Nirsevimab immunization's real-world effectiveness in preventing severe bronchiolitis: A test-negative case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Several clinical trials have shown that nirsevimab, an antibody targeting the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), reduces RSV bronchiolitis requiring admission. In 2023-2024, Catalonia and Andorra adopted immunization strategies for children <6 months and those born during the epidemic season. This study evaluates the effectiveness of nirsevimab in preventing hospitalizations from RSV bronchiolitis. METHODS: In the epidemic season of 2023-2024, a test-negative case-control study was conducted in three hospitals from Catalonia and Andorra. Patients <12 months old admitted with bronchiolitis and tested for RSV using molecular microbiology tests were included. The effectiveness in preventing RSV bronchiolitis hospitalization and severe disease was estimated using multivariate models. Comparisons between immunized, non-immunized, and non-eligible patients were made in prospectively collected epidemiological, clinical, and microbiological variables. RESULTS: Two hundred thirty-four patients were included. RSV was detected in 141/234 (60.2%), being less common in the immunized group (37% vs 75%, p < .001). The rate of immunized patients among those eligible was 59.7%. The estimated effectiveness for RSV-associated lower respiratory tract infection was 81.0% (95% confidence interval: 60.9-90.7), and for preventing severe disease (the need for NIV/CMV), 85.6% (41.7-96.4%). No significant differences by immunization status were observed in patients with RSV concerning viral coinfections, the need for NIV/CMV or length of hospital stay. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides real-world evidence of the effectiveness of nirsevimab in preventing RSV-lower respiratory tract infection hospitalization and severe disease in infants during their first RSV season following a systematic immunization program. Immunized patients did not exhibit a higher rate of viral coinfections nor differences in clinical severity once admitted.

Impact of universal immunization program with monoclonal antibody nirsevimab on reducing the burden of serious bronchiolitis that need pediatric intensive care.

RSV bronchiolitis remains the leading cause of hospitalization in children under 1 year of age. It is estimated that 2-6% of cases will be hospitalized on pediatric intensive care units (PICUs). In October 2023, a universal immunization program with the monoclonal antibody nirsevimab was implemented in Catalonia. The aim of the study was to analyze the impact of the nirsevimab immunization on the burden of bronchiolitis admitted to a PICU and resulting changes in epidemiological, clinical, and microbiological characteristics comparing the pre-nirsevimab (pre-N) with the post-nirsevimab (post-N) period. This was a prospective, descriptive, and observational study. Patients with severe bronchiolitis admitted to reference children's hospital PICU, between September 2010 and February 2024 were included. Demographic and clinical data were collected and viral laboratory etiological diagnosis was carried out. 1531 patients were recruited, 1458 in the pre-N seasons and 73 after its introduction (58% males, median age 52 days), of which 67% were immunized with nirsevimab. The total number of PICU bronchiolitis admissions, the ratio, and the RSV etiology were significantly lower in the post-N period (p = 0.03, p < 0.001, and p = 0.039, respectively). Significant higher age at admission (p < 0.001) and lower hospital length of stay (p < 0.001) was observed comparing pre-N vs. post-N period. CONCLUSION: Nirsevimab appears to have an important impact on reducing the number and length of stay of PICU admissions due to RSV bronchiolitis. WHAT IS KNOWN: • Bronchiolitis is the most common viral infection of the lower respiratory tract in infants. • It represents 13% of the total pediatric intensive care admissions, typically during winter. This is one of the causes that produces a collapse in the health care systems all around the world. WHAT IS NEW: • In October 2023, universal immunization with monoclonal antibody nirsevimab of all children under 6 months of age was started in the majority of autonomous communities in Spain. • Recent publications from the nirsevimab clinical trials have evidenced a high RSV protective effect, but data on its effect on real life patients who require pediatric intensive care unit admission are missing.

Comparative Study of Acute Stress in Infants Undergoing Percutaneous Achilles Tenotomy for Clubfoot vs. Peripheral Line Placement.

INTRODUCTION: Percutaneous tenotomy of the Achilles tendon is a procedure that is part of the Ponseti method for clubfoot correction. The need to apply general anesthesia or sedation for this procedure is controversial. The objective of this study is to compare the acute stress generated in infants by percutaneous Achilles tenotomy under local anesthesia vs. peripheral line placement. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study compares the discomfort experienced by 85 infants undergoing percutaneous Achilles tenotomy with local anesthesia with that experienced by 39 infants undergoing peripheral line placement. The following parameters were determined: the duration of the procedure, crying time, average crying intensity, and maximum crying intensity. Other data recorded included the infant's age and complications arising during the procedure. RESULTS: The mean ages of these patients were 1.95 and 2.18 months, respectively. The following data were obtained: the mean duration of the procedure for Group A was 8.13 s and for Group B it was 127.43 s; the mean duration of crying for Group A was 84.24 s and for Group B it was 195.82 s; the mean intensity of crying for Group A was 88.99 dB and for Group B it was 100.98 dB; and the maximum crying intensity for Group A was 96.56 dB and for Group B it was 107.76 dB. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous Achilles tenotomy can be safely performed as an outpatient procedure, under local anesthesia. This method generates less discomfort than peripheral line placement.

