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Pediatric vasculitis and adult vasculitis differ in several aspects. While both involve inflammation of blood vessels, pediatric vasculitis tends to present with distinct clinical features and may involve different types of blood vessels compared to adult vasculitis.Despite its relatively rare occurrence compared to adult vasculitis, pediatric vasculitis warrants careful attention due to its potential for profound and diverse clinical manifestations, ranging from mild cutaneous symptoms to life-threatening systemic complications. Childhood vasculitis should be suspected in children who present symptoms attributable to systemic inflammation and complications arising from multi-organ dysfunction. However, achieving a diagnosis necessitates thorough exclusion of alternative conditions manifesting similar symptoms and findings. Hence, children suspected of vasculitis should undergo meticulous history-taking, comprehensive physical examination, and requisite laboratory investigations, imaging studies, and sometimes tissue biopsies to elucidate the diagnosis. Early detection and treatment of childhood vasculitis are crucial, as the condition can affect various organs and potentially lead to life-threatening complications or long-term sequelae in adulthood if left untreated. This review aimed to provide an exhaustive overview of childhood vasculitis, outlining its epidemiology, classification, clinical presentation, diagnostic modalities, therapeutic strategies and outcome.
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Chikungunya fever, a viral illness transmitted to humans through the bites of infected mosquitoes, presents with symptoms such as high fever, severe myalgia, headache, arthralgia, rash, and vomiting. This disease predominantly manifests in Southeast Asia, Africa, and Central and South America, with a limited occurrence in Northeast Asia. To date, no such a documented case has been reported in South Korea. Herein, we present the first adolescent case of chikungunya fever in South Korea following a travel to Bali, Indonesia.
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Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS, OMIM: #142680) is a rare autoinflammatory disease (AID) with recurrent febrile episodes. To our knowledge, we report herein the first case of a patient with TRAPS in South Korea whose symptoms included fever, arthralgia, abdominal pain, rash, myalgia, cough, and lymphadenopathy. A pathogenic de novo mutation, c.175T>C (p.Cys59Arg), in the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A (TNFRSF1A) gene, was confirmed by gene sequencing. The patient has been with tocilizumab (an interleukin-6 inhibitor); tocilizumab administration every other week has completely alleviated the patient’s symptoms. Our report further expands the clinical spectrum of patients with TRAPS and reaffirms the use of tocilizumab as a viable alternative treatment option for those patients who are unsatisfactorily responsive to other commonly used biologics, such as canakinumab, anakinra, infliximab, and etanercept. Furthermore, our report may aid in increasing awareness about the existence of mutation-confirmed TRAPS in South Korea in addition to emphasizing the importance of actively pursuing genetic testing to correctly diagnose rare AID.
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Purpose@#Encephalitis is a heterogeneous syndrome that occurs in childhood and is not rare. However, epidemiological studies of encephalitis based on the International Encephalitis Consortium (ICS) and expert recommendations are lacking. We investigated the aetiology and prognosis of encephalitis in Korean children. @*Materials and Methods@#This retrospective study included children aged <19 years hospitalised for encephalitis at Severance Children’s Hospital between 2005 and 2020. The 2013 ICS criteria were used to diagnose encephalitis, and causality was classified according to the site from which the specimen was obtained. Neurological sequelae were categorised using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score. @*Results@#In total, 551 children were included, with 7% classified as possible, 77% as probable, and 15% as proven cases. A cause was identified in 42% of the cases (n=222), with viruses being the most common (42%), followed by bacteria (38%) and autoimmune encephalitis (12%). In cases of proven/probable encephalitis (n=65), bacteria accounted for 52%, followed by viruses (25%) and autoimmune encephalitis (22%). In cases with a single pathogen, the anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor autoantibody (n=14) was the most common, followed by Group B streptococcus (n=13), herpes simplex virus (n=11), enterovirus (n=4), and others. Approximately 37% of patients had severe sequelae (mRS score ≥3) at discharge, which decreased to 31% 6 months after discharge. @*Conclusion@#This large-scale study showed that autoimmune and infectious causes accounted for a significant proportion of encephalitis in Korean children. Further studies are needed to determine whether early targeted treatment following early diagnosis leads to a favourable prognosis in these populations.
