Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals the immunoregulatory roles of PegIFN-α in patients with chronic hepatitis B.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is caused by HBV infection and affects the lives of millions of people worldwide by causing liver inflammation, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. Interferon-alpha (IFN-α) therapy is a conventional immunotherapy that has been widely used in CHB treatment and achieved promising therapeutic outcomes by activating viral sensors and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) suppressed by HBV. However, the longitudinal landscape of immune cells of CHB patients and the effect of IFN-α on the immune system are not fully understood. APPROACH AND RESULTS: Here, we applied single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to delineate the transcriptomic landscape of peripheral immune cells in CHB patients before and after PegIFN-α therapy. Notably, we identified three CHB-specific cell subsets, pro-inflammatory (Pro-infla) CD14+ monocytes, Pro-infla CD16+ monocytes and IFNG+ CX3CR1- NK cells, which highly expressed proinflammatory genes and positively correlated with HBsAg. Furthermore, PegIFN-α treatment attenuated percentages of hyperactivated monocytes, increased ratios of long-lived naive/memory T cells and enhanced effector T cell cytotoxicity. Finally, PegIFN-α treatment switched the transcriptional profiles of entire immune cells from TNF-driven to IFN-α-driven pattern and enhanced innate antiviral response, including virus sensing and antigen presentation. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, our study expands the understanding of the pathological characteristics of CHB and the immunoregulatory roles of PegIFN-α, which provides a new powerful reference for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of CHB.

The R2R3-MYB transcription factor ZeMYB32 negatively regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis in Zinnia elegans.

KEY MESSAGE: This study identified an R2R3-MYB from Zinnia elegans, ZeMYB32, which negatively regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis.

The mitochondrial carboxylase PCCA interacts with Listeria monocytogenes phospholipase PlcB to modulate bacterial survival.

Listeria monocytogenes, a prominent foodborne pathogen responsible for zoonotic infections, owes a significant portion of its virulence to the presence of the phospholipase PlcB. In this study, we performed an in-depth examination of the intricate relationship between L. monocytogenes PlcB and host cell mitochondria, unveiling a novel participant in bacterial survival: the mitochondrial carboxylase propionyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (PCCA). Our investigation uncovered previously unexplored levels of interaction and colocalization between PCCA and PlcB within host cells, with particular emphasis on the amino acids 504-508 of PCCA, which play a pivotal role in this partnership. To assess the effect of PCCA expression on L. monocytogenes proliferation, PCCA expression levels were manipulated by siRNA-si-PCCA or pCMV-N-HA-PCCA plasmid transfection. Our findings demonstrated a clear inverse correlation between PCCA expression levels and the proliferation of L. monocytogenes. Furthermore, the effect of L. monocytogenes infection on PCCA expression was investigated by assessing PCCA mRNA and protein expression in HeLa cells infected with L. monocytogenes. These results indicate that L. monocytogenes infection did not significantly alter PCCA expression. These findings led us to propose that PCCA represents a novel participant in L. monocytogenes survival, and its abundance has a detrimental impact on bacterial proliferation. This suggests that L. monocytogenes may employ PlcB-PCCA interactions to maintain stable PCCA expression, representing a unique pro-survival strategy distinct from that of other intracellular bacterial pathogens. IMPORTANCE: Mitochondria represent attractive targets for pathogenic bacteria seeking to modulate host cellular processes to promote their survival and replication. Our current study has uncovered mitochondrial carboxylase propionyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (PCCA) as a novel host cell protein that interacts with L. monocytogenes PlcB. The results demonstrate that PCCA plays a negative regulatory role in L. monocytogenes infection, as heightened PCCA levels are associated with reduced bacterial survival and persistence. However, L. monocytogenes may exploit the PlcB-PCCA interaction to maintain stable PCCA expression and establish a favorable intracellular milieu for bacterial infection. Our findings shed new light on the intricate interplay between bacterial pathogens and host cell mitochondria, while also highlighting the potential of mitochondrial metabolic enzymes as antimicrobial agents.

Genome-wide identification and expression patterns of the laccase gene family in response to kiwifruit bacterial canker infection.