Lung ultrasound and procalcitonin, improving antibiotic management and avoiding radiation exposure in pediatric critical patients with bacterial pneumonia: a randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Pneumonia is a major public health problem with an impact on morbidity and mortality. Its management still represents a challenge. The aim was to determine whether a new diagnostic algorithm combining lung ultrasound (LUS) and procalcitonin (PCT) improved pneumonia management regarding antibiotic use, radiation exposure, and associated costs, in critically ill pediatric patients with suspected bacterial pneumonia (BP). METHODS: Randomized, blinded, comparative effectiveness clinical trial. Children < 18y with suspected BP admitted to the PICU from September 2017 to December 2019, were included. PCT was determined at admission. Patients were randomized into the experimental group (EG) and control group (CG) if LUS or chest X-ray (CXR) were done as the first image test, respectively. Patients were classified: 1.LUS/CXR not suggestive of BP and PCT < 1 ng/mL, no antibiotics were recommended; 2.LUS/CXR suggestive of BP, regardless of the PCT value, antibiotics were recommended; 3.LUS/CXR not suggestive of BP and PCT > 1 ng/mL, antibiotics were recommended. RESULTS: 194 children were enrolled, 113 (58.2%) females, median age of 134 (IQR 39-554) days. 96 randomized into EG and 98 into CG. 1. In 75/194 patients the image test was not suggestive of BP with PCT < 1 ng/ml; 29/52 in the EG and 11/23 in the CG did not receive antibiotics. 2. In 101 patients, the image was suggestive of BP; 34/34 in the EG and 57/67 in the CG received antibiotics. Statistically significant differences between groups were observed when PCT resulted < 1 ng/ml (p = 0.01). 3. In 18 patients the image test was not suggestive of BP but PCT resulted > 1 ng/ml, all of them received antibiotics. A total of 0.035 mSv radiation/patient was eluded. A reduction of 77% CXR/patient was observed. LUS did not significantly increase costs. CONCLUSIONS: Combination of LUS and PCT showed no risk of mistreating BP, avoided radiation and did not increase costs. The algorithm could be a reliable tool for improving pneumonia management. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT04217980.

Non-Pharmacological Interventions During SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: Effects on Pediatric Viral Respiratory Infections.

INTRODUCTION: Viral lower respiratory tract infections frequently cause morbidity and mortality in children. The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic led to isolation and hygiene measures, resulting in decreased respiratory virus transmission and pediatric admissions. This study aimed to assess the impact of these measures and their uplifting on respiratory virus circulation in children before and during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic (January 2017-December 2022). METHODS: We conducted a weekly time series analysis of multiple virus molecular assays in children. This included those admitted to a university reference hospital's Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) and those with risk pathologies exhibiting fever and/or respiratory symptoms. We included patients aged 0-18 years residing in Catalonia and adjusted the positive results to account for diagnostic effort. RESULTS: We performed a total of 2991 respiratory virus tests during the period. Confinement significantly decreased the detection of all viruses, especially Rhinovirus (RV). After the deconfinement of children, the viral detection trend remained stable for all viruses, with no short-term impact on virus transmission. The mandatory implementation of facemasks in those aged ≥6 years led to decreased viral circulation, but we observed an influenza virus rebound after facemask removal. At that time, we also noticed an interrupted drop in the detection rates of RV and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The reopening of schools led to a progressive increase in viral detections, especially of Rhinovirus. CONCLUSION: Non-pharmacological interventions significantly impact the circulation of respiratory viruses among children. We observed these effects even when some measures did not specifically target preschool-aged children.

The Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score Combined with Procalcitonin and Lung Ultrasound (CPIS-PLUS), a Good Tool for Ventilator Associated Pneumonia Early Diagnosis in Pediatrics.

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is common in Pediatric Intensive Care Units. Although early detection is crucial, current diagnostic methods are not definitive. This study aimed to identify lung ultrasound (LUS) findings and procalcitonin (PCT) values in pediatric patients with VAP to create a new early diagnosis score combined with the Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score (CPIS), the CPIS-PLUS score. Prospective longitudinal and interventional study. Pediatric patients with suspected VAP were included and classified into VAP or non-VAP groups, based on Centers of Disease Control (CDC) criteria for the final diagnosis. A chest-X-ray (CXR), LUS, and blood test were performed within the first 12 h of admission. CPIS score was calculated. A total of 108 patients with VAP suspicion were included, and VAP was finally diagnosed in 51 (47%) patients. CPIS-PLUS showed high accuracy in VAP diagnosis with a sensitivity (Sn) of 80% (95% CI 65-89%) and specificity (Sp) of 73% (95% CI 54-86%). The area under the curve (AUC) resulted in 0.86 for CPIS-PLUS vs. 0.61 for CPIS. In conclusion, this pilot study showed that CPIS-PLUS could be a potential and reliable tool for VAP early diagnosis in pediatric patients. Internal and external validations are needed to confirm the potential value of this score to facilitate VAP diagnosis in pediatric patients.