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Purpose@#Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs) after hematopoietic stem transplantation (HCT) or solid organ transplantation (SOT) result in poorer outcomes, including death. There are limited large cohort data on the incidence and natural course of PTLD in Asians. @*Materials and Methods@#We investigated PTLD using Korean national health insurance claims data of 47,518 patients who underwent HCT or SOT in 2008-2020. Patient demographics, time and type of PTLD diagnosis, type of PTLD treatment, and death data were collected. We used Fine and Gray subdistribution hazard models to calculate the cumulative incidence and risk factors for PTLD. @*Results@#During median follow-up of 5.32 years, PTLD occurred in 294 of 36,945 SOT patients (0.79%) and 235 of 10,573 HCT patients (2.22%). Cumulative incidence of PTLD were 0.49% at 1 year, 1.02% at 5 years, and 1.50% at 10 years post-transplantation. Age < 20 years (subdistribution hazard ratio [SHR] of 1.67 in age 10-19, SHR 1.51 in age 0-9), HCT (SHR 3.02), heart transplantation (SHR 2.27), and liver transplantation (SHR 1.47) were significant risk factors for PTLD. The presence of PTLD was associated with an increased risk of death (hazard ratio of 2.84). Overall, 5-year survival of PTLD patients was 68.9% (95% confidence interval, 64.9 to 73.2). @*Conclusion@#We observed a steady increase in PTLD over 10 years after HCT or SOT in this large cohort study. Pediatric age group, HCT, liver transplantation, and heart transplantation were suggested to be risk factors for PTLD, and PTLD was associated with a higher risk of death.
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Background@#The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has contributed to the change in the epidemiology of many infectious diseases. This study aimed to establish the pre-pandemic epidemiology of pediatric invasive bacterial infection (IBI). @*Methods@#A retrospective multicenter-based surveillance for pediatric IBIs has been maintained from 1996 to 2020 in Korea. IBIs caused by eight bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella species) in immunocompetent children > 3 months of age were collected at 29 centers. The annual trend in the proportion of IBIs by each pathogen was analyzed. @*Results@#A total of 2,195 episodes were identified during the 25-year period between 1996 and 2020. S. pneumoniae (42.4%), S. aureus (22.1%), and Salmonella species (21.0%) were common in children 3 to 59 months of age. In children ≥ 5 years of age, S. aureus (58.1%), followed by Salmonella species (14.8%) and S. pneumoniae (12.2%) were common. Excluding the year 2020, there was a trend toward a decrease in the relative proportions of S. pneumoniae (rs = −0.430, P = 0.036), H. influenzae (rs = −0.922, P 3 months of age. These findings can be used as the baseline data to navigate the trend in the epidemiology of pediatric IBI in the post COVID-19 era.
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Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disorder of unknown etiology characterized by granuloma formation. Due to the limited incidence of sarcoidosis in pediatric patients, little is known about the clinical course of this disease. A combination of clinical, radiologic, and pathologic examination is necessary to exclude other differential diagnoses (i.e., infection and granulomatous inflammatory disorder) and establish a diagnosis of sarcoidosis. Here, we report a case of histologically confirmed sarcoidosis initially misdiagnosed as hepatosplenic abscesses in an 11-year-old male. Treatment with corticosteroids improved his symptoms and resolved his skin and hepatosplenic lesions. A three-year follow-up was uneventful. This study emphasizes the importance of considering sarcoidosis in children presenting with findings of multi-organ involvement in the presence of histologic evidence of granuloma.