BACKGROUND: Kiwifruit bacterial canker, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), is a destructive disease worldwide. Resistance genes that respond to Psa infection urgently need to be identified for controlling this disease. Laccase is mainly involved in the synthesis of lignin in the plant cell wall and plays a prominent role in plant growth and resistance to pathogen infection. However, the role of laccase in kiwifruit has not been reported, and whether laccase is pivotal in the response to Psa infection remains unclear. RESULTS: We conducted a bioinformatics analysis to identify 55 laccase genes (AcLAC1-AcLAC55) in the kiwifruit genome. These genes were classified into five cluster groups (I-V) based on phylogenetic analysis, with cluster groups I and II having the highest number of members. Analysis of the exon-intron structure revealed that the number of exons varied from 1 to 8, with an average of 5 introns. Our evolutionary analysis indicated that fragment duplication played a key role in the expansion of kiwifruit laccase genes. Furthermore, evolutionary pressure analysis suggested that AcLAC genes were under purifying selection. We also performed a cis-acting element analysis and found that AcLAC genes contained multiple hormone (337) and stress signal (36) elements in their promoter regions. Additionally, we investigated the expression pattern of laccase genes in kiwifruit stems and leaves infected with Psa. Our findings revealed that laccase gene expression levels in the stems were higher than those in the leaves 5 days after inoculation with Psa. Notably, AcLAC2, AcLAC4, AcLAC17, AcLAC18, AcLAC26, and AcLAC42 showed significantly higher expression levels (p < 0.001) compared to the non-inoculated control (0 d), suggesting their potential role in resisting Psa infection. Moreover, our prediction indicated that 21 kiwifruit laccase genes are regulated by miRNA397, they could potentially act as negative regulators of lignin biosynthesis. CONCLUSIONS: These results are valuable for further analysis of the resistance function and molecular mechanism of laccases in kiwifruit.

A screening of inhibitors targeting the receptor kinase FERONIA reveals small molecules that enhance plant root immunity.

Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) constitute the largest receptor family involved in the regulation of plant immunity and growth, but small-molecule inhibitors that target RLKs to improve agronomic traits remain unexplored. The RLK member FERONIA (FER) negatively regulates plant resistance to certain soil-borne diseases that are difficult to control and cause huge losses in crop yields and economy. Here, we identified 33 highly effective FER kinase inhibitors from 1494 small molecules by monitoring FER autophosphorylation in vitro. Four representative inhibitors (reversine, cenisertib, staurosporine and lavendustin A) inhibited the kinase activity of FER and its homologues in several crops by targeting the conserved ATP pocket in the kinase structure. FER contributes to the physiological impact of representative inhibitors in plants. The treatment of roots with reversine, staurosporine and lavendustin A enhanced innate immunity in plant roots and thus alleviated soil-borne diseases in tobacco, tomato and rice without growth penalties. Consistently, RNA sequencing assays showed that lavendustin A and reversine exert profound impacts on immunity-related gene expression. Our results will set a new milestone in the development of the plant RLK kinase regulation theory and provide a novel strategy for the prevention and control of plant soil-borne diseases without growth penalties.

DegU-mediated suppression of carbohydrate uptake in Listeria monocytogenes increases adaptation to oxidative stress.

The foodborne bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes exhibits remarkable survival capabilities under challenging conditions, severely threatening food safety and human health. The orphan regulator DegU is a pleiotropic regulator required for bacterial environmental adaptation. However, the specific mechanism of how DegU participates in oxidative stress tolerance remains unknown in L. monocytogenes. In this study, we demonstrate that DegU suppresses carbohydrate uptake under stress conditions by altering global transcriptional profiles, particularly by modulating the transcription of the phosphoenolpyruvate-carbohydrate phosphotransferase system (PTS)-related genes, such as ptsH, ptsI, and hprK. Specifically, in the absence of degU, the transcripts of ptsI are significantly upregulated and those of hprK are significantly downregulated in response to copper ion-induced stress. Overexpression of ptsI significantly increases bacterial growth in vitro, while overexpression of hprK leads to a decrease in growth. We further demonstrate that DegU directly senses oxidative stress, downregulates ptsI transcription, and upregulates hprK transcription. Additionally, through an electrophoretic mobility shift assay, we demonstrate that DegU directly regulates the transcription of ptsI and hprK by binding to specific regions within their respective promoter sequences. Notably, the putative pivotal DegU binding sequence for ptsI is located from 38 to 68 base pairs upstream of the ptsH transcription start site (TSS), whereas for hprK, it is mapped from 36 to 124 base pairs upstream of the hprK TSS. In summary, we elucidate that DegU plays a significant role in suppressing carbohydrate uptake in response to oxidative stress through the direct regulation of ptsI and hprK.ImportanceUnderstanding the adaptive mechanisms employed by Listeria monocytogenes in harsh environments is of great significance. This study focuses on investigating the role of DegU in response to oxidative stress by examining global transcriptional profiles. The results highlight the noteworthy involvement of DegU in this stress response. Specifically, DegU acts as a direct sensor of oxidative stress, leading to the modulation of gene transcription. It downregulates ptsI transcription while it upregulates hprK transcription through direct binding to their promoters. Consequently, these regulatory actions impede bacterial growth, providing a defense mechanism against stress-induced damage. These findings gained from this study may have broader implications, serving as a reference for studying adaptive mechanisms in other pathogenic bacteria and aiding in the development of targeted strategies to control L. monocytogenes and ensure food safety.