Effectiveness of one and two doses of acellular pertussis vaccines against laboratory-confirmed pertussis requiring hospitalisation in infants: Results of the PERTINENT sentinel surveillance system in six EU/EEA countries, December 2015 - December 2019.

BACKGROUND: Monitoring effectiveness of pertussis vaccines is necessary to adapt vaccination strategies. PERTINENT, Pertussis in Infants European Network, is an active sentinel surveillance system implemented in 35 hospitals across six EU/EEA countries. We aim to measure pertussis vaccines effectiveness (VE) by dose against hospitalisation in infants aged <1 year. METHODS: From December 2015 to December 2019, participating hospitals recruited all infants with pertussis-like symptoms. Cases were vaccine-eligible infants testing positive for Bordetella pertussis by PCR or culture; controls were those testing negative to all Bordetella spp. For each vaccine dose, we defined an infant as vaccinated if she/he received the corresponding dose >14 days before symptoms. Unvaccinated were those who did not receive any dose. We calculated (one-stage model) pooled VE as 100*(1-odds ratio of vaccination) adjusted for country, onset date (in 3-month categories) and age-group (when sample allowed it). RESULTS: Of 1,393 infants eligible for vaccination, we included 259 cases and 746 controls. Median age was 16 weeks for cases and 19 weeks for controls (p < 0.001). Median birth weight and gestational age were 3,235 g and week 39 for cases, 3,113 g and week 39 for controls. Among cases, 119 (46 %) were vaccinated: 74 with one dose, 37 two doses, 8 three doses. Among controls, 469 (63 %) were vaccinated: 233 with one dose, 206 two doses, 30 three doses. Adjusted VE after at least one dose was 59 % (95 %CI: 36-73). Adjusted VE was 48 % (95 %CI: 5-71) for dose one (416 eligible infants) and 76 % (95 %CI: 43-90) for dose two (258 eligible infants). Only 42 infants were eligible for the third dose. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest moderate one-dose and two-dose VE in infants. Larger sample size would allow more precise estimates for dose one, two and three.

La experiencia de una unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos en el manejo de pacientes adultos con enfermedad COVID-19 / A paediatric intensive care unit's experience in managing adult patients with COVID-19 disease

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Clinical impact of rapid viral respiratory panel testing on pediatric critical care of patients with acute lower respiratory infection / Impacto clínico de una prueba rápida de detección múltiple de virus respiratorios en pacientes pediátricos críticos con infección respiratoria aguda de vías bajas

BackgroundWe aimed to determine the impact of utilizing a rapid panel test of respiratory viral and atypical bacteria (FilmArray® Respiratory Panel, FA RP) on etiological diagnosis of acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) and antimicrobial stewardship in critical care pediatric patients.MethodsProspective cohort study of patients aged<18 years with clinical diagnosis of ALRI that were admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) of Hospital Sant Joan de Deu (Barcelona, Spain) during December 2015–February 2017. Patients were diagnosed by FA RP and by a bundle of routine microbiological assays.ResultsALRI viral and bacterial etiology was confirmed by a composite reference standard of routine microbiological assays in 72 (55.4%) and 15 (11.5%) respiratory samples, respectively, that were collected from 130 children (median age, 3.5 months, IQR 1.1–14.8 months; 54.6% male). Comparatively, FA RP use increased etiological confirmation of ALRI in up to 123 (94.6%) samples (p<0.001) but only determined a bacterial origin in 2 (1.5%). Availability of diagnostic results before patient discharge from the PICU rose from 65.4 to 38.5% (p<0.001). Use of the new panel test directly influenced antimicrobial stewardship in 11 (8.4%) episodes, leading to discontinuation of antiviral drugs (n=5), administration of targeted antibiotics (n=3), antiviral therapy start (n=2) and both targeted antibiotic administration and discontinuation of antiviral drugs (n=1).ConclusionFA RP contributed to improve etiological diagnosis of ALRI in a timely manner while enhancing a more rational use of antimicrobial drugs in critical care pediatric patients.

AntecedentesNuestro objetivo fue determinar el impacto de la utilización de una prueba rápida de detección múltiple de virus y bacterias atípicas respiratorias (FilmArray® Respiratory Panel [FA RP]) en el diagnóstico etiológico de la infección respiratoria aguda de vías bajas (IRAVB) y en la administración de antimicrobianos en pacientes críticos pediátricos.MétodosEstudio de una cohorte prospectiva de pacientes <18 años con diagnóstico clínico de IRAVB que ingresaron en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos (UCIP) del Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, España, durante diciembre de 2015-febrero de 2017. Los pacientes fueron diagnosticados por FA RP y por un grupo de pruebas microbiológicas de rutina.ResultadosLas pruebas microbiológicas de rutina confirmaron la etiología viral y bacteriana de la IRAVB en 72 (55,4%) y 15 (11,5%) muestras respiratorias, respectivamente, obtenidas de 130 niños (edad mediana: 3,5 meses; rango intercuartil: 1,1-14,8 meses; 54,6% varones). Comparativamente, el uso de FA RP aumentó la confirmación etiológica de la IRAVB en hasta 123 (94,6%) muestras (p<0,001), pero solo determinó un origen bacteriano en 2 (1,5%). La disponibilidad de resultados diagnósticos antes del alta del paciente de la UCIP aumentó del 38,5 al 65,4% (p<0,001). El uso de la nueva prueba de detección múltiple influyó directamente en la administración de antimicrobianos en 11 (8,4%) episodios, orientando la interrupción de tratamientos antivirales (n=5), la administración de antibióticos dirigidos (n=3), el inicio de terapias antivirales (n=2) y la administración dirigida de antibióticos e interrupción simultánea de tratamiento antiviral (n=1).