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Background@#We aimed to examine the delay in antiviral initiation in rapid antigen test (RAT) false-negative children with influenza virus infection and to explore the clinical outcomes. We additionally conducted a medical cost-benefit analysis. @*Methods@#This single-center, retrospective study included children (aged < 10 years) with influenza-like illness (ILI), hospitalized after presenting to the emergency department during three influenza seasons (2016–2019). RAT-false-negativity was defined as RAT-negative and polymerase chain reaction-positive cases. The turnaround time to antiviral treatment (TAT) was from the time when RAT was prescribed to the time when the antiviral was administered. The medical cost analysis by scenarios was also performed. @*Results@#A total of 1,430 patients were included, 7.5% were RAT-positive (n = 107) and 2.4% were RAT-false-negative (n = 20). The median TAT of RAT-false-negative patients was 52.8 hours, significantly longer than that of 4 hours in RAT-positive patients (19.2–100.1, P< 0.001). In the multivariable analysis, TAT of ≥ 24 hours was associated with a risk of severe influenza infection and the need for mechanical ventilation (odds ratio [OR], 6.8, P = 0.009 and OR, 16.2, P = 0.033, respectively). The medical cost varied from $11.7–187.3/ILI patient. @*Conclusion@#Antiviral initiation was delayed in RAT-false-negative patients. Our findings support the guideline that children with influenza, suspected of having severe or progressive infection, should be treated immediately.
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Neonatal lupus (NL) is a passively acquired autoimmune disease that occurs in infants born from asymptomatic mothers having anti-SSA or anti-SSB antibody. Infants with NL may show symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus, including skin rash, congenital heart block, hepatic dysfunction, and hematological abnormalities. Mothers of the infants are asymptomatic or diagnosed with autoimmune diseases. When infants born to asymptomatic mothers who have never been diagnosed with the diseases show symptoms of NL, they may be mistaken for having infections. We report an NL case of a 47-day-old girl who presented to the emergency department with fever and skin rash.
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Purpose@#This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of the QuantiFERON-TB Gold InTube (QFT-GIT) in children with confirmed tuberculosis (TB). @*Methods@#We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of children aged ≤18 years who underwent both QFT-GIT and Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture between 2006 and 2017.Confirmed TB was defined as the presence of at least one positive specimen for M. tuberculosis on culture or a nucleic acid amplification test. @*Results@#Of the 582 patients included in the analysis, 48 were confirmed to have TB. The sensitivity and specificity of QFT-GIT for the diagnosis of confirmed TB were 85.4% and 95.5%, respectively. Among children with confirmed TB, the proportion in the immunocompromised state was higher in the QFT-GIT negative group than in the QFT-GIT positive group (50.0% vs. 5.7%, P=0.010). The median age at sampling was lower in the QFTGIT indeterminate group than in the QFT-GIT positive group (7 years vs. 17 years, P=0.008), and the proportion of immunosuppression was higher in the QFT-GIT indeterminate group than in the QFT-GIT positive group (42.9% vs. 5.7%, P=0.017). The interferon gamma response to mitogen control was significantly higher in the 10–18 years group than in the 0–9 years group (P<0.001), and was significantly higher in the immunocompetent group than in the immunocompromised group (P=0.001). @*Conclusion@#The QFT-GIT results should be interpreted carefully in immunocompromised or younger children suspected of having TB.
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Neonatal lupus (NL) is a passively acquired autoimmune disease that occurs in infants born from asymptomatic mothers having anti-SSA or anti-SSB antibody. Infants with NL may show symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus, including skin rash, congenital heart block, hepatic dysfunction, and hematological abnormalities. Mothers of the infants are asymptomatic or diagnosed with autoimmune diseases. When infants born to asymptomatic mothers who have never been diagnosed with the diseases show symptoms of NL, they may be mistaken for having infections. We report an NL case of a 47-day-old girl who presented to the emergency department with fever and skin rash.
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Purpose@#This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of the QuantiFERON-TB Gold InTube (QFT-GIT) in children with confirmed tuberculosis (TB). @*Methods@#We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of children aged ≤18 years who underwent both QFT-GIT and Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture between 2006 and 2017.Confirmed TB was defined as the presence of at least one positive specimen for M. tuberculosis on culture or a nucleic acid amplification test. @*Results@#Of the 582 patients included in the analysis, 48 were confirmed to have TB. The sensitivity and specificity of QFT-GIT for the diagnosis of confirmed TB were 85.4% and 95.5%, respectively. Among children with confirmed TB, the proportion in the immunocompromised state was higher in the QFT-GIT negative group than in the QFT-GIT positive group (50.0% vs. 5.7%, P=0.010). The median age at sampling was lower in the QFTGIT indeterminate group than in the QFT-GIT positive group (7 years vs. 17 years, P=0.008), and the proportion of immunosuppression was higher in the QFT-GIT indeterminate group than in the QFT-GIT positive group (42.9% vs. 5.7%, P=0.017). The interferon gamma response to mitogen control was significantly higher in the 10–18 years group than in the 0–9 years group (P<0.001), and was significantly higher in the immunocompetent group than in the immunocompromised group (P=0.001). @*Conclusion@#The QFT-GIT results should be interpreted carefully in immunocompromised or younger children suspected of having TB.