Tissue-resident immune cells in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) in which genetic and environmental factors contribute to disease progression. Both innate and adaptive immune cells, including T cells, B cells, activated macrophages and microglia, have been identified to be involved in the pathogenesis of MS, leading to the CNS inflammation, neurodegeneration and demyelination. In recent years, there has been considerable progress in understanding the contribution of tissue-resident immune cells in the pathogenesis of MS. METHODS: We performed a keyword-based search in PubMed database. We combined "multiple sclerosis" with keywords, such as tissue-resident memory T cells, microglia to search for relevant literatures in PubMed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In this review, we comprehensively describe the characteristics of tissue-resident memory T cells and microglia, summarize their role in the pathogenesis of MS, and discuss their interaction with other immune cells in the CNS.

A Modified Suture Technique to Improve Scar Appearance in Wounds Under High Tension.

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to introduce a modified suture technique and to compare its effects on skin scar formation with 2 traditional suture methods: simple interrupted suture (SIS) and vertical mattress suture (VMS). Three groups of healthy adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were selected (6 replicates in each group), and the full-thickness skin of 5 cm × 0.2 cm was cut off on the back of the rats after anesthesia. The wounds were then sutured using 1 of the 3 methods for each group: SIS, VMS, and a newly introduced modified vertical mattress suture (M-VMS) technique with the needle reinsertion at the exit point. A traction device was installed on the back of the rats to achieve high tension wounds. The tensile distance was increased by 1 mm every day for 20 days. After 20 days of healing, the hematoxylin-eosin staining method was used for observation of scar morphology. The collagen production rate was measured by Masson staining, and the type I collagen and type III collagen were detected by the immunofluorescence method. Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of myofibroblast marker α-smooth muscle actin, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot techniques were used to detect the expressions of transforming growth factors TGFß1, TGFß2, and TGFß3 to understand the mechanisms of scar formation. Results showed that the quantity and density of collagen fibers were both lower in the M-VMS group than in the other 2 groups. Immunofluorescence results showed that type I collagen was significantly lower, whereas type III collagen was significantly higher in the M-VMS group than in the other 2 groups. The expressions of α-smooth muscle actin and TGFß1 both were lower in the M-VMS group than in the other 2 groups. The expression of TGFß2 and TGFß3 had no obvious difference among the 3 groups. For wounds under high tension, compared with SIS and VMS methods, the M-VMS technique we proposed can reduce scar formation due to the reduction of collagen formation, myofibroblast expression, and TGFß1 expression.

A New Strategy for Bearing Health Assessment with a Dynamic Interval Prediction Model.

Bearing is the critical basic component of rotating machinery and its remaining life prediction is very important for mechanical equipment's smooth and healthy operation. However, fast and accurate bearing life prediction has always been a difficult point in industry and academia. This paper proposes a new strategy for bearing health assessment based on a model-driven dynamic interval prediction model. Firstly, the mapping proportion algorithm is used to determine whether the measured data are in the degradation stage. After finding the starting point of prediction, the improved annealing algorithm is used to determine the shortest data interval that can be used for accurate prediction. Then, based on the bearing degradation curve and the information fusion inverse health index, the health index is obtained from 36 general indexes in the time domain and frequency domain through screening, fusion, and inversion. Finally, the state space equation is constructed based on the Paris-DSSM formula and the particle filter is used to iterate the state space equation parameters with the minimum interval data to construct the life prediction model. The proposed method is verified by XJTU-SY rolling bearing life data. The results show that the prediction accuracy of the proposed strategy for the remaining life of the bearing can reach more than 90%. It is verified that the improved simulated annealing algorithm selects limited interval data, reconstructs health indicators based on bearing degradation curve and information fusion, and updates the Paris-DSSM state space equation through the particle filter algorithm. The bearing life prediction model constructed on this basis is accurate and effective.

