animal tests, the growth of tumor was potently suppressed by SCAIF80 therapy. Lewis lung carcinoma was inhibited by 93.83 % at a dose of 5 mg/(kg.d). These findings suggest that shark cartilage may produce a novel protein with anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor activity.

RET and PHOX2B genetic polymorphisms and Hirschsprung's disease susceptibility: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Many publications have evaluated the correlation between RET, PHOX2B polymorphisms and Hirschsprung's disease with conflicting results. We performed this meta-analysis to clarify the association of RET, PHOX2B polymorphisms with HSCR. METHODS: We searched Pubmed, Elsevier Science Direct, China National Knowledge Infrastructure database, Chinese Biomedical database, Google scholar. The combined odds ratio (OR) with 95% CI was calculated to estimate the strength of the association. Heterogeneity and publication bias were also assessed. RESULTS: In total, 16 studies concerning RET and 4 studies concerning PHOX2B were included in the meta-analysis. The effects of five polymorphisms of RET (rs1800858, rs1800860, rs1800861, rs10900297, rs2435357) and one polymorphism (rs28647582) of PHOX2B were evaluated. We found a significant correlation between RET polymorphisms and HSCR. For rs1800858, the overall ORs (95% CI) of the A versus G, AA versus GG, AA/AG versus GG and AA versus GG/AG were 3.81 (2.28-6.35); 8.36 (3.45-20.25); 3.59 (1.83-7.02); and 6.60 (3.66-11.89). For rs1800861, the comparison of subjects in the G versus T, GG versus TT, GG/TG versus TT and GG versus TT/TG were 2.85(1.81-4.47); 5.38(2.68-10.80); 3.07(2.17-4.34) and 4.14(1.84-9.30) respectively. For rs10900297, the comparison results showed statistically significant. (OR(C versus A) = 5.05,95%CI = 4.16-6.13; OR(CC versus AA) = 9.73, 95%CI = 5.94-15.94; OR(CC/AC versus AA) = 5.31, 95%CI = 3.27-6.82; OR(CC versus AC/AA) = 7.06,95%CI = 5.60-8.91.) But, for rs1800860, the GG/GA versus AA did not reach statistical association (OR = 3.77, 95% CI = 0.94-15.07) and the G versus A, GG versus AA, GG versus GA/AA were 2.23 (1.60-3.11);4.56 (1.14-18.27); 2.38 (1.66-3.43) respectively. For rs2435357, the T versus C, TT versus CC, TT/TC versus CC and TT versus CC/TC were 4.53 (3.27-6.27); 11.44 (5.67-23.10); 4.04 (2.92-5.57), and 9.01(5.25-15.46).The single polymorphism of PHOX2B gene wasn't related to the risk for HSCR. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis shows a significant association between RET polymorphisms and HSCR.

A clinical analysis of primary testicular diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in China.

The objective of this study was to analyze the clinical behavior and treatment policy of patients with primary testicular diffuse large B-cell lymphoma by retrospective analysis of 32 patients at our institute. All patients underwent orchidectomy. Anthracycline-based chemotherapy was administered to 27 patients (84·38%), six of whom also received rituximab; prophylactic intrathecal chemotherapy was given to seven patients (21·88%); and eight patients (25%) received prophylactic scrotal radiotherapy. Thirteen patients had relapse, among whom 12 cases were extranodal recurrences. Seven patients had central nervous system involvement, and four patients relapsed in the contralateral testis. The presence of B symptoms, poor Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, left testicular involvement, central nervous system involvement, and first relapse within 1 year were associated with worse progression-free survival using univariate analysis. Poor Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, left testicular involvement, and surgery alone were negative prognostic factors for overall survival.