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The aim of this review was to identify the utility of biomarkers used in the diagnosis and the monitoring and treatment of Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). JIA is a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by arthritis of unknown etiology that lasts for at least 6 weeks, with onset before the age of 16 years. Unlike adult rheumatoid arthritis, JIA is a heterogeneous arthritis with different subtypes. The diagnosis of JIA is based on clinical evaluation and often involves ruling out other causes of arthritis.Many biomarkers have been studied or are under development to define the classifications of JIA, assess disease activity, predict disease course, treatment response, or the risk of relapse. The diagnostic and prognostic use of biomarkers in JIA could be applied differently depending on diverse subtypes or individuals. To obtain the best clinical outcomes in JIA, it is important to understand the pathophysiology of each JIA subtype and to select and use appropriate biomarkers.
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Purpose@#We evaluated the incidence and characteristics of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) in Korean children. @*Methods@#Medical records of patients aged 2–18 years and diagnosed with CDI at a tertiary hospital between 2009 and 2018 were analyzed. The patients were classified into three CDI groups: community-acquired (CA), community onset-health care facility-associated (COHCFA), and healthcare facility onset (HO). @*Results@#The incidence of CDI increased from 1.00 to 10.01 cases per 10,000 admissions from 2009 to 2018 (P<0.001). As compared to the CA group, the HO group had a higher frequency of operation and malignancy as predisposing factors (40.4% vs. 0.0%, P=0.001; and 27.7% vs. 0.0%, P=0.027, respectively), frequency and number of previous antibiotic use (97.9% vs. 31.3%, P<0.001; and 2 vs. 0, P<0.001, respectively), and median postdiagnosis hospital stay (13 vs. 5 days, P=0.008). The CO-HCFA group had a lower median age and higher frequency of malignancy than the CA group (5 vs. 13 years, P=0.012; and 30.8% vs.0.0%, P=0.030, respectively). As compared to the HO group, the CA group had a higher frequency of abdominal pain and hematochezia (56.3% vs. 10.6%, P=0.001; and 50.0% vs. 10.6%, P=0.002, respectively), inflammatory bowel disease (68.8% vs. 2.1%, P=0.001), and intravenous metronidazole treatment (37.5% vs. 2.1%,P=0.001). @*Conclusions@#With the increasing incidence of pediatric CDI, awareness regarding its epidemiology and clinical characteristics is important to manage nosocomial infections.
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Purpose@#We evaluated the incidence and characteristics of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) in Korean children. @*Methods@#Medical records of patients aged 2–18 years and diagnosed with CDI at a tertiary hospital between 2009 and 2018 were analyzed. The patients were classified into three CDI groups: community-acquired (CA), community onset-health care facility-associated (COHCFA), and healthcare facility onset (HO). @*Results@#The incidence of CDI increased from 1.00 to 10.01 cases per 10,000 admissions from 2009 to 2018 (P<0.001). As compared to the CA group, the HO group had a higher frequency of operation and malignancy as predisposing factors (40.4% vs. 0.0%, P=0.001; and 27.7% vs. 0.0%, P=0.027, respectively), frequency and number of previous antibiotic use (97.9% vs. 31.3%, P<0.001; and 2 vs. 0, P<0.001, respectively), and median postdiagnosis hospital stay (13 vs. 5 days, P=0.008). The CO-HCFA group had a lower median age and higher frequency of malignancy than the CA group (5 vs. 13 years, P=0.012; and 30.8% vs.0.0%, P=0.030, respectively). As compared to the HO group, the CA group had a higher frequency of abdominal pain and hematochezia (56.3% vs. 10.6%, P=0.001; and 50.0% vs. 10.6%, P=0.002, respectively), inflammatory bowel disease (68.8% vs. 2.1%, P=0.001), and intravenous metronidazole treatment (37.5% vs. 2.1%,P=0.001). @*Conclusions@#With the increasing incidence of pediatric CDI, awareness regarding its epidemiology and clinical characteristics is important to manage nosocomial infections.