Transcription factor OsSGL is a regulator of starch synthesis and grain quality in rice.

Starch biosynthesis during rice endosperm development is important for grain quality, as it influences grain size and physico-chemical properties, which together determine rice eating quality. Cereal starch biosynthetic pathways have been comprehensively investigated; however, their regulation, especially by transcriptional repressors remains largely unknown. Here, we identified a DUF1645 domain-containing protein, STRESS_tolerance and GRAIN_LENGTH (OsSGL), that participates in regulating rice starch biosynthesis. Overexpression of OsSGL reduced total starch and amylose content in the endosperm compared with the wild type. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing and RNA-seq analyses indicated that OsSGL targets the transcriptional activity of several starch and sucrose metabolism genes. In addition, ChIP-qPCR, yeast one-hybrid, EMSA and dual-luciferase assays demonstrated that OsSGL directly inhibits the expression of SUCROSE SYNTHASE 1 (OsSUS1) in the endosperm. Furthermore, OsSUS1 interacts with OsSGL to release its transcriptional repression ability. Unexpectedly, our results also show that knock down and mutation of OsSGL disrupts the starch biosynthetic pathway, causing lower starch and amylose content. Therefore, our findings demonstrate that accurate control of OsSGL homeostasis is essential for starch synthesis and grain quality. In addition, we revealed the molecular mechanism of OsSGL in regulating starch biosynthesis-related genes, which are required for grain quality.

miR-146a-3p suppressed the differentiation of hAMSCs into Schwann cells via inhibiting the expression of ERBB2.

Human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs) can be differentiated into Schwann-cell-like cells (SCLCs) in vitro. However, the underlying mechanism of cell differentiation remains unclear. In this study, we explored the phenotype and multipotency of hAMSCs, which were differentiated into SCLCs, and the expression of nerve repair-related Schwann markers, such as S100 calcium binding protein B (S-100), TNF receptor superfamily member 1B (P75), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were observed to be significantly increased. The secreted functional neurotrophic factors, like brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), were determined and also increased with the differentiation time. Moreover, miR-146a-3p, which significantly decreased during the differentiation of hAMSCs into SCLCs, was selected by miRNA-sequence analysis. Further molecular mechanism studies showed that Erb-B2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (ERBB2) was an effective target of miR-146a-3p and that miR-146a-3p down-regulated ERBB2 expression by binding to the 3'-UTR of ERBB2. The expression of miR-146a-3p markedly decreased, while the mRNA levels of ERBB2 increased with the differentiation time. The results showed that down-regulating miR-146a-3p could promote SC lineage differentiation and suggested that miR-146a-3p negatively regulated the Schwann-like phenotype differentiation of hAMSCs by targeting ERBB2. The results will be helpful to establish a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms and find novel strategies for cell therapy.

Hierarchical modularity and the evolution of genetic interactomes across species.

To date, cross-species comparisons of genetic interactomes have been restricted to small or functionally related gene sets, limiting our ability to infer evolutionary trends. To facilitate a more comprehensive analysis, we constructed a genome-scale epistasis map (E-MAP) for the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, providing phenotypic signatures for ~60% of the nonessential genome. Using these signatures, we generated a catalog of 297 functional modules, and we assigned function to 144 previously uncharacterized genes, including mRNA splicing and DNA damage checkpoint factors. Comparison with an integrated genetic interactome from the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed a hierarchical model for the evolution of genetic interactions, with conservation highest within protein complexes, lower within biological processes, and lowest between distinct biological processes. Despite the large evolutionary distance and extensive rewiring of individual interactions, both networks retain conserved features and display similar levels of functional crosstalk between biological processes, suggesting general design principles of genetic interactomes.

Preparation and Characterization of Aptamers Against O,p'-DDT.