Impact and quality of antimicrobial use in a referral pediatric intensive care unit / Impacto y calidad del uso de antimicrobianos en una unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos de referencia

IntroductionWe aimed to describe antimicrobial use (AU) and quality of prescriptions (QP) in a 28-bed medical-surgical PICU of a European referral children's hospital during 2019.MethodsAU data were expressed as days-of-therapy (DOT) over 100 days-present (DP) and as length-of-treatment (LOT). QP was based on monthly cross-sectional point-prevalence surveys. Length-of-stay (LOS), readmission rates (RR), and mortality rates (MR) were also collected.ResultsPICU AU accounted for 13.5% of the global hospital AU; the median PICU density of AU was 1.4 (IQR 1.3–1.5) times higher than that of the rest of the hospital areas. Antibacterials represented 88.5% of the overall AU, cefazolin and amoxicillin-clavulanate being the most used drugs. A high QP rate was observed (149/168 optimal, 88.9%), with room for improvement in prophylactic regimens and de-escalation of broad-spectrum regimens. LOT, LOS, RR, and MR remained stable.ConclusionsPICU AU represented a major portion of the global hospital AU. Despite high QP rates, prophylactic and broad-spectrum antibiotic regimens were optimizable.

IntroducciónSe describe el uso de antimicrobianos (AU) y la calidad de las prescripciones (QP) durante 2019 de una UCI pediátrica médico-quirúrgica de 28 camas de un hospital infantil europeo de tercer nivel.MétodosEl AU se expresó en días de tratamiento (DOT) por 100 días-presente (DP) y en duración de tratamiento (LOT). La QP se midió en cortes mensuales. Asimismo, se recogieron datos sobre duración de ingreso (LOS), tasas de reingreso (RR) y tasas de mortalidad (MR).ResultadosEl AU de la UCI pediátrica representó el 13,5% del AU global del centro y la densidad media de AU fue 1,4 (RIC 1,3-1,5) veces mayor que la del resto de áreas hospitalarias. Los antibacterianos representaron el 88,5% del total de AU, siendo cefazolina y amoxicilina-clavulánico los fármacos más utilizados. Se observó una tasa elevada de prescripciones óptimas (149/168; 88,9%), con margen de mejora en las profilaxis y el desescalado de tratamientos de amplio espectro. LOT, LOS, RR y MR se mantuvieron estables.ConclusionesLa UCI pediátrica representó una parte importante del AU global hospitalario. A pesar de la elevada QP global, los regímenes antibióticos profilácticos y de amplio espectro resultaron optimizables.

Peritonitis primària per N. meningitidis serogrup B / Peritonitis primaria por N. Meningitidis serogrupo B / Primary peritonitis by serogroup B N. Meningitidis

INTRODUCCIÓ: Neisseria meningitidis és un dels principals causants de sèpsia I meningitis adquirida a la comunitat en pacients pediàtrics. Se'n descriuen presentacions atípiques, com la peritonitis primària. Presentem aquest cas per la seva excepcionalitat: una patologia infreqüent en edat pediàtrica causada per un germen poc habitual. CAS CLÍNIC: Es presenta un lactant de 4 mesos que acut al servei d'Urgències amb els seus pares per febre I lesions cutànies disseminades de 24 hores d'evolució, amb vòmits I diarrea. Davant la sospita de sèpsia, s'inicien maniobres de reanimació inicial, amb càrrega de volum I antibioteràpia, prèvia extracció d'hemocultiu. Tot I la millora clínica inicial, persisteix la palpació dolorosa a l'hipogastri. Es valora juntament amb Cirurgia I es fa una tomografia computada abdominal que mostra hipercaptació de nanses d'intestí prim I líquid intraabdominal compatible amb procés inflamatori peritoneal. Es fa una laparoscòpia exploradora I s'obté abundant líquid purulent; es revisen íntegrament budell I colon sense observar lesions. Es manté a dieta absoluta durant 48 hores després de la cirurgia, amb progressió alimentària posterior sense incidències. S'obtenen resultats microbiològics: hemocultiu positiu per N. meningitidis B I reacció en cadena de la polimerasa N. meningitidis positiva en sang I en líquids cefalorraquidi I peritoneal. COMENTARIS: La peritonitis primària en pacients pediàtrics sans és una entitat de baixa incidència. Entre els gèrmens descrits en la literatura és molt poc freqüent trobar N. meningitidis. És necessari pensar en aquesta entitat davant d'un pacient amb malaltia invasiva per N. meningitidis I exploració abdominal patològica. La base del tractament són la cirurgia I l'antibioteràpia endovenosa