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Purpose@#This study aimed to investigate the clinical features of recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI) in children with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) and to compare the causative uropathogen and antibiotic susceptibility between the first and recurrent UTI episodes. @*Methods@#We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of children with VUR who had recurrent UTI. Group 1 included patients in whom the same pathogen caused the first and recurrent UTI episodes. Group 2 included patients in whom different pathogens caused the first and recurrent UTI episodes. @*Results@#During a 13-year study period (2005–2018), 77 children with VUR experienced at least one episode of UTI. Among these, 47 patients (61.0%) had recurrent UTI. Of the children with recurrent UTI, 19 (40.4%) were in group 1 and 28 (59.6%) were in group 2. Escherichia coli was the most commonly isolated uropathogen (n=37; 39.4%) in both episodes of recurrent UTIs, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=18; 19.1%), Enterococcus faecalis (n=14; 14.9%), and Enterobacter aerogenes (n=7; 7.4%). Although the difference was not significant, the rate of resistance to the antibiotics ceftazidime, piperacillin/tazobactam, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole increased in patients with the second episode of E. coli recurrence in group 1, and that to cefotaxime, ceftazidime, piperacillin/tazobactam, and meropenem increased in children with the second episode of E. aerogenes recurrence in group 1. @*Conclusions@#When selecting empirical antibiotics for recurrent UTI in children with VUR, it is important to consider that the pathogen and antimicrobial susceptibility of the previous UTI are not always the same in recurrent UTIs.
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Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (CAPS) is a hereditary autoinflammatory syndrome caused by mutations in NLRP3 (encoding cryopyrin), which presents with fever, fatigue and arthralgia. Thus far, however there have been no reports of CAPS in Korea. Herein, we report 3 cases of CAPS for the first time in Korea. The first case, a 28-year-old man with recurrent urticaria, arthralgia and fever induced by cold, all of which were observed in his father, showed elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein. He exhibited a p.Gly303Asp variant of the NLPR3 gene. The second case, a 2-year-old girl who had recurrent urticaria, arthritis and oral and genital ulcers, was positive for HLA B51 and a p.Glu569Lys mutation in exon 3 of the NLRP3 gene. Administration of anakinra greatly improved her symptoms. The third case, a 4-year-old boy who presented with recurrent urticaria, arthralgia, and fever, exhibited a p.Val72Met mutation in exon 1 of the NLRP3 gene. Administration of tocilizumab improved all of his symptoms. This small case series suggests that clinicians consider CAPS and conduct genetic studies when arthralgia and fever are accompanied by urticaria in Korea.
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Adulto , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Artralgia , Artritis , Sedimentación Sanguínea , Proteína C-Reactiva , Síndromes Periódicos Asociados a Criopirina , Exones , Padre , Fatiga , Fiebre , Proteína Antagonista del Receptor de Interleucina 1 , Corea (Geográfico) , Úlcera , UrticariaRESUMEN
The meningococcus carriage rate is age-dependent, with a high prevalence in adolescents and young adults. This cross-sectional study aimed to estimate the oropharyngeal carriage rate of meningococcus among healthy Korean adolescents and its relationship with several population characteristics. The survey was conducted from April to May 2015 among 1,460 first-year high-school students in 9 high schools located in Gyeonggi province, Korea. Each student answered a short questionnaire assessing risk factors for carriage, and posterior pharyngeal wall swab samples were obtained. These samples were cultured on meningococcus-selective media, with colonies resembling meningococci identified using the Vitek® MS system (bioMérieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France). All isolates were characterized by molecular serogrouping and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Meningococci were identified from 3.4% (49/1,460) swabs. Current smokers had significantly higher carriage rates than non-smokers (8.2% vs. 2.9%, P = 0.002), and boys had significantly higher carriage rates than girls (4.4% vs. 1.6%, P = 0.004). Serogroup B was the most common serogroup, followed by serogroup C, then 29E and Y. Twenty-seven different sequence types (STs) were identified; the most common were ST-3091, ST-11278, and ST-44. These belonged to clonal complexes (CCs) 269, 32, and 41/44, respectively, known as the hypervirulent clones. Evaluating meningococcal carriage is important to understand the epidemiology of meningococcal disease; however, little data exist in Korea. Similar to western countries, meningococcal serogroup B has emerged in Korea, and hypervirulent clones were identified. It is necessary to monitor the genetic and serologic characteristics of circulating meningococci and to assess the potential strain coverage of meningococcal vaccines.