The compound 1,1,1-trichloro-2-(p-chlorophenyl)-2-(o-chlorophenyl) ethane (o,p'-DDT) has been identified as one of the endocrine-disrupting chemicals causing adverse effects on wildlife and even humans through bioaccumulation. Its detection has become increasingly important. We have obtained candidate aptamers binding to o,p'-DDT by a systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) protocol. Five out of seventeen candidate sequences were selected for preliminary characterization by SYBR Green I assay. One sequence with highest fluorescence response with o,p'-DDT, designated DDT_13, was chosen for further characterization. Its dissociation constant (Kd) was determined to be 412.3 ± 124.6 nM. DDT_13 exhibited low cross-binding activities on other tested small molecules. The good bioactivities of DDT_13 were demonstrated for the analysis of spiked lake water and tap water samples. This study provides a novel o,p'-DDT-specific probe for its future applications.

SSeCKS promoted lipopolysaccharide-sensitized astrocytes migration via increasing ß-1,4-galactosyltransferase-I activity.

Astrocytes migration is essential in the formation of the glial scar during the injury response process of the central nervous system (CNS) especially during inflammation. Integrin ß1 is part of the extracellular matrix receptors in the CNS and it has been reported that integrin ß-deficient astrocytes randomly migrate into wounds. Previous studies have found that ß-1,4 Galactosyltransferase-I (ß-1,4-GalT-I) enhanced the ß-1,4-galactosylation of integrin ß1. Src-suppressed C kinase substrate (SSeCKS) is an inflammatory response protein which functionally interacts with ß-1,4 Galactosyltransferase-I (ß-1,4-GalT-I). In this study we aim to investigate the role of SSeCKS and ß-1,4-GalT-I in the migration of astrocytes during lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation. Coimmunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence assays have demonstrated that SSeCKS and ß-1,4-GalT-I were significantly enhanced in LPS-treated astrocytes and their interactions may occur in the Trans-Golgi Network. Lectin blot showed that the knockdown of ß-1,4-GalT-I could inhibit the ß-1,4-galactosylation of glycoproteins including integrin ß1 with and without LPS, and that SSeCKS knockdown inhibits the ß-1,4-galactosylation of glycoproteins including integrin ß1 only in LPS-induced astrocytes. Additionally, wound healing assays indicated that ß-1,4-GalT-I knockdown could inhibit astrocytes migration with and without LPS but SSeCKS inhibited cell migration only when LPS was present. Therefore our findings suggest that SSeCKS affects astrocytes migration by regulating the ß-1,4-galactosylation of glycoproteins including integrin ß1, via ß-1,4-GalT-I expression in LPS-sensitized astrocytes.

External quality assessment for human papillomavirus 16/18 DNA detection and genotyping in Shanghai, China.

BACKGROUND: Human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA detection and genotyping is now being used for cervical screening by a growing number of laboratories in Shanghai, but they may have various levels of proficiency. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of clinical laboratories for HPV DNA detection and genotyping by an external quality assessment (EQA) program. METHODS: The EQA panels were clinically validated by the Cobas 4800 HPV test, and then distributed to the participating laboratories in May 2015 (round 1) and September 2015 (round 2). Each panel consisted of one negative sample and nine positive cell or clinical samples of HPV16 and HPV18 types at different concentrations. In total, 40 laboratories submitted 18 qualitative and 22 genotyping data sets in round 1 and 44 laboratories submitted 18 qualitative and 26 genotyping data sets in round 2. In both rounds, all laboratories used commercial assays. RESULTS: The negative samples were detected correctly in both rounds by all participating laboratories. There were no false-positive results in the qualitative data sets and only two false-positive results in the genotyping data sets in each of round 1 and round 2. The false-negative rates were 8.0% for round 1 and 2.7% for round 2. For the qualitative data sets, almost all of the laboratories (100% for round 1 and 97.8% for round 2) obtained a score of acceptable or better. For the genotyping results, acceptable or better scores were obtained in 81.8% (round 1) and 100% (round 2). CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that the majority of laboratories in Shanghai have reliable diagnostic ability for HPV detection and genotyping. Moreover, this study emphasizes the importance of EQA for monitoring the performance of clinical laboratories.

Use of chimeric influenza viruses as a novel internal control for diagnostic rRT-PCR assays.