INTRODUCCIÓN: Neisseria meningitidis es una de las principales causas de sepsis y meningitis adquirida en la comunidad en pacientes pediátricos. Se describen presentaciones atípicas entre las cuales consta de forma excepcional la peritonitis primaria. Este caso ha sido seleccionado por su excepcionalidad, pues se trata de una patología poco frecuente en edad pediátrica y causada por un germen poco habitual. CASO CLÍNICO: Se presenta a un lactante de 4 meses que acude al servicio de Urgencias con sus padres por fiebre y lesiones cutáneas diseminadas de 24 horas de evolución, junto con vómitos y diarrea. Ante la sospecha de sepsis se realizan maniobras de reanimación inicial con carga de volumen y antibioterapia, con previa toma de hemocultivo. A pesar de la mejoría clínica inicial, persiste palpación dolorosa en hipogastrio. Se valora junto con Cirugía y se realiza tomografía computarizada abdominal que muestra hipercaptación de asas de intestino delgado, asociado a líquido intra-abdominal compatible con proceso inflamatorio peritoneal. Se realiza laparoscopia exploradora y se obtiene abundante líquido purulento y esfacelos; se revisan de forma íntegra intestino y colon sin observar lesiones. Se mantiene a dieta absoluta durante 48 horas tras la cirugía, con progresión alimentaria posterior y sin incidencias. Se obtienen resultados microbiológicos: hemocultivo positivo para N. meningitidis B sensible y reacción en cadena de la polimerasa N. meningitidis B positiva en sangre y en líquidos cefalorraquídeo y peritoneal. COMENTARIOS: La peritonitis primaria en pacientes pediátricos sanos es una entidad de baja incidencia. Entre los gérmenes descritos en la literatura es muy poco frecuente encontrar N. meningitidis. Es necesario pensar en esta entidad ante un paciente con infección invasiva por N. meningitidis con exploración abdominal patológica. La base de su tratamiento son la cirugía y la antibioterapia endovenosa

INTRODUCTION: Neisseria meningitidis is one of the main causes of community acquired sepsis and meningitis in children. Atypical presentations have been described, one of them is primary peritonitis. CASE REPORT: We present a 4-month-old infant admitted to the emergency department with fever and disseminated petechia of 24 hours of evolution along with vomiting and diarrhea. With the diagnosis of sepsis, resuscitation maneuvers were started with intravenous fluids and antibiotics after a blood culture was obtained. In spite of the initial clinical improvement, painful palpation persisted in hypogastrium. The patient was assessed together with surgery and an abdominal computed tomography was performed, which showed a small intestine loop enlargement, associated with intraabdominal fluid that suggested peritonitis. Exploratory laparoscopy was performed, obtaining abundant purulent fluid and necrotic and inflammatory tissue. The entire bowel and colon were inspected and no lesions were found. The patient remained fasting for 48 hours after surgery. Enteral nutrition was started afterwards with no complications. N. menigitidis B was isolated in blood culture and polymerase chain reaction positive for N. meningitidis B was positive in blood and in cerebrospinal and peritoneal fluids. COMMENTS: Primary peritonitis in healthy pediatric patients is rare. N. meningitidis is very rare causative pathogen. Primary peritonitis should be considered when having a patient with invasive infection by N. meningitidis with abnormal abdominal examination. Treatment includes surgery and intravenous antibiotics

The Spectrum of COVID-19 Disease in Adolescents / El espectro de la COVID-19 en adolescentes

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Nounat amb apnees a l'hivern: teratoma mediastínic / Neonato con apneas en época invernal: teratoma mediastínico / Newborn with apneic episodes during wintertime: mediastinal teratoma

INTRODUCCIÓ: La causa principal d'insuficiència respiratòria en lactants de menys de 3 mesos és la bronquiolitis, que es pot presentar inicialment en forma d'apnees. En el diagnòstic diferencial d'apnees s'inclouen processos infecciosos, reflux gastroesofàgic, malalties neurològiques, anèmia, hipoxèmia, hipotensió, insuficiència cardíaca, alteracions metabòliques I malformacions de la via aèria, entre altres. Es presenta el cas d'un nounat amb apnees I fracàs respiratori. Durant l'estudi es diagnostica d'apnees obstructives secundàries a una massa extrínseca. CAS CLÍNIC: Nounat portat a Urgències després d'apnea amb cianosi. Inicialment se sospita bronquiolitis. Presenta nova apnea amb repercussió hemodinàmica, per la qual cosa és intubat. A la radiografia destaca atelèctasi massiva de l'hemitòrax dret. S'extuba de forma electiva, però fracassa respiratòriament I requereix nova intubació. En els controls radiològics persisteix una imatge mediastínica, que es confirma per ecografia I per tomografia axial computada toràcica. S'extirpa per cirurgia I es confirma que es tracta d'un teratoma. COMENTARIS: Dins del diagnòstic diferencial d'apnea, una de les possibilitats és una massa mediastínica. La localització de la massa pot orientarne el diagnòstic, però l'anatomia patològica és la que el confirma. En el mediastí anterior es localitzen la meitat de les masses mediastíniques, les més freqüents de les quals són els limfomes T, els tumors de cèl·lules germinals I els timomes. El mediastí és la segona localització més freqüent del teratoma extragonadal. Els teratomes immadurs s'han d'extirpar per confirmar el diagnòstic I prevenir els efectes per compressió, I pel potencial de malignització que tenen. L'alfa-fetoproteïna en els tumors productors pot permetre monitorar-los

