Revisiting the antigen markers of vector-borne parasitic diseases identified by immunomics: identification and application to disease control.

INTRODUCTION: Protein microarray is a promising immunomic approach for identifying biomarkers. Based on our previous study that reviewed parasite antigens and recent parasitic omics research, this article expands to include information on vector-borne parasitic diseases (VBPDs), namely, malaria, schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, babesiosis, trypanosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, and onchocerciasis. AREAS COVERED: We revisit and systematically summarize antigen markers of vector-borne parasites identified by the immunomic approach and discuss the latest advances in identifying antigens for the rational development of diagnostics and vaccines. The applications and challenges of this approach for VBPD control are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION: The immunomic approach has enabled the identification and/or validation of antigen markers for vaccine development, diagnosis, disease surveillance, and treatment. However, this approach presents several challenges, including limited sample size, variability in antigen expression, false-positive results, complexity of omics data, validation and reproducibility, and heterogeneity of diseases. In addition, antigen involvement in host immune evasion and antigen sensitivity/specificity are major issues in its application. Despite these limitations, this approach remains promising for controlling VBPD. Advances in technology and data analysis methods should continue to improve candidate antigen identification, as well as the use of a multiantigen approach in diagnostic and vaccine development for VBPD control.

Structure-activity relationships and activity enhancement techniques of marine bioactive peptides (MBPs).

Marine bioactive peptides (MBPs) are a type of natural compound with a variety of bioactivities, such as anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antihypertensive. Due to a wide range of sources, low toxicity, and high specificity, MBPs have now received extensive attention in the fields of food, medicine, and cosmetics. The structure of MBPs determines their biological activities. Therefore, it is essential to analyze the relationship between the structure and bioactivity of MBPs. Because of the advantages of mild conditions, high specificity, safety, and environmental friendliness, enzymatic hydrolysis has become the most commonly used method to produce MBPs. However, the high cost and low yield of enzymatic methods have motivated researchers to search for alternative technologies. Novel pretreatments like ultrasound, microwave, high hydrostatic pressure, and pulsed electric fields have been employed in the production of MBPs. By inducing protein unfolding and increasing enzymatic cleavage sites, these techniques have been demonstrated to accelerate protein hydrolysis and enhance the biological activity of MBPs. This article reviews recent research advances on marine-derived protein hydrolysates and peptides, discusses the relationship between their biological activity and structure, and compares the mechanisms of action of different novel technologies used to promote protein hydrolysis and enhance the biological activity of MBPs. In addition, the current challenges facing the development and application of MBPs are outlined and possible future work in tackling these challenges is also suggested in the current review. It is hoped that this review can promote further development and application of marine active substances.

Regulating bacterial biofilms in food and biomedicine: unraveling mechanisms and Innovating strategies.

Bacterial biofilm has brought a lot of intractable problems in food and biomedicine areas. Conventional biofilm control mainly focuses on inactivation and removal of biofilm. However, with robust construction and enhanced resistance, the established biofilm is extremely difficult to eradicate. According to the mechanism of biofilm development, biofilm formation can be modulated by intervening in the key factors and regulatory systems. Therefore, regulation of biofilm formation has been proposed as an alternative way for effective biofilm control. This review aims to provide insights into the regulation of biofilm formation in food and biomedicine. The underlying mechanisms for early-stage biofilm establishment are summarized based on the key factors and correlated regulatory networks. Recent developments and applications of novel regulatory strategies such as anti/pro-biofilm agents, nanomaterials, functionalized surface materials and physical strategies are also discussed. The current review indicates that these innovative methods have contributed to effective biofilm control in a smart, safe and eco-friendly way. However, standard methodology for regulating biofilm formation in practical use is still missing. As biofilm formation in real-world systems could be far more complicated, further studies and interdisciplinary collaboration are still needed for simulation and experiments in the industry and other open systems.

Targeting the outer membrane of gram-negative foodborne pathogens for food safety: compositions, functions, and disruption strategies.