Real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) is now widely used to detect viral pathogens in various human specimens. The application of internal controls to validate the entire process of these assays is necessary to prevent false-negative results caused by unexpected inhibition or inefficient extraction. In the present study, we describe a strategy to produce a stable internal control for rRT-PCR by packaging foreign RNA into influenza virions using plasmid-based reverse genetics technology. The envelope structure of influenza virus can effectively protect RNA segments from RNase digestion, which provides an advantage for its routine use as an internal control. Utilizing this approach, we successfully generated a recombinant influenza virus (rPR8-HCV) containing the 5' untranslated region (5'UTR) of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA genome. After inactivation and purification, the rPR8-HCV particles were demonstrated to be RNase resistant and stable at 4 °C for at least 252 days in human plasma, with no degradation even after being frozen and thawed multiple times. These results were reproducible in the COBAS TaqMan HCV test for 164 days. Moreover, the chimeric influenza virus particles could be easily produced in embryonated eggs and were noninfectious after inactivation treatment. Additionally, this strategy could also be adapted for real-time clinical applications of other RNA targets, providing a universal approach with broad clinical applications in rRT-PCR assays.

cAMP induces hypertrophy and alters DNA methylation in HL-1 cardiomyocytes.

cAMP is a highly regulated secondary messenger involved in many biological processes. Chronic activation of the cAMP pathway by catecholamines results in cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis; however, the mechanism by which elevated cAMP leads to cardiomyopathy is not fully understood. To address this issue, we increased intracellular cAMP levels in HL-1 cardiomyocytes, a cell line derived from adult mouse atrium, using either the stable cAMP analog N(6),2'-O-dibutyryladenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (DBcAMP) or phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors caffeine and theophylline. Elevated cAMP levels increased cell size and altered expression levels of cardiac genes and micro-RNAs associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), including Myh6, Myh7, Myh7b, Tnni3, Anp, Bnp, Gata4, Mef2c, Mef2d, Nfatc1, miR208a, and miR208b. In addition, DBcAMP altered the expression of DNA methyltransferases (Dnmts) and Tet methylcytosine dioxygenases (Tets), enzymes that regulate genomic DNA methylation levels. Changes in expression of DNA methylation genes induced by elevated cAMP led to increased global DNA methylation in HL-1 cells. In contrast, inhibition of DNMT activity with 5-azacytidine treatment decreased global DNA methylation levels and blocked the increased expression of several HCM genes (Myh7, Gata4, Mef2c, Nfatc1, Myh7b, Tnni3, and Bnp) observed with DBcAMP treatment. These results demonstrate that cAMP induces cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and altered HCM gene expression in vitro and that DNA methylation patterns mediate the upregulation of HCM genes induced by cAMP. These data identify a previously unknown mechanism by which elevated levels of cAMP lead to increased expression of genes associated with cardiomyocyte hypertrophy.

Gut microbiota plays pivotal roles in benign and malignant hematopoiesis.

Accumulated evidence emerges that dynamic changes in human gut microbiota and microbial metabolites can alter the ecological balance of symbiotic hosts. The gut microbiota plays a role in various diseases through different mechanisms. More and more attention has been paid to the effects that human microbiota extends beyond the gut. This review summarized the current understanding of the roles that gut microbiota plays in hematopoietic regulation and the occurrence and development of benign and malignant hematologic diseases. The progress of the application of microbiota in treatment was discussed in order to provide new insights into clinical diagnosis and treatment in the future.

Targeting FTO suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma by inhibiting ERBB3 and TUBB4A expression.

Fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) is an N6-methyladenosine (m6A) demethylase and plays critical oncogenic roles in multiple cancers. Here we show that FTO is an effective target in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). FTO is highly expressed in patients with HCC. Genetic depletion of Fto dramatically attenuated HCC progression in mice. Pharmacological inhibition of FTO by FB23/FB23-2 markedly suppressed the proliferation and migration of HCC cell lines in vitro and inhibited HCC tumorigenicity in xeno-transplanted mice. Mechanistically, FB23-2 suppressed the expression of Erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 3 (ERBB3) and human tubulin beta class Iva (TUBB4A) by increasing the m6A level in these mRNA transcripts. The decrease in ERBB3 expression resulted in the inhibition of Akt-mTOR signaling, which subsequently impaired the proliferation and survival of HCC cells. Moreover, FB23-2 disturbed the stability of the tubulin cytoskeleton, whereas overexpression of TUBB4A rescued the migration of HCC cells. Collectively, our study demonstrates that FTO plays a critical role in HCC by maintaining the proliferation and migration of cells and highlights the potential of FTO inhibitors for targeting HCC.