INTRODUCCIÓN: La causa principal de insuficiencia respiratoria en lactantes menores de 3 meses es la bronquiolitis, que puede presentarse inicialmente en forma de apneas. El diagnóstico diferencial de apneas incluye procesos infecciosos, reflujo gastroesofágico, enfermedades neurológicas, anemia, hipoxemia, hipotensión, insuficiencia cardíaca, alteraciones metabólicas y malformaciones de la vía aérea, entre otros. Se presenta el caso de un neonato con apneas y fracaso respiratorio. Durante el estudio se diagnostica de apneas obstructivas secundarias a una masa extrínseca. CASO CLÍNICO: Recién nacido llevado a Urgencias después de una apnea con cianosis. Inicialmente se sospecha una bronquiolitis. Presenta nueva apnea con repercusión hemodinámica por lo que es intubado. En la radiografía destaca atelectasia masiva del hemitórax derecho. Se extuba de forma electiva, pero fracasa respiratoriamente y requiere nueva intubación. En los controles radiológicos persiste una imagen mediastínica, que se confirma por ecografía y por tomografía axial computadorizada torácica. Se extirpa por cirugía y se confirma que se trata de un teratoma. COMENTARIOS: Dentro del diagnóstico diferencial de apnea, una de las posibilidades es una masa mediastínica. La localización de la masa puede orientar su diagnóstico, pero la anatomía patológica es la que lo confirma. En el mediastino anterior se localizan la mitad de las masas mediastínicas, siendo más frecuentes los linfomas T, los tumores de células germinales y los timomas. El mediastino es la segunda localización más frecuente del teratoma extragonadal. Los teratomas inmaduros deben ser extirpados para confirmar el diagnóstico y prevenir los efectos por compresión, y por su potencial de malignización. La alfa-fetoproteína en los tumores productores puede permitir monitorizarlos

INTRODUCTION: The main cause of respiratory failure in infants under 3 months is bronchiolitis, which may initially present as apnea. The differential diagnosis of apnea includes infectious processes, gastroesophageal reflux, neurological diseases, anemia, hypoxemia, hypotension, heart failure, metabolic disorders and airway malformations, among others. We present a case of a newborn with apneic episodes and respiratory failure. During the study, obstructive apnea secondary to an extrinsic mass was diagnosed. CASE REPORT: A newborn was taken to the emergency department after an apnea with cyanosis. Bronchiolitis was initially suspected. He presented a new apneic episode with hemodynamic instability requiring intubation. The chest X-ray disclosed massive atelectasis of the right hemithorax. The baby failed an extubation attempt, and additional imaging studies showed a mediastinal mass, confirmed by ultrasound and thoracic computerized axial tomography. The mass was resected, and pathology showed teratoma. COMMENTS: A mediastinal mass should be included in the differential diagnosis of apnea. The location of the mass can guide its diagnosis, although histologic confirmation is required. Half of the mediastinal masses are located in the anterior mediastinum, with T lymphomas, germ cell tumors and thymomas being the most frequent. The mediastinum is the second most frequent location of extragonadal teratoma. Immature teratomas must be removed to confirm the diagnosis, prevent compression effects, and avoid malignant transformation. In secreting tumors, alpha-fetoprotein may facilitate monitoring

Influencia de los factores meteorológicos y contaminantes del aire en casos de bronquiolitis grave en el área metropolitana de Barcelona: estudio piloto / Influence of meteorological factors and air pollutants on severe bronchiolitis cases in the metropolitan area of Barcelona: A pilot study

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L'Associació de Metgesses de Catalunya / No disponible

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Micafungin in the treatment of invasive fungal infection in an infant with extracorporeal / Micafungina como tratamiento de la infección fúngica invasiva en un paciente con oxigenación por membrana extracorpórea

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Factores ambientales de luz y ruido en las unidades de cuidados intensivos / Light and noise: Environmental factors in intensive care units

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Avaluació de les aportacions nutricionals en els lactants amb bronquiolitis aguda greu / Evaluación de los aportes nutricionales en los lactantes con bronquiolitis aguda grave / Nutritional support for infants with severa bronchiolitis