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Adolescente , Femenino , Humanos , Adulto Joven , Portador Sano , Células Clonales , Estudios Transversales , Epidemiología , Corea (Geográfico) , Vacunas Meningococicas , Tipificación de Secuencias Multilocus , Neisseria meningitidis , Neisseria , Características de la Población , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , SerogrupoRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Recent observational studies have found that vitamin D deficiency is associated with respiratory tract infections. However, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) regarding the efficacy of vitamin D in childhood respiratory tract infection (RTI) have yield inconsistent results. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the association between vitamin D supplementation and the risk of RTI. METHODS: A comprehensive search was conducted using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trial. Randomized controlled trials of vitamin D supplementation for prevention of RTI in children were included for the analysis. Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing the risk of bias was used to assess the quality of the studies. Pooled risk ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were meta-analyzed using Review Manager 5.3. RESULTS: A total of seven RCTs were included in the meta-analysis. According to a random-effects model, the risk ratio for vitamin D supplementation was 0.82 (95% CI: 0.69-0.98) and I2=62% for heterogeneity. On subgroup analysis, heterogeneity decreased in the subgroup with follow-up less than 1 year, participants ≥5 years of age, patients subgroup, and subgroup with dosing daily. Funnel plot showed that there might be publication bias in the field. CONCLUSIONS: The present meta-analysis supports a beneficial effect of vitamin D supplementation for the prevention of RTI in children. However, the result should be interpreted with caution due to limitations including a small number of available RCTs, heterogeneity among the studies, and potential publication bias.
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Niño , Humanos , Sesgo , Estudios de Seguimiento , Oportunidad Relativa , Características de la Población , Sesgo de Publicación , Sistema Respiratorio , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio , Deficiencia de Vitamina D , Vitamina D , VitaminasRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Vaccine evaluation studies were initiated from 2000 by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety to produce proper data about the safety and immunogenicity of vaccines. The purpose of this study was to review studies and reports on evaluation of vaccine such as immunogenicity, efficacy, effectiveness, safety and other related topics in order to find and analyze the data on the usefulness of each vaccine. METHODS: From 2000 to 2014, the project "The vaccine evaluation" had been performed by several researchers, and studies and reports of vaccine evaluation. We reviewed the results and outcomes of studies regarding the evaluation of vaccine's usefulness and analyzed the possibilities of applying these data for establishing vaccine policies. For each vaccine, data analysis and organization were done according to evaluation fields. RESULTS: A total of 83 studies were performed on vaccines from 2000 to 2014. For each vaccine, 8 studies were performed on BCG, 14 on DTaP/Td, 1 on poliovirus, 5 on Hib, 3 on pneumococcus, 11 on influenza, 3 on hepatitis A, 11 on MMR, 11 on varicella, and 16 on Japanese encephalitis. All studies were analyzed by the following evaluation area, such as safety, immunogenicity, seroprevalence, persistence of immunity, efficacy, effectiveness, vaccine evaluation methods, quality control product for vaccine, and others. CONCLUSIONS: Vaccine evaluation studies performed in Korea may be useful as references for establishing vaccination strategy and policy and could be used as baseline data for future studies on vaccine evaluation, vaccine policy establishment, and public/expert vaccine education in Korea.