Foodborne pathogens are a major threat to both food safety and public health. The current trend toward fresh and less processed foods and the misuse of antibiotics in food production have made controlling these pathogens even more challenging. The outer membrane has been employed as a practical target to combat foodborne Gram-negative pathogens due to its accessibility and importance. In this review, the compositions of the outer membrane are extensively described firstly, to offer a thorough overview of this target. Current strategies for disrupting the outer membrane are also discussed, with emphasized on their mechanism of action. The disruption of the outer membrane structure, whether caused by severe damage of the lipid bilayer or by interference with the biosynthesis pathway, has been demonstrated to represent an effective antimicrobial strategy. Interference with the outer membrane-mediated functions of barrier, efflux and adhesion also contributes to the fight against Gram-negative pathogens. Their potential for control of foodborne pathogens in the production chain are also proposed. However, it is possible that multiple components in the food matrix may act as a protective barrier against microorganisms, and it is often the case that contamination is not caused by a single microorganism. Further investigation is needed to determine the effectiveness and safety of these methods in more complex systems, and it may be advisable to consider a multi-technology combined approach. Additionally, further studies on outer membranes are necessary to discover more promising mechanisms of action.

Elevating nanomaterial optical sensor arrays through the integration of advanced machine learning techniques for enhancing visual inspection of food quality and safety.

Food quality and safety problems caused by inefficient control in the food chain have significant implications for human health, social stability, and economic progress and optical sensor arrays (OSAs) can effectively address these challenges. This review aims to summarize the recent applications of nanomaterials-based OSA for food quality and safety visual monitoring, including colourimetric sensor array (CSA) and fluorescent sensor array (FSA). First, the fundamental properties of various advanced nanomaterials, mainly including metal nanoparticles (MNPs) and nanoclusters (MNCs), quantum dots (QDs), upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), and others, were described. Besides, the diverse machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) methods of high-dimensional data obtained from the responses between different sensing elements and analytes were presented. Moreover, the recent and representative applications in pesticide residues, heavy metal ions, bacterial contamination, antioxidants, flavor matters, and food freshness detection were comprehensively summarized. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives for nanomaterials-based OSAs are discussed. It is believed that with the advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) techniques and integrated technology, nanomaterials-based OSAs are expected to be an intelligent, effective, and rapid tool for food quality assessment and safety control.

Co-encapsulation of curcumin and anthocyanins in bovine serum album-fucoidan nanocomplex with a two-step pH-driven method.

BACKGROUND: Curcumin (CUR) and anthocyanins (ACN) are recommended due to their bioactivities. However, their nutritional values and health benefits are limited by their low oral bioavailability. The incorporation of bioactive substances into polysaccharide-protein composite nanoparticles is an effective way to enhance their bioavailability. Accordingly, this study explored the fabrication of bovine serum albumin (BSA)-fucoidan (FUC) hybrid nanoparticles using a two-step pH-driven method for the delivery of CUR and ACN. RESULTS: Under a 1:1 weight ratio of BSA to FUC, the point of zero charge moved from pH ⁓ 4.7 for BSA to around 2.5 for FUC-coated BSA, and the formation of BSA-FUC nanocomplex was pH-dependent by showing the maximum CUR emission wavelength shifting from 546 nm (CUR-loaded BSA-FUC at pH 4.7) and 544 nm (CUR/ACN-loaded BSA-FUC nanoparticles at pH 4.7) to 540 nm (CUR-loaded BSA-FUC at pH 6.0) and 539 nm (CUR/ACN-loaded BSA-FUC nanoparticles at pH 6.0). Elevated concentrations of NaCl from 0 to 2.5 mol L-1 caused particle size increase from about 250 to about 800 nm, but showing no effect on the encapsulation efficiency of CUR. The CUR and ACN entrapped, respectively, in the inner and outer regions of the BSA-FUC nanocomplex were released at different rates. After incubation for 10 h, more than 80% of ACN was released, while less than 25% of CUR diffused into the receiving medium, which fitted well to Logistic and Weibull models. CONCLUSION: In summary, the BSA-FUC nanocomposites produced by a two-step pH-driven method could be used for the co-delivery of hydrophilic and hydrophobic nutraceuticals. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

MUC1 promotes glioblastoma progression and TMZ resistance by stabilizing EGFRvIII.

Epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII) is a mutant isoform of EGFR with a deletion of exons 2-7 making it insensitive to EGF stimulation and downstream signal constitutive activation. However, the mechanism underlying the stability of EGFRvIII remains unclear. Based on CRISPR-Cas9 library screening, we found that mucin1 (MUC1) is essential for EGFRvIII glioma cell survival and temozolomide (TMZ) resistance. We revealed that MUC1-C was upregulated in EGFRvIII-positive cells, where it enhanced the stability of EGFRvIII. Knockdown of MUC1-C increased the colocalization of EGFRvIII and lysosomes. Upregulation of MUC1 occurred in an NF-κB dependent manner, and inhibition of the NF-κB pathway could interrupt the EGFRvIII-MUC1 feedback loop by inhibiting MUC1-C. In a previous report, we identified AC1Q3QWB (AQB), a small molecule that could inhibit the phosphorylation of NF-κB. By screening the structural analogs of AQB, we obtained EPIC-1027, which could inhibit the NF-κB pathway more effectively. EPIC-1027 disrupted the EGFRvIII-MUC1-C positive feedback loop in vitro and in vivo, inhibited glioma progression, and promoted sensitization to TMZ. In conclusion, we revealed the pivotal role of MUC1-C in stabilizing EGFRvIII in glioblastoma (GBM) and identified a small molecule, EPIC-1027, with great potential in GBM treatment.

Targeting different signaling pathways for food allergy regulation and potential therapy: a review.

The rising incidence rate of food allergy is attracting more intention. The pathogenesis of food allergy is complex and its definite regulatory mechanism is not utterly understood. Exploring the molecular mechanism of food allergy to help find effective methods that can prevent or treat food allergy is widely necessary. Recently, targeting cellular signaling pathways have been employed as novel approaches to discover food allergy therapy. Supplementing probiotics and bioactive compounds with anti-allergic property are believed feasible approaches for food allergy therapy. These probiotics or bioactive compounds affect food allergy by regulating cellular signaling pathways, and ultimately alleviate food allergy. This review aims to report systematic information about the knowledge of signaling pathways participated in food allergy, the alterations of these signaling pathways during food allergy that treated with probiotics and bioactive compounds are discussed as well. Further studies on the mechanism of signaling pathway network regulating food allergy and the precise action mechanism of probiotics and bioactive compounds are in the urgent need to help develop efficient treatment or complete prevention. We hope to help scientists understand food allergy systematically.

DNA, protein and aptamer-based methods for seafood allergens detection: Principles, comparisons and updated applications.

The increasing number of people with seafood allergy has caused a series of problems for practitioners and consumers in the seafood industry year by year. Thereby, development of efficient, convenient and low-cost allergen detection methods is urgently needed. This review introduces three important existing seafood allergen detection methods associated with DNA-based, protein-based and aptamer-based. Their principles and biological characteristics are firstly presented. The core of these three methods are DNA amplification techniques, specific binding of antigens and antibodies, and specific binding of aptamers and ligands, respectively. Among them, DNA-based detection method is an indirect analysis, which takes the gene of allergen as the detection object and is characterized by good stability and high sensitivity. Protein-based and aptamer-based, methods employ indirect analysis for allergen detection. The difference is that the latter uses an easily synthesized and highly efficient aptamer as the detection probe, showing great promising potentials. The advantages and disadvantages of the three mentioned detection methods are also discussed. In the future, as more efficient and reliable detection methods for seafood allergens come into practice, the possibility of seafood allergy patients eating seafood products by mistake will be greatly reduced, which will ensure the food safety and the health of allergy patients.

Toxic reactive oxygen species stresses for reconfiguring central carbon metabolic fluxes in foodborne bacteria: Sources, mechanisms and pathways.

The toxic reactive oxygen species (toxROS) is the reactive oxygen species (ROS) beyond the normal concentration of cells, which has inactivation and disinfection effects on foodborne bacteria. However, foodborne bacteria can adapt and survive by physicochemical regulation of antioxidant systems, especially through central carbon metabolism (CCM), which is a significant concern for food safety. It is thus necessary to study the antioxidant regulation mechanisms of CCM in foodborne bacteria under toxROS stresses. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to provide an update and comprehensive overview of the reconfiguration of CCM fluxes in foodborne bacteria that respond to different toxROS stresses. In this review, two key types of toxROS including exogenous toxROS (exo-toxROS) and endogenous toxROS (endo-toxROS) are introduced. Exo-toxROS are produced by disinfectants, such as H2O2 and HOCl, or during food non-thermal processing such as ultraviolet (UV/UVA), cold plasma (CP), ozone (O3), electrolyzed water (EW), pulsed electric field (PEF), pulsed light (PL), and electron beam (EB) processing. Endo-toxROS are generated by bioreagents such as antibiotics (aminoglycosides, quinolones, and ß-lactams). Three main pathways for CCM in foodborne bacteria under the toxROS stress are also highlighted, which are glycolysis (EMP), pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), and tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA). In addition, energy metabolisms throughout these pathways are discussed. Finally, challenges and future work in this area are suggested. It is hoped that this review should be beneficial in providing insights for future research on bacterial antioxidant CCM defence under both exo-toxROS stresses and endo-toxROS stresses.

Cold plasma enhanced natural edible materials for future food packaging: structure and property of polysaccharides and proteins-based films.

Natural edible films have recently gained a lot of interests in future food packaging. Polysaccharides and proteins in edible materials are not toxic and widely available, which have been confirmed as sustainable and green materials used for packaging films due to their good film-forming abilities. However, polysaccharides and proteins are hydrophilic in nature, they exhibit some undesirable material properties. Cold plasma (CP), as an innovative and highly efficient technology, has been introduced to improve the performance of polysaccharides and proteins-based films. This review mainly presents the basic information of polysaccharides and proteins-based films, principles of CP modified biopolymer films, and the effects of CP on the structural changes including surface morphology, surface composition, and bulk modification, and properties including wettability, mechanical properties, barrier properties, and thermal properties of polysaccharides, proteins, and polysaccharide/protein composite-based films. It is concluded that the CP modified performances are mainly depending on the polysaccharides and proteins raw materials, CP generation types and treatment conditions. The existing difficulties and future trends are also discussed. Despite natural materials currently not fully substitute for traditional plastic materials, CP has exhibited an effective solution to shape the future of natural materials for food packaging.

Novel sequential and simultaneous infrared-accelerated drying technologies for the food industry: Principles, applications and challenges.

Infrared drying (IRD) is considered an innovative drying solution for the food industry with advantages of energy-saving potentials, reduced drying time and production cost-effectiveness. However, IRD also suffers from drawbacks such as weak penetrative ability, and product overheating and burning. Therefore, over the years, significant progress has been made to overcome these shortcomings by developing infrared-accelerated drying (IRAD) technology based on the combination of IRD with other drying technologies. Although several reviews have been published on IRD, no review focusing on IRAD is yet available. The current review presents up-to-date knowledge and findings on the applications of IRAD technologies for enhancing the quality and safety of food. The fundamental principles and characteristics of IRAD, energy-saving potentials, simulation and optimization approaches for enhancing efficiency, and developments in various acceleration approaches by combining with other drying techniques for achieving better end-products are discussed, and challenges and future work for developing the novel accelerated drying technology are also presented. Due to the synergistic effects of sequential or simultaneous combined drying methods, the total drying time and energy required are drastically lowered with most IRAD technologies, and consequently there are significant improvements in the sensory, nutritional, and safety attributes of dried food products with better appearance and quality. The development of multi-wavelength IRAD systems based on infrared absorption bands, and the incorporation of novel sensing techniques for real-time monitoring during drying will further enhance process efficiency and food quality and safety.

Insights into inactivation and response mechanisms of sublethal Listeria monocytogenes treated by cold plasma with joint transcriptomics and metabolomics.

AIM: The aim of the current study is to elucidate the inactivation and molecular response pattern of sublethal Listeria monocytogenes to cold plasma-mediated two-pronged oxidative microenvironments from a high-throughput multi-omics perspective. METHODS AND RESULTS: First joint transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses revealed that significantly expressed genes and metabolites were mainly involved in enhanced transmembrane transport and Fe2+/Cu+ efflux, amino acid limitation, cytoplasmic pH homeostasis, reconfiguration of central carbon metabolism flux, and energy conservation strategy, which triggered the surge of intracellular endogenous oxidative stress and finally mediated bacterial ferroptosis and pathogenicity attenuation. Typical antioxidant systems such as the TrxR-Trx system and common antioxidant genes (e.g. sodA, katA, ahpC, trxA, spxA) were inhibited, and the more prominent antioxidant pathways include methionine metabolism, the pentose phosphate pathway, and glutathione metabolism, as well as the DNA repair systems. CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, our work confirmed from the transcriptional and metabolic as well as physiological levels that cold plasma-mediated intracellular oxidative stress induced big perturbations in pathways as a driving force for the inactivation and pathogenicity attenuation of L. monocytogenes. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY: This study provided new insights for the construction of multi-dimensional mechanisms of bacterial inactivation and pathogenicity attenuation for the precise control and inactivation of microorganisms in plasma non-thermal processing.

Physicochemical Properties of Plasma-Activated Water and Its Control Effects on the Quality of Strawberries.

In this study, the effects of plasma-activated water (PAW), generated by dielectric barrier discharge cold plasma at the gas-liquid interface, on the quality of fresh strawberries during storage were investigated. The results showed that, with the prolongation of plasma treatment time, the pH of PAW declined dramatically and the electrical conductivity increased significantly. The active components, including NO2-, NO3-, H2O2, and O2-, accumulated gradually in PAW, whereas the concentration of O2- decreased gradually with the treatment time after 2 min. No significant changes were found in pH, firmness, color, total soluble solids, malondialdehyde, vitamin C, or antioxidant activity in the PAW-treated strawberries (p > 0.05). Furthermore, the PAW treatment delayed the quality deterioration of strawberries and extended their shelf life. Principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis showed that the PAW 2 treatment group demonstrated the best prolonged freshness effect, with the highest firmness, total soluble solids, vitamin C, and DPPH radical scavenging activity, and the lowest malondialdehyde and ∆E* values, after 4 days of storage. It was concluded that PAW showed great potential for maintaining the quality of fresh fruits and extending their shelf life.

Research on detection of different metallographic structures of high speed wheel steel based on laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy.

The laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) experimental platform was applied to obtain LIBS spectral the data of 10 CL60 wheel steel samples. The principle component analysis (PCA) was used to preliminarily analyze the macroscopic characteristics of LIBS spectral data. With the spectral intensity and spectral intensity combined with spectral intensity ratio as variables, three spectral correction methods including median filtering, baseline correction and multiple scattering correction (MSC) were used for pretreatment. And the support vector machine (SVM) qualitative model was established to determine the metallographic structure. It was found that the SVM model established by using the pre-processed data of MSC as the input variable has the best effect. The accuracy rate of calibration set is 100%, and the accuracy rate of prediction set is 98.4%. The research has shown that LIBS combined with SVM model can be used for discriminant analysis of different metallographic structures of train wheel steel.

Oxidative lesions and post-treatment viability attenuation of listeria monocytogenes triggered by atmospheric non-thermal plasma.

AIMS: The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of plasma-mediated oxidative stress on the post-treatment viability of Listeria monocytogenes at the physiological and molecular levels. METHODS AND RESULTS: 107  CFU/ml L. monocytogenes in 10 ml phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was treated with atmospheric non-thermal plasma for 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 s respectively. Optical diagnostics using optical emission spectroscopy (OES) confirmed that dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma was a significant source of ample exogenous reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). The development of extracellular main long-lived species was associated with plasma exposure time, accompanied by a massive accumulation of intracellular ROS in L. monocytogenes (p < 0.01). With the exception of virulence genes (hly), most oxidation resistance genes (e.g. sigB, perR, lmo2344, lmo2770 and trxA) and DNA repair gene (recA) were upregulated significantly (p < 0.05). A visible fragmentation in genomic DNA and a decline in the secretion of extracellular proteins and haemolytic activity (p < 0.01) were noticed. The quantitate oxygen consumption rates (OCRs) and extracellular acidification rates (ECARs) confirmed the viability attenuation from the aspect of energy metabolism. Survival assay in a real food system (raw milk) further suggested not only the viability attenuation, but also the resuscitation potential and safety risk of mild plasma-treated cells during post-treatment storage. CONCLUSION: DBD plasma had the potential to inactivate and attenuate the virulence of L. monocytogenes, and it was recommended that plasma exposure time longer than 120 s was more suitable for attenuating viability and avoiding the recovery possibility of L. monocytogenes in raw milk within 7 days. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The current results presented a strategy to inactivate and attenuate the viability of L. monocytogenes, which could serve as a theoretical basis for better application of non-thermal plasma in food in an effort to effectively combat foodborne pathogens.

Evaluation of the Effects of Cold Plasma on Cell Membrane Lipids and Oxidative Injury of Salmonella typhimurium.

Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) is a major causative agent of foodborne illness worldwide. Cold plasma (CP) was used to inactivate S. typhimurium and to investigate the effect of CP on cell membrane lipids and oxidative injury of cells. Results indicated that the inactivation effect of CP on S. typhimurium was positively correlated with the treatment time and voltage. S. typhimurium was undetectable (total number of surviving colonies <2 log CFU/mL) after 5 min treatment with the voltage of 50 V. CP treatment caused damage to the cell membrane of S. typhimurium and the leakage of cell contents, and the relative content of unsaturated fatty acids in cell membrane decreased. Cell membrane lipids were oxidized; the malondialdehyde content increased from 0.219 nmol/mL to 0.658 nmol/mL; the catalase activity of S. typhimurium solution increased from 751 U/mL to 2542 U/mL; and the total superoxide dismutase activity increased from 3.076 U/mL to 4.54 U/mL, which confirmed the oxidative damage in S. typhimurium cell membrane caused by CP treatment. It was demonstrated that the potential application of plasma-mediated reactive oxygen species is suitable for destroying the structures of the cell membrane and ensuring the microbial safety of fresh food samples.

Comprehensive Analysis of the Structure and Allergenicity Changes of Seafood Allergens Induced by Non-Thermal Processing: A Review.

Seafood allergy, mainly induced by fish, shrimp, crab, and shellfish, is a food safety problem worldwide. The non-thermal processing technology provides a new method in reducing seafood allergenicity. Based on the structural and antigenic properties of allergenic proteins, this review introduces current methods for a comprehensive analysis of the allergenicity changes of seafood allergens induced by non-thermal processing. The IgE-binding capacities/immunoreactivity of seafood allergens are reduced by the loss of conformation during non-thermal processing. Concretely, the destruction of native structure includes degradation, aggregation, uncoiling, unfolding, folding, and exposure, leading to masking of the epitopes. Moreover, most studies rely on IgE-mediated assays to evaluate the allergenic potential of seafood protein. This is not convincing enough to assess the effect of novel food processing techniques. Thus, further studies must be conducted with functional assays, in vivo assays, animal trials, simulated digestion, and intestinal microflora to strengthen the evidence. It also enables us to better identify the effects of non-thermal processing treatment, which would help further analyze its mechanism.

Non-Destructive Hyperspectral Imaging for Rapid Determination of Catalase Activity and Ageing Visualization of Wheat Stored for Different Durations.

(1) In order to accurately judge the new maturity of wheat and better serve the collection, storage, processing and utilization of wheat, it is urgent to explore a fast, convenient and non-destructively technology. (2) Methods: Catalase activity (CAT) is an important index to evaluate the ageing of wheat. In this study, hyperspectral imaging technology (850-1700 nm) combined with a BP neural network (BPNN) and a support vector machine (SVM) were used to establish a quantitative prediction model for the CAT of wheat with the classification of the ageing of wheat based on different storage durations. (3) Results: The results showed that the model of 1ST-SVM based on the full-band spectral data had the best prediction performance (R2 = 0.9689). The SPA extracted eleven characteristic bands as the optimal wavelengths, and the established model of MSC-SPA-SVM showed the best prediction result with R2 = 0.9664. (4) Conclusions: The model of MSC-SPA-SVM was used to visualize the CAT distribution of wheat ageing. In conclusion, hyperspectral imaging technology can be used to determine the CAT content and evaluate wheat ageing, rapidly and non-destructively.

An overview of tropomyosin as an important seafood allergen: Structure, cross-reactivity, epitopes, allergenicity, and processing modifications.

Tropomyosin (TM) is a major allergen in crustaceans, which often causes allergy and is fatal to some consumers. Currently, the most effective treatment is to avoid ingesting TM, although most adverse events occur in accidental ingestion. In this review, the molecular characterization, epitopes, cross-reactivity, and pathogenesis of TM are introduced and elucidated. Modification of TM by traditional processing methods such as heat treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis, and innovative processing technologies including high-pressure treatment, cold plasma (CP), ultrasound, pulsed electric field (PEF), pulsed ultraviolet, microwave and irradiation are discussed in detail. Particularly, enzymolysis, PEF, and CP technologies show great potential for modifying TM and more studies are needed to verify their effectiveness for the seafood industry. Possible mechanisms and the advantages/disadvantages of these technologies for the mitigation of TM allergenicity are also highlighted. Further work should be conducted to investigate the allergenicity caused by protein segments such as epitopes, examine the interaction sites between the allergen and the processing techniques and reveal the reduction mechanism of allergenicity.