Fonament: la bronquiolitis és la causa més freqüent d'infecció de les vies respiratòries baixes en els lactants, i d'ingrés hospitalari en menors d'un any. Segons la litera-tura, entre el 3 i l'11% dels pacients haurà d'ingressar a una unitat de cures intensives pediàtriques (UCIP), i veurà compromesa la ingesta oral, tenint en compte la gravetat clínica del pacient. En la literatura s'ha demostrat que la nutrició enteral (NE) precoç és beneficiosa i que un balanç hídric i ingesta calòrica adequats en milloren l'evolució. Objectiu: conèixer el tipus d'alimentació i l'aportació calòrica que reben els pacients amb bronquiolitis aguda ingressats en una UCIP, així com el balanç de líquids. Mètode: estudi prospectiu, descriptiu i observacional dels pacients amb diagnòstic de bronquiolitis aguda que van ingressar a la UCIP, entre l'1 d'octubre de 2014 i el 15 de maig de 2015. Entre altres variables, es van analitzar el tipus d'alimentació, la via d'administració, l'aportació calòrica, les entrades i sortides de líquids, i el balanç hídric diari, durant l'ingrés de cada pacient. Resultats: es van incloure 36 pacients. Durant el primer dia d'ingrés, 21 pacients (58,3%) van restar a dieta absoluta i 12 (33,3%) van iniciar NE de forma progressiva. Posteriorment les entrades enterals i, conseqüentment, l'aportació calòrica van anar ascendent progressivament; tot i així la mediana d'aportacions calòriques va ser de 70,5 kcal/kg/dia (rang interquartílic 1,30-83,10). Conclusions: l'aportació nutricional no va ser òptima durant l'estada a la UCIP, especialment els primers dies d'ingrés. Recomanem iniciar precoçment la NE i, si les condicions clíniques no ho permeten, valorar l'administració de nutrició parentera

Fundamento. La bronquiolitis es la causa más frecuente de infección de las vías respiratorias bajas en lactantes, y de ingreso hospitalario en menores de un año. Según la literatura, entre el 3 i el 11% de pacientes tendrá que ingresar en una unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos (UCIP), y verá comprometida la ingesta oral, dada la gravedad clínica del paciente. En la literatura se ha demostrado que la nutrición enteral (NE) precoz es beneficiosa y que un balance hídrico e ingesta calórica adecuados mejoran su evolución. Objetivo. Conocer el tipo de alimentación y el aporte calórico que reciben los pacientes con bronquiolitis aguda ingresados en una UCIP. Método. Estudio prospectivo, descriptivo y observacional de los pacientes con diagnóstico de bronquiolitis aguda que ingresaron en la UCIP entre el 1 de octubre de 2014 y el 15 de mayo de 2015. Entre otras variables, se recogieron y analizaron el tipo de alimentación y vía de alimentación, el aporte calórico, las entradas y salidas de líquidos, y el balance hídrico diario, para cada paciente. Resultados. Se incluyeron 36 pacientes. Durante el primer día de ingreso, 21 pacientes (58,3%) estuvieron a dieta absoluta y 12 (33,3%) iniciaron NE de forma progresiva. Posteriormente, las entradas enterales y el aporte calórico fueron aumentando progresivamente; aun así, la mediana de aportes calóricos fue de 70,5 kcal/kg/día (rango intecuartílico 61,30-83,10). Conclusiones. El aporte nutricional no fue óptimo durante la estancia en la UCIP, especialmente en los primeros días de ingreso. Recomendamos iniciar precozmente la NE y, si las condiciones clínicas no lo permiten, valorar la administración de nutrición parenteral (AU)

Background. Bronchiolitis is the most frequent cause of lower respiratory tract infection and hospitalization in infants. Reports suggest that between 3% and 11% of children with bronchiolitis require admission in the pediatric critical care unit (PICU) and have severe limitations to caloric intake. The early introduction of enteral nutritional support is beneficial, and an appropriate fluid balance and caloric intake has shown to impact outcome. Objective. To investigate the type of nutrition, caloric intake, and fluid balance in patients with acute bronchiolitis admitted to a PICU. Method. Prospective, descriptive, and observational study of patients with acute bronchiolitis admitted to the PICU at our center between October 1st 2014 and May 15th 2015. Among other variables, we collected and analyzed the type and route of nutrition, the caloric intake, and the fluid balance throughout the admission of each patient. Results. 36 patients were included. During the first day of admission 21 patients (58.3%) were kept nil per os and 12 patients (33.3%) started enteral nutrition. Subsequently the enteral support increased gradually in all patients; nevertheless, the mean of caloric intake was 70.5 kcal/kg/day (interquartile range 62.3-83.1). Conclusions.The nutritional intake was not optimal during the PICU admission, especially during the first days of admission. We recommend starting early enteral nutrition and if the clinical condition contraindicates this approach, consider the administration of parenteral nutrition (AU)

Valor de la procalcitonina com a marcador pronòstic en el pacient politraumàtic en una unitat de cures intensives pediàtrica / Valor de la procalcitonina como marcador pronóstico en el paciente politraumático, en una unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos / The value of procalcitonin as a prognostic indicator in polytraumatized patients in a pediatric critical care unit

Fonament: el politraumatisme (PT) greu té una morbimorta-litat elevada. La procalcitonina (PCT) podria ser útil com a indicador pronòstic. Objectiu: definir els nivells de PCT en el pacient politraumàtic (PPT) i la seva implicació pronòstica. Mètode: estudi prospectiu observacional. Criteris d'inclusió: pacients menors de 16 anys, ingressats per PT en una unitat de cures intensives pediàtrica (UCIP), amb determinació de PCT a l'ingrés i al cap de 24-48 hores. Període d'estudi: novembre del 2009 - novembre del 2011. Tractament estadístic mitjançant el paquet SPSS(R) versió 17.0. Resultats: de seixanta-set pacients amb politraumatisme, vint complien criteris. La mitjana d'edat era de 13,6 ± 4,2 anys i 19 (95%) eren homes. La puntuació del Pediatric Risk of Mortality Score Index (PRISM-III) era de 9,8 ± 7,38 i l'Índex de Trauma Pediàtric (ITP) de 5,5 ± 2,08. Els nivells mitjans de PCT a les 24 hores eren de 7,67 ± 18,05 ng/ml. Es van diagnosticar vuit casos d'infecció bacteriana. Cap pacient va ser èxitus. La PCT es va correlacionar amb la puntuació PRISM-III (R 0,6; p = 0,048). Els nivells mitjans de PCT eren significativament superiors en el grup que va necessitar ventilació mecànica respecte als que no en van necessitar (p = 0,046) i en el grup de pacients infectats (p = 0,039). Es va objectivar una tendència a la correlació entre els valors mitjans de PCT a l'ingrés i els dies d'ingrés (R 0,393, p = 0,1). Conclusions: els valors de la PCT van ser elevats, per la freqüència de la complicació bacteriana en els PPT. La PCT podria ser útil com a factor pronòstic

Fundamento. El politraumatismo (PT) grave tiene una elevada morbimortalidad. La procalcitonina (PCT) podría ser útil como indicador pronóstico. Objetivo. Definir los niveles de PCT en el paciente politraumático (PPT) y su implicación pronóstica. Método. Estudio prospectivo observacional. Criterios de inclusión: pacientes menores de 16 años, ingresados por PT en una unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátrica, con determinación de PCT al ingreso y entre las 24-48 horas del mismo. Periodo de estudio: noviembre de 2009 - noviembre de 2011. Tratamiento estadístico mediante paquete SPSS® versión 17.0. Resultados. De 67 pacientes con PT, 20 cumplieron criterios. La edad media fue de 13,6 ± 4,2 años y 19 (95%) fueron varones. La puntuación del Pediatric Risk of Mortality Score Index (PRISMIII) fue de 9,8 ± 7,38 y la del Índice de Trauma Pediátrico (ITP) de 5,5 ± 2,08. Los niveles medios de PCT a las 24 h fueron de 7,67 ± 18,05 ng/ml. En ocho casos se realizó el diagnóstico de infección bacteriana. Ningún paciente fue éxitus. La PCT correlacionó con la puntuación del PRISM-III (R 0,6; p = 0,048). Los niveles medios de PCT fueron significativamente superiores en el grupo que necesitó ventilación mecánica respecto a los que no la necesitaron de forma significativa, p = 0,046 y en el grupo de pacientes infectados, p = 0,039. Existió una tendencia a que los valores medios de PCT al ingreso correlacionaran con los días de ingreso (R 0,393, p = 0,1). Conclusiones. Los valores de PCT fueron elevados, por lo frecuente de la complicación infecciosa bacteriana en los PPT. La PCT podría ser útil como factor pronóstico (AU)

Background. Severe polytrauma (PT) is associated with a high morbidity and mortality. Procalcitonin (PCT) may be a useful prognostic indicator. Objective. To describe the levels of PCT in the polytraumatized patient (PTP) and to determine its prognostic implications. Method. This was a prospective observational study conducted between November 2009 and November 2011. The inclusion criteria were age less than 16 years, admission for PT in the Pediatric Critical Care Unit, and availability of PCT values on admission and for 24-48 hours. Statistical analysis was with SPSS version 17.0 package. Results. Twenty of the 67 PTP met the inclusion criteria. The mean age was 13.6±4.2 years, and 19 (95%) were male. The Pediatric Risk of Mortality Score Index (PRISM-III) was 9.8±7.3, and the Pediatric Trauma Score was 5.5±2.0. Mean PCT levels at 24 hours from admission were 7.6±18.0 ng/ml. In eight cases the diagnosis of a concurrent bacterial infection was made. There were no deaths. PCT correlated with PRISM-III score (R 0.6, p=0.048). Mean PCT levels were significantly higher in the group of patients that required mechanical ventilation, compared to those who did not require it (p=0.046) and in those with a concurrent infection (p=0.039). There was a tendency for the mean PCT values on admission to correlate with the length of hospital stay (R 0.393, p=0.1). Conclusions. Due to the high frequency of bacterial infections that PCT values were high in our study. PCT levels may be useful as prognostic factor (AU)

Diálisis peritoneal de flujo continuo en una unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos / Continuous flow peritoneal dialysis in a paediatric intensive care